Drugs during Confinement: A look at different sources of information - cicad
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Drugs during Confinement: A look at
different sources of information
Jorge Ameth Villatoro Velázquez
Coordinator of the Surveys and Data Analysis Unit
Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry
Online Training Seminar
Drug Research in the Context of COVID-19
OAS-CICAD
June 8, 2020
Acknowledgements
Fabiola Vázquez Quiroz, INPRFM
Norberto Hernández Llanes, CONADIC, SS
Luis Alberto Segovia, Prevencasa A.C.
Alfonso Chávez Rivera, Prevencasa A.C.
Lilia Pacheco Bufanda, Prevencasa A.C.
Marcela Tiburcio Sainz, INPRFM
Nora Martínez Vélez, INPRFM
Marycarmen Bustos Gamiño, INPRFM
Stephanie Urueta Yamaguchi, Prevencasa A.C.Objective:
To show data from various sources
on how drug use, availability and
treatment have been affected in
the country.CHANGES IN PRICES DURING COVID-19 Source: Nielsen México, April 8, 2020.
National Consumer Price Index
Classification of Individual Consumption by Category
Percentage ChangeAcute Alcohol Intoxication
12,000
A 10,000
c
c
u
8,000
m
u
l
a 6,000
t
e
d 4,000
C
a
s
2,000
e
s
0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24
BEFORE COVID COVID WITHOUT CONFINEMENT COVID WITH CONFINEMENT
2020 2019
SOURCE: SINAVE/DGE/Salud 2020Alcohol-Related Liver Disease
1,800
A
c
c 1,500
u
m
u 1,200
l
a
t
e 900
d
C 600
a
s
e 300
s
0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24
BEFORE COVID COVID WITHOUT CONFINEMENT COVID WITH CONFINEMENT
2020 2019
Fuente: SINAVE/DGE/Salud 2020Alcohol-Induced Cirrhosis of the Liver
2,500
A
c
c 2,000
u
m
m
u 1,500
l
a
t
e 1,000
d
C
a 500
s
e
s
0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24
BEFORE COVID COVID WITHOUT CONFINEMENT COVID WITH CONFINEMENT
2020 2019
Source: SINAVE/DGE/Salud 2020Pedestrian Injuries from Traffic Accidents
7,000
6,000
A
c
c
5,000
u
n
m 4,000
u
l
a 3,000
t
e
d 2,000
C
a 1,000
s
e
s 0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24
BEFORE COVID COVID WITHOUT CONFINEMENT COVID WITH CONFINEMENT
2020 2019
Source: SINAVE/DGE/Salud 2020Traffic Accidents
35,000
30,000
A
c
c 25,000
u
m
u 20,000
l
a
t 15,000
e
d
10,000
C
a
s 5,000
e
s
0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24
BEFORE COVID COVID WITHOUT CONFINEMENT COVID WITH CONFINEMENT
2020 2019
Source: SINAVE/DGE/Salud 2020Mild Dengue
1,800
1,500
A
c
c 1,200
u
m
u 900
l
a
t
e 600
d
C 300
a
s
e
0
s
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24
BEFORE COVID COVID WITHOUT CONFINEMENT COVID WITH CONFINEMENT
2020 2019
Source: SINAVE/DGE/Salud 2020Severe Dengue
250
A
c
c 200
u
m
u
l 150
a
t
e
d 100
C
a
s 50
e
s
0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24
BEFORE COVID COVID WITHOUT CONFINEMENT COVID WITH CONFINEMENT
2020 2019
Source: SINAVE/DGE/Salud 2020Poisoning from drinking
adulterated alcoholic beverages
Baja California
in Mexico
Sonora
182 deaths identified nationwide
Chihuahua
Coahuila
Coahuila
14 poisonings
Baja California Sur
4 deaths
Nuevo León
Sinaloa Durango
Puebla
Tamaulipas 72 deaths
Zacatecas
Veracruz
Jalisco S.L.P. 6 poisonings
Nayarit
97 poisonings Ags.
5 deaths Yucatán
Yucatán
Gto.
38 deaths Qro. 14 poisonings
Jalisco Hidalgo
Edo.
10 deaths
Tlax. Q. Roo
Mex
Morelos Colima Michoacán
Mor. Puebla
Veracruz Campeche
29 deaths Tabasco
Guerrero
Oaxaca Campeche
Chiapas
5 deaths
Guerrero Tlaxcala Chiapas
16 deaths 3 poisonings 3 deaths
Source: CONADIC. As of June 3, 2020.Surveys in Mexico and in other countries
Economic impact. https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfkKcZelrDzdsLOxdeHL3myLIKbE8MXeGjIhFmj_mr2LDr_Jg/viewform
Effects on women of staying home. https://www.facebook.com/173801859497748/posts/1394003227477599/?d=n
Household living conditions in the face of social distancing. https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfK9MJRVj1M0P6TTCvsPnO19m19Ep8gZyp7CLZcYbYb2mJxuQ/closedform
COVID-19 Survey in Mexico, UNAM. https://sites.google.com/view/covid-formulario
State of mind and drug use, from the University of Veracruzana. https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdFgA288EexlS0cRjjRnEBVYDP2k8SM6Qf1iejEQIMapypamQ/viewform
COVID social impact survey, National Institute of Public Health. https://sars.mx/
Alcohol consumption IAPA (Institute for the Care and Prevention https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSds2RqP2LfEz78Orepil7TL5tsf4hjETJFcbqXAxDLiR8-ODQ/viewform
of Addictions).
