Emerging Invasive Species - Shahla M. Werner -Plant Protection Section Manager - Plant Industry Bureau - NASECA-WI
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Emerging Invasive Species
Shahla M. Werner –Plant Protection Section Manager – Plant Industry Bureau
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION
February 10, 2021, NASECA Conference
PLANT INDUSTRY BUREAU
Plant Protection Section staff (10 FTEs and 3 LTEs
inspect nurseries, Christmas tree fields, bee hives, seed,
logs & firewood. Staff in this section also work on
nursery licensing, invasive species outreach to
businesses, plant exports & quarantines
Pest Survey and Control Section staff conduct visual
surveys, trap, & sample for target pests and diseases,
and oversee aerial treatments for gypsy moth in the
western part of the state to slow the spread of that
invasive
Plant Protection Inspector Contact Information
https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/Nursery
ChristmasTreeInspection.aspx
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION
WHY FOCUS ON INVASIVE INSECTS AND DISEASES?
• Most plant pests and diseases regulated by
WI DATCP are introduced, invasive species,
which are increasing with increasing global
trade.
• Introduced species that aren’t pests in their
native range often become invasive when
brought to new areas: they may lack
predators and parasites; hosts may not have
defensive chemicals or resistance; or they can
outcompete native species.
• The over 360 introduced forest pests and 20
pathogens in the US are estimated to cost
over $120 billion / year in damage and
controls.
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION
SPOTTED LANTERNFLY
1st detected in PA in 2014, Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma
delicatula (SLF), a planthopper (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)
native to China, is one of the fastest moving, invasive pests
in the US. SLF is now established in 26 PA counties and
has spread to DE, NJ, MD, OH,VA, and WV, with isolated
detections in NC, NY, CT, and MA
SLF prefers Ailanthus altissima, or Tree-of-Heaven, and has
caused major damage to grape vines. SLF also feeds on
walnut, maple, hops, roses, etc. SLF swarms in in fall and
can be a major nuisance pest.
Like PA, DE, MD,VA, NJ, and NY, WI is proposing an
exterior quarantine to prevent SLF from other states;
Model quarantine language has been created for
consistency.
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION
SPOTTED LANTERNFLY LIFE CYCLE
Early instar nymphs emerge from egg masses in
spring and are present from April – July. They are
wingless and have black and white spots on them for
their first 3 molts.
Fourth instar nymphs, present from July – September,
are also wingless but they are red with white spots.
Spotted Lanternfly adults are the next stage. They
may be present from July – December, when they
feed, swarm, mate and lay eggs, with peak egg mass
laying starting in September.
Egg masses are the overwintering stage of the
spotted lanternfly, present from September to the
following June
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION
SPOTTED LANTERNFLY EGG MASSES
New Egg Mass, PSU Older, cracked Hatched Egg Mass,
Extension egg mass, PSU PSU Extension
Extension
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION
SPOTTED LANTERNFLY DISPERSAL
PA Dept of Ag, SLF Nympys on Wheel Wells USDA APHIS Lance Cheong, SLF Adult on Tailpipe Liz Willow Egg Masses on Camp Chair
• SLF is a weak flier that travels only short distances on its own, by walking, jumping,
or flying.
• SLFs move long distances by hitchhiking on nursery stock, firewood, shipping
containers, stone, cars, trucks, rail cars, and other materials.
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION
POTENTIAL RANGE OF SPOTTED LANTERNFLY
(Image originally published in Wakie et al 2019, Journal of
Economic Entomology)
USDA & Xinjiang Institute of
Ecology and Geography in China
studied climate data in the native
range of the SLF (Lycorma
delicatula) to model what other
locales offer potentially suitable
habitat.
Most of New England, mid-
Atlantic states, parts of the
central U.S. and the Pacific
Northwest are vulnerable to SLF.
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION
WHAT ARE WE DOING TO PREPARE FOR SLF?
• Considering creating an exterior quarantine rule to prevent SLF coming in from other states
• Monitoring for SLF with traps and visual Tree-of-Heaven, orchard, and vineyard surveys (There
is no known pheromone or attractant.)
• Conducting outreach via social media, meetings with industries, tradeshows, mailings,
billboards, factsheet, slf.wi.gov website
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION
GYPSY MOTH LIFE STAGES AND HISTORY
• Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, was introduced from Europe by Leopold Trouvelot into
Medford MA in 1869; once classified in the same family as silk moths
• Gypsy moth has been present in Wisconsin since mid-1970’s
• Hairy gypsy moth larvae recognized by their 4 rows of blue spots and 5 rows of red spots.
