ESTMINSTER UARTERLY - Anglo-Jewish High Society The Philippines and the Holocaust The Children Smuggler 'The Little Doctor' - ShulCloud
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ESTMINSTER
UARTERLY Volume XII No.1
January 2021
A Jewish society wedding c.1892
Anglo-Jewish High Society
The Philippines and the Holocaust
The Children Smuggler
‘The Little Doctor’
From the Rabbi
‘Woe is me, perhaps because I have have identified; they suggest that, as the
sinned, the world around me is being Festival itself marks increased darkness,
darkened and returning to its state of let the candles reflect this reality too.
chaos and confusion; this then is the Remove one each day, starting with the
kind of death to which I have been eighth. The view of the School of Hillel
sentenced from Heaven!’ So he began may also acknowledge that the world is
keeping an eight-day fast. getting darker, but the ritual response is
the opposite. When the world gets darker
But as he observed the winter solstice
we bring more light.
and noted the day getting increasingly
longer, he said, ‘This is the world’s So let us pay respect to both views.
course’, and he set forth to keep an eight- Together we have the strength in our
day festival. community to acknowledge the darkness
in the world, and also to bring more light.
(Adapted from the Babylonian Talmud,
Many of us in the last year have stepped
tractate Avodah Zara, page 8a.)
up to contact and care for other members
of our community, and we have benefited
How do we respond to increased
Together we have the from the resulting conversations and
relations. We have found new creativity
darkness? In Franz Kafka’s short story, strength in our to ensure our togetherness, building
Before the Law, a man spends his whole
life waiting. His eyesight begins to fail,
community to special High Holy Days. We have seen
our learning for all ages, and, in many
and he doesn’t know ‘whether the world acknowledge the ways, our community goes from strength
is really darker or whether his eyes are darkness in the world to strength, finding connection, song,
only deceiving him’. support, inspiration and motivation.
The story conveys a world in which we Kafka’s protagonist does not know
In this etiology of Chanukah, with its
live with uncertainty, fear and loneliness, ‘whether the world is really darker or
charming psychological and natural
with ageing and death, in which we don’t whether his eyes are only deceiving him’.
resonances, the Festival is an
know if we are holding ourselves back or We are brave enough together to see the
acknowledgement of the darkness
being held back, whether the world is darkness, and to bring light.
around us. The human in the story has a
really darker or our eyes are only vital insight that he, and we, might have
deceiving us. Some of us may have felt missed; after fasting to reverse the
increased darkness recently, in our darkness that brings such fear, the world
altered, narrower reality, in a heightened gets lighter, and the human might have
awareness of the chaos and injustice attributed this to his action, but instead
around us, and in the sadness that can he has learnt, ‘this is the world’s course’.
come with this time of year. Chanukah In the darkness, the whole world revolves Rabbi Benji Stanley
that we so joyfully celebrated last month entirely and frighteningly around him in
can guide us in how to respond to his head, but he moves from fear to a
increased darkness. broader perspective. We see in this story
The Festival falls in the darkest time of the need to acknowledge darkness and to
the year. With each day the world gets assimilate it into a more mature
darker, for unlike most festivals that fall awareness of the world around us.
in the middle of the Hebrew month, As a Festival that marks increased
Chanukah begins towards the end of darkness, a famous disagreement about
Kislev, so the moon is also at its thinnest. how to light your candles, takes on more
While explanations of Chanukah light. In the Talmud, Shabbat 21b:-
normally focus on the victory of a small
group of Maccabean fighters over a larger ‘The School of Shammai maintains: on
Hellenizing force - or the miracle of a the first day eight lights are lit and
small amount of oil lasting for eight days thereafter they are gradually reduced;
- there is another story to be found about but the School of Hillel says: on the first
Chanukah in the Talmud:- day one is lit and thereafter they are
progressively increased…’
Our Rabbis taught: When Adam
HaRishon (the first human, Adam) saw The view of the school of Shammai in fact
the day getting gradually shorter, he said, reflects an aspect of the Festival that we
3
Around the World
The Child Smuggler: border, and thence to safety. As will be
obvious, travelling with large groups of
children to stay alive during an escape.
Thanks to art lessons in Limoges, Marcel
Marcel Marceau children was anything but easy. But
had another useful talent - as a forger. He
Marceau had a secret weapon - his
(1923-2007) training as a mime.
began by altering his passport, giving
himself a less obviously Jewish name. His
Marcel was born in Strasbourg, France in initials did not change, but Mangel
1923. His father, Charles Mangel, was a became Marceau (chosen as a patriotic
kosher butcher originally from Będzin, gesture, because one of Napoleon’s most
Poland. His mother, Anne Werzberg, celebrated generals was a Marceau). With
came from Yabluniv, in present-day just ink and crayons, he began doctoring
Ukraine. When the boy was four years old, identification papers for dozens of young
the family moved to Lille and, after French people. As German youths were
France's invasion by Nazi Germany, they drafted into Hitler’s armies in their
fled to Limoges. Marcel was then sixteen. hundreds of thousands, German factories
were short of labour, and the Reichstag
Since his mother had taken him to the
issued orders to commandeer boys and
cinema aged five, Marcel had been
girls in their late teens from the occupied
fascinated by Charlie Chaplin. The silent
countries.
comedian, beloved around the world as
‘the Little Tramp’ in a shabby bowler hat Marceau altered the birth dates on official
and tail-coat, made the boy cry with documents to make teenagers seem even
laughter. After Hitler rose to power, younger than they were. Instead of being
Marcel would entertain his friends with a shipped off to be slave labourers on
‘Bip the Clown’ routine, imitating Chaplin as the Führer, armaments production lines in Germany,
complete with stick-on moustache and the youngsters could remain in France -
penguin walk. His hero worship grew into often to join the Resistance.