COVID and stress in Mexico. International study UAM https://sites.google.com/view/covid-estres-mx/
(Metropolitana Autonomous University).
Results of the survey "The effects of COVID on the well-being of file:///C:/Users/Vostro/Downloads/comunicado_encovid-19_completo.pdf
Mexican households", IBERO (Iberoamericana University).
Preliminary results of the exploratory study on social distancing https://www.ort.edu.mx/noticias/resultados-preliminares-del-estudio-exploratorio-sobre-el-covid-19/
due to COVID, from the ORT University, Mexico.
Drug use during the pandemic, ITSON University. https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSez067kK622MRBN59UL2bGkL-
93V_nGqBMuacTCE3DB5C5W6g/viewform?fbclid=IwAR0LKISQiEs9wgxtaxqXf-Q3vjinqBrw73vPcFVfvBoQyyRqsyNfx8_7mgA
International, GLOBAL DRUG SURVEY. https://www.globaldrugsurvey.world/s3/COVID-19
Survey on alcohol use, Spain https://bildungsportal.sachsen.de/umfragen/limesurvey/index.php/684654?lang=es
Substance Use Study, Brazil. https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdFWpZ7DzdnZVWS-9arU-CM6Iuod2M5JjyL3H0i8ZMLiHeAwQ/viewformFrequency of alcohol consumption
before and during quarantine*
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
32.5 32.2
27.9 27.9 30.1
30 24.4 22.9 26.1 27.6
22.3 22.6
19.2
20 16.6 15
13.3 12.6
8.6 7.5
10 6.6
4.1
0
Hombres Mujeres
Never Once a month or less 2 to 4 times per Once a week Daily or almost daily
month
* p=.000 differences in consumption between men and women before quarantine
Source : Tiburcio, M.; Martínez, N.; Fernández, M.; Sánchez, Y.; Arroyo, M.; Natera, G. (2020) Consumption of alcohol, tobacco and other substances during the
coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19. Project in process, reproduced with permission of the main researcher
As of May 31, 2020Frequency of tobacco use before and
during quarantine
100
90
80
70
60.9
60 57.3
53.4
51
50
40
30
21.9 23.3 20.2 20.4
20
13 12.1
7.2 9.1 8.1 8.3
10 5.1 5.5 6.7 5.9 6.7
3.8
0
Hombres Mujeres
Never Once a month or less 2 to 4 times per Once per week Daily or almost daily
month
Source: Tiburcio, M.; Martínez, N.; Fernández, M.; Sánchez, Y.; Arroyo, M.; Natera, G. (2020) ) Consumption of alcohol, tobacco and other substances during the
coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19. Project in process, reproduced with permission of the main researcher.
As of May 31, 2020Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption in the Mexican Population
TOBACCO ALCOHOL
Prevalence 11.4% Prevalence 28.8%
Quantity of cigarettes or electronic Number of cups before the contingency.
cigarettes before the contingency.
n % n %
Same 67 55.4 147 48.5
Higher 25 20.7 36 11.9
Less 29 24.0 118 38.9
Dont know/No 0 0 2 0.7
Response
No. of users 121 303
Source: Shamah Levy, T. Y cols INSP. Results of the ENSARS-VOC-19 study, June 2020.Frequency of marijuana use before
and during quarantine
100
90
90 86.5
82.6
79.1
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
9.5 8.2
10 4.3 4.3
6.5
2.6 3.6 4.1 3.4 3.9 2.3
1.9 1.7 1.4 2 2
0
Hombres Mujeres
Never Once a month or less 2 to 4 times per Once per week Daily or almost daily
month
Fuente: Tiburcio, M.; Martínez, N.; Fernández, M.; Sánchez, Y.; Arroyo, M.; Natera, G. (2020) ) Consumption of alcohol, tobacco and other substances during the
coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19. Project in process, reproduced with permission of the main researcher
As of May 31, 2020Frequency of tranquilizer use before
and during quarantine
100
90 87.3 87.2
78.5
80 75.3
70
60
50
40
30
20
8.3
10 5.5 5.9 5 6.8 6.5
2.8 2.2 2.4 3.3 2.1 3.6 2.7 3.8
1.5 1.8
0
Hombres Mujeres
Never Once a month or less 2 to 4 times per Once per week Daily or almost daily
month
Fuente: Tiburcio, M.; Martínez, N.; Fernández, M.; Sánchez, Y.; Arroyo, M.; Natera, G. (2020) ) Consumption of alcohol, tobacco and other substances during the
coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19. Project in process, reproduced with permission of the main researcher
As of May 31, 2020Calls for Psychological Support
2018 2019 2020
n % n % n %
ADDICTIONS 907 6.61 774 5.04 745 4.26
EMOTIONAL CONFLICTS 7,331 53.44 8,951 58.32 8,554 48.88
SCHOOL 206 1.50 189 1.23 122 0.70
FAMILY 1,480 10.79 1,442 9.40 1,451 8.29 Addiction calls per year
PEER GROUP 56 0.41 57 0.37 55 0.31 1,000
LABOR 135 0.98 133 0.87 155 0.89
900
ENGAGEMENT 182 1.33 325 2.12 301 1.72
800
COUPLE 1,443 10.52 1,353 8.82 1,685 9.63
700
HEALTH 145 1.06 145 0.94 188 1.07
600
SEXUALITY 172 1.25 190 1.24 296 1.69
500
VIOLENCE 1,662 12.11 1,789 11.66 3,948 22.56
400
13,719 15,348 17,500
300
200
100
0
ENERO FEBRERO MARZO ABRIL MAYO
2018 2019 2020
Source: Data Portal of Mexico City. Calls made to women line.Emergency calls for gender-based violence increase 6%: Inmujeres
The National Institute of Women (Inmujeres), warned that it has seen a 6% increase in
emergency calls to 911 for cases of gender violence.