They hatch and feed from April-July, molting 5-6x before pupating;
• Brown male adult moths and white flightless females emerge and mate in July
• Females lay egg masses; and egg masses overwinter
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONGYPSY MOTH IMPACTS
Photo by Bill McNee, WDNR, 2010
• Gypsy moth feeds on over 300 trees and shrubs, but prefers oak, willow, aspen, birch,
basswood, tamarack and linden
• Gypsy moth has defoliated > 75 million acres nationwide since 1970.
• Each larvae can eat one square foot of foliage per day. Repeated defoliations (or single
defoliations of conifers) can lead to mortality; decline, and increased susceptibility to
insects and diseases
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONGYPSY MOTH QUARANTINE AREA
http://www.yourmovegypsymothfree.com
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONGYPSY MOTH NATURAL ENEMIES
• Gypsy moth was introduced so long ago that it now
has natural enemies that help control its populations
in North America.
• Gypsy moth is killed by Entomophaga maimaiga (fungi)
which results in larvae dying hanging straight down
with their head last; infected cadavers drop to the
ground; acts at lower populations; aided by wet
weather
• Gypsy moth is killed by NPV (virus); which results in
killed larvae appearing as an inverted ‘V’; helps bring
down outbreaks
• Other natural enemies include egg & larval
parasitoids, ground beetles, & mice
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONGYPSY MOTH SLOW THE SPREAD PROGRAM
• Funded by Congress since 2000, Wisconsin is part of
the effective, eleven state, slow-the-spread program,
or STS that involves trapping and spray treatments to
control gypsy moth along the leading edge of its
infestation, in partnership with the USFS
• The goal of STS is to reduce the rate at which gypsy
moth spreads, and it has reduced gypsy moth spread
over 70%, from 13 to just around 3 miles per year,
reducing tree defoliation and mortality
• For every dollar spent on STS, over $3 are saved
• STS is separate from WI DNR’s now closed
suppression program, which was designed to bring
down local GM outbreaks
• For more info: http://www.gmsts.org/
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONGYPSY MOTH STS TREATMENTS
• DATCP’s Pest Survey and Control Section staff set
10,139 traps for gypsy moth in 2020 which caught
83,720 male moths. Trap results & fall egg mass
surveys inform size and locations of treatments.
• In Wisconsin, we use two treatments in the STS
program, the bacterial insecticide, Bacillus
thuringiensis or BT, sprayed on foliage to kill larvae
in spring, and a waxy form of the gypsy moth
pheromone sprayed in summer known as mating
disruption or MD, that hinders male gypsy moths
from mating with flightless female gypsy moths
• For 2021, Wisconsin will have 12,243 estimated BT
treatment acres and 86,446 MD acres
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONPOLL PLACEHOLDER
What is the correct acronym and name for the USFS program that works with several
states to trap and treat gypsy moth along the leading edge of its introduced range?
a) Stop the Spread (STS)
b) Stem the Tide (STT)
c) Slow the Spread (STS)
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONHEMLOCK WOOLY ADELGID
• Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges tsugae (HWA) is
an invasive, introduced insect (Order Hemiptera)
from Asia that sucks fluid from bases of needles
• HWA has killed millions of eastern and Carolina
hemlocks across 20 states since its introduction
in 1951
• HWA is not found in WI; while it IS found in
western states, it does not kill western hemlocks
• HWA only occurs on hemlock trees in the US; it
helps moderate stream temperatures
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONHEMLOCK WOOLY ADELGID LIFE STAGES
• HWA reproduces asexually; and its female populations have 2 generations/year
• There are two overlapping generations per year, and each females can lay from 100-
300 eggs per generation. Mobile crawlers emerge from eggs in spring and summer and
can be carried by birds, wind, or squirrels to start new infestations.
• Hemlock woolly adelgid enters a period of dormancy during the summer months.
The settled nymphs on the branches at this time can be very hard to detect.