Olga Sánchez Cordero, Secretary of the Interior, assured that for the Federal Government it
is important to eliminate violence against women, as well as eradicate corruption, which is
why there will be sufficient financial resources to address this problem and they will work
together with national and international institutions.
"We are convinced that promoting public policies, strategies and mechanisms to end sexist violence is so important, as well as
banishing the rapacious corruption that was causing so much damage to our country, Sánchez Cordero mentioned."
Organized crime is co-opting women
Between 40 and 50 percent of the femicides that occur in the streets, sometimes by
couples, but many times there is this phenomenon that women are spoils of war: "I kill your
wife to send a message to you", Nadine Gasman noted.
The Secretary of the Interior, Sánchez Cordero said: Unfortunately, women are already
being captured as hawks (paid vigilantes) from organized crime, in addition, they hook
them with the drug, they give them pills to co-opt them either as being hawks or as sex
slaves on the topic of trafficking.
Source: Ortiz A. Emergency calls for gender violence increase 6%: Inmujeres. The Universal; June 25, 2020.Context of heroin users on the northern border of Mexico (1)
There is no shortage of the drug and no major withdrawal syndrome
has been observed.
Users indicate that the cost of the heroin dose is the
same.
In places where they sell white powder heroin, the sale of black
powder heroin mixed with fentanyl has increased.
There is not much mobility of users to other points of
sale to buy drugs.
Users perceive that the number of cases of overdose has increased
according to the perception of users, particularly because new users
are arriving who are not accustomed to the power of the drug.
Source Prevencasa A.C.Context of heroin users on the northern border of Mexico (2)
It has been more difficult for them to get money, so they dose what
they can buy to avoid the withdrawal syndrome.
Naloxone donation has decreased due to border closings.
Violence has grown for a long time, mainly in the channel where the
cartels dispute the territory.
Few cases of covid-19 have been reported, no more than
those reported in the general population.
Source: Prevencasa A.C.How the drug market has evolved according to the UNODC
UNODC warns of increased drug use, due to an oversupply at a lower price
due to a reduction in demand.
The difficulty of obtaining imported inputs for drug production, given border
closings and restrictions on international trade, has reduced the supply of
synthetic and prepared drugs.
This difficulty appears to have motivated Mexican cartels more to
produce fentanyl in Mexico so as not to depend on inputs from China.
Measures that restrict mobility have affected the transit of drug shipments
between national borders, the sea route being the least affected, and the use
of boats to traffic other drugs such as heroin has increased.
These restrictive measures, as indicated by the UNODC in its recent World Drug Report,
have made the northern border of the country a large store of drugs, due to the low
mobility that exists (Reported by Sofía Díaz Menció, in the presentation of the WDR
2020).
Source: WDR 2020, presentation by Lic. Sofía Días Menció; Note by Espino M. Crisis and Covid-19: UNODC. The Universal; June 17, 2020.Considerations: Measures have been taken through messages, especially on social networks, to invite the population to reduce their consumption or not to consume (alcohol, tobacco and other drugs) In particular, a campaign was carried out to inform the population about how to detect the symptoms derived from consuming adulterated alcohol, given the increase in cases of intoxication and deaths from said situation; however, these campaigns must be established on a regular basis and with clearer messages for the entire population, and incorporate local authorities to identify the particular risks of their communities. As clearly mentioned in the WDR, disrupting the finances of criminal groups is one of the best tools to decrease the supply of drugs. However, the population that is dependent on drugs is the most affected by the pandemic, due to the closure of services, government, private, and mutual aid or self-help. Even when help lines or support have been opened through electronic platforms, not everyone in this population has access to a cell phone or a computer. Injecting drug users, in particular, have been a population greatly affected by the lack of access to economic resources and support in general. Access to methadone for them is very difficult, even though it would be of great help to them if they were infected by covid-19. Additionally, with less access to naloxone, overdose care is complicated
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