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONHEMLOCK WOOLY ADELGID DISTRIBUTION
• HWA quarantine, ATCP 21.16, restricts
hemlock nursery stock, logs, bark, and
firewood from infested areas shown in
purple on the map
• DATCP inspects nursery stock for
HWA
• Nurseries importing hemlock from
infested area must have state
phytosanitary certificate or compliance
agreement certifying inspection for
HWA and if needed, treatment
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONELONGATE HEMLOCK SCALE LIFE STAGES
• Female EHS are immobile and lay up to 20 yellow eggs, overwinter, & have brown scale
coverings
• Crawlers settle on undersides of needles to feed and mature, prefer new growth; mobile
crawlers emerge throughout year; can create new infestations
• Male nymphs have white coverings and wings; males do not feed; they leave scale
coverings to mate
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONELONGATE HEMLOCK SCALE
• Native to Asia, elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa (EHS) is
an armored scale insect introduced into 16+ eastern states
since discovery in NY in 1908
• EHS is cold-tolerant; it sucks fluid from undersides of
hemlock, fir, spruce needles (43 conifer hosts)
• EHS is hard to control with pesticides, as scales are protected
under waxy coverings, & crawlers emerge throughout season
• EHS leads to conifer decline and needle loss, yellowing, and
hemlock mortality if combined with HWA or drought
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONELONGATE HEMLOCK SCALE DETECTIONS
• EHS has never been detected in the landscape
in WI
• DATCP has intercepted EHS over 35 times
during hemlock nursery inspections and fir
Christmas tree lot inspections from 2014-20
• Lab samples taken from infested material
verified the presence of live crawlers
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONELONGATE HEMLOCK SCALE RESPONSE
• EHS is not currently a quarantine pest, although we are considering one
• DATCP’s pest abatement authority (Wis. Stat. 94.02), prohibiting injurious
pests on plant material, authorizes removal from sale and destruction of
infested material to protect industry and native conifers from EHS
• DATCP communicates with growers, retailers, and departments of
agriculture in other states on EHS prior to each holiday season
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONBALSAM WOOLLY ADELGID
• Balsam Woolly Adelgid, Adelges piceae, (BWA) is an invasive,
aphidlike insect introduced from Europe in 1900
• BWA has destroyed about 95% of the Fraser firs in the
Great Smoky Mountains National Park; has had major
impacts on grand, silver and subalpine fir in the Pacific NW
• BWA feeds and injects toxins in bark fissures in trees
• Similar to HWA, BWA is parthenogenic or asexual, has 3
generations/year, and can cause branch deformities and tree
mortality
• BWA has never been detected in WI, but we are proposing
an exterior quarantine now to protect native balsams and
Christmas trees
• MI has an exterior quarantine on BWA
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONPOLL PLACEHOLDER
Which introduced, invasive, aphidlike conifer-feeding pest has been introduced into both
the eastern and western US, but only kills hemlocks in the east?
a) Balsam Woolly Adelgid
b) Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
c) Elongate Hemlock Scale
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONASIAN LONGHORNED BEETLE
• Asian Longhorned Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, ALB, is
native to Asia
• ALB could devastate forests if allowed to spread, due to
its large host range E. Richard Hoebeke, Cornell University, Bugwood.org
• Infested trees die from ALB in 10-15 years
• ALB larvae bore into sapwood and heartwood, and leave
perfectly round pencil-sized exit holes in trees
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONASIAN LONGHORNED BEETLE IDENTIFICATION
• Adult ALB are ¾ - 1 ½ ” long, with black and
white banded antenna 1 ½ –2 ½ times as long as
body
• Females are larger than males with shorter
antenna
• ALB have bluish legs and mottled “starry sky”
elytra (hard wings), and a black scutellum Photo by Kevin D. Carlin
• Look for sawdust, round, drill-like adult emergence
holes, 3/8 - 5/8” in diameter
• The native pine sawyer in the bottom image
resembles ALB, but it does NOT have bluish legs,
it has a white scutellum, and is less shiny
Photo by William M. Ciesla
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONASIAN LONGHORNED BEETLE LIFE STAGES
• ALB has one generation per year in most areas where it’s been introduced; there is
some concern that it may be able to complete 2 gens per year in SC
• Adult ALB emerge through round holes in late spring/summer to feed and mate. Each
female ALB lays 35-90 eggs in shallow pits (soon heal shut)
• Round-headed borer ALB larvae emerge from eggs in 10-15 days; early stages feed on
cambium; later stage larvae feed on and overwinter in sapwood and heartwood.
• ALB pupates for 2 –3 weeks
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONASIAN LONGHORNED BEETLE HOST RANGE
• Most susceptible: Maples (silver, sugar, Norway,
boxelder)
• Moderately susceptible: Elm, Horsechestnut, Birch,
Willow, Poplar, Ash
• “Resistant” trees: Cherry, Apple, Oak, Basswood
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONASIAN LONGHORNED BEETLE MANAGEMENT
• Susceptible trees examined for symptoms and signs of ALB (sawdust, exit holes, branch
flagging, egg pits)
• If ALB is detected, infested trees are removed, as well as nearby susceptible trees
within eradication zone (i.e., ¼ mile radius)
• Trees outside eradication zone often treated with imidacloprid
• Replant with trees resistant to ALB
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONASIAN LONGHORNED BEETLE PROGRESS MAP
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONEMERALD ASH BORER
• Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis EAB; Introduced from Asia on Solid
Wood Packing Material, detected in MI in 2002
• Detected in 35 states, Washington DC, & Ontario, Manitoba, New Brunswick,
Quebec, Canada.
• Causes 100% ash mortality by larval feeding on inner bark, girdling trees,
which often die within 4 years
• Four host-specific EAB biological control agents: Spathius agrili,Tetrastichus
planipennisi, Oobius agrili, Spathius galinae
• High value ash can be protected with insecticide (i.e., emamectin benzoate)
• Wisconsin’s EAB quarantine became statewide in 2018; APHIS removed the
federal EAB quarantine on 01/14/21; WI DATCP is now proposing removing
ATCP 21.17, the state EAB quarantine, in order to focus on management
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONEMERALD ASH BORER SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONEMERALD ASH BORER CHEMICAL / BIOCONTROLS
• APHIS has released four biocontrols, or
tiny parasitic wasps that either attack
EAB larvae or eggs to control this pest:
Tetrastichus planipennisi (Eulophidae),
Spathius agrili (Braconidae), Oobius agrili
(Encyrtidae), and the more cold-tolerant
Spathius galinae
• In other areas, high-value ash may be
treated with chemicals to kill EAB. In
Milwaukee, they treat over 27,000 ash
with emamectin benzoate on a rotating
3 year basis, and this has allowed to
persist in that area since EAB was
detected in 2012.
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONEMERALD ASH BORER RESISTANCE &
SILVICULTURAL MANAGEMENT
• Because EAB kills 95% of US ash as it spreads, but does not often kill Asian ash, there is
interest in ash resistance. To prevent the loss of genetic diversity, and to preserve “lingering
ash” that remain after EAB sweeps through an area, there is an effort to collect white, black,
green and pumpkin ash seed for long-term storage at the USFS National Seed Lab.
• Silvicultural management includes increasing urban forest diversity, as some communities had
over 33% ash before EAB (and elm prior to that). To protect forests, there is an effort
to increase diversity, i.e., by planting no more than 15% of a single species.
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONEMERALD ASH BORER US DETECTION MAP
• Counties shown in yellow had
EAB detections from 2002-2020
• EAB regulations helped slow its
spread while biocontrols,
chemical controls and other
management tools were
developed, and local action plans
were implemented
• USDA APHIS removed the
federal EAB quarantine on
01/14/21, and WI DATCP is now
seeking to make our state
regulations match
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONEMERALD ASH BORER WI DETECTION MAP
Wisconsin has found EAB in 58 of
the state's 72 counties.
In addition to 6 new county
detections (Dunn, Florence,
Oconto, Pepin, Price, and Shawano),
there were 48 municipal detections
in counties where EAB was
previously detected in 2020.
We use this map to target
management work, and to illustrate
the fact that EAB has not been
detected in many ash heavy areas of
northern Wisconsin
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONHOW CAN YOU HELP AVOID INTRODUCING OR
SPREADING INVASIVE SPECIES IN WISCONSIN?
Don’t Move Firewood! Use Only DATCP Certified Wood
(seasoned for 24+ months or heat treated). It is ILLEGAL to
bring uncertified wood from >10 miles to state lands; >25
miles for federal lands; tribes may have other restrictions.
Report Invasive Species on DATCP’s Pest Hotline
(866) 440-7523 or DATCPPestHotline@wi.gov
Wash and Inspect Vehicles before traveling long distances
Follow Plant Regulations, see DATCP website, APHIS
website, National Plant Board state summaries
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTIONThank You! Questions?
Shahla M. Werner, PhD, Plant Protection Section Manager
Plant Protection Section / Plant Industry Bureau / Division of Agricultural Resource Mgmt
(608) 957-5100 / shahla.werner@wi.gov / https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/SLF.aspx
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION (DATCP )
February 10, 2021You can also read