As the years pass, more and more
an obsession with the theatre and, by his
discoveries of heroic acts, performed in The actor also posed as a Boy Scout leader
teens, he was determined to be an actor –
the 1940s, are gradually being revealed. to trick the authorities. He went disguised
although his father wanted him to take
The Westminster Quarterly is taking as a Scout leader and took twenty-four
over the butcher’s shop.
pleasure in recounting some of them and Jewish children, also in Scout uniforms,
here is yet another amazing story which Marcel’s cousin Georges Loinger, a soldier through the forests to the border, where
tells how a brilliant actor used his skills to with the French army, had been captured someone else was waiting to take them
rescue children from under the noses of and sent to a German prisoner-of-war into Switzerland.
the Nazis. Everyone knows the late camp from which he escaped and made
Once, when he unexpectedly ran into a
brilliant Mime Artist, a star most famous his way back to France, where he tracked
group of German soldiers towards the end
for his stage persona, ‘Bip the Clown’. He down the Mangel family. Marcel had to
of the war, he pretended he was a member
referred to mime as ‘the art of silence’ and join the Resistance, he said - but the
of the French Army and called for (non-
he performed professionally worldwide for teenager was too young to join a guerrilla
existent) back-up. The Germans fled!
over sixty years - but how many know of brigade. Instead, he had different skills
his daring and courage during the Second that made him invaluable to the Free
World war? French Forces. Loinger knew how Marcel
could help him. At an orphanage in the
Marceau Marceau was recruited to help
Parisian suburb of Sèvres, ninety Jewish
the French Resistance by a cousin, who
children were being cared for in secret.
was a commander in the secret unit, OSE
They could not go out, or even play
(Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants), a
noisily, for fear of being discovered. The
Jewish relief group that smuggled Jewish
OSE hoped to spirit them out of France to
children from occupied France to neutral
safety, but until then Marcel could
countries. The group was part of the
entertain them.
French Jewish Resistance in France,
(Organisation Juive de Combat - OJC, The budding actor did more than that.
aka Armée Juive). The OJC, which was Using his gift for communication without
composed of nine clandestine Jewish words, he began training the orphans in
networks, rescued thousands of children the art of staying silent - moving without
and adults during the Holocaust in noise, speaking in sign language. His
France. Their mission was to evacuate the lessons quickly formed part of the OSE
children who had been hiding in a French curriculum of physical education and Marceau in 2004
orphanage and get them to the Swiss survival skills - all aimed at helping the
4
Marceau’s exploits were just a few of the Dramatic Art in the Sarah Bernhardt
daring, and creative, feats pulled off by
the French Resistance. The OCE was
Theatre in Paris, where he studied with
teachers such as Joshua Smith, Étienne
A Lockdown Poem
particularly ingenious; for example, while Decroux and Jean-Louis Barrault. We received this from Valery Rees
smuggling children over the border, one whose daughter, Susannah Cogger,
Later, he established his own pantomime
Resistance fighter realized that the Nazis sent it to her.
school in Paris - one of my cousins
never searched sandwiches that had
studied with him - and subsequently set
mayonnaise on them, since the grease
up the Marceau Foundation to promote
might dirty their uniforms. As a result, DON’T KNOW WHICH
the art. Among his various awards and
they hid children’s ID cards in YOM TOV IT IS
honours he was made Grand Officier de
mayonnaise-smeared sandwiches!
la Légion d'Honneur and was awarded
But by 1943, as the tide turned against the the National Order of Merit in France. He
Germans and Hitler intensified his plans won an Emmy Award for his work on We’re walking around in
for the mass murder of Jews across television, was elected a member of the slippers
Europe, it became too dangerous for the Academy of Fine Arts in Berlin and was like it’s Tisha B’Av
OSE’s orphaned children to remain in declared a ‘National Treasure’ in Japan.
France. Jewish families were being But for thousands of people, Marceau's
rounded up and thrown into detention greatest performance was in using his We’re wearing masks
camps. uncanny skills to save scores of Jewish like it’s Purim
children from the Nazis.
More than 75,000, about a quarter of the
total Jewish population in France, were Marceau died in a retirement home in We’re trembling
deported to concentration camps in the Cahors, France, in 2007 at the age of like it’s Rosh Hashana
East - including more than 10,000 eighty four. At his burial ceremony, the
children. Barely three per cent survived to second movement of Mozart's Piano
the end of the war. In 1944 Marcel's Concerto No. 21 (which Marceau long We’re hungry
father was captured by the Gestapo and used as an accompaniment for an elegant like it’s Yom Kippur
deported to the Auschwitz concentration mime routine) was played, as was the
camp, where he was killed. Marcel's Sarabande from Bach's Cello Suite No. 5.
mother survived. He is buried at the Père Lachaise We’re only allowed to eat
Cemetery in Paris. outside
Marcel and his younger brother, Alain,
joined the French Resistance in Limoges. like it’s Sukkot
and, after the liberation of Paris, enlisted
in the French army. Owing to Marceau's
fluency in English, French, and German, Claire Connick We’re sitting by the window
he worked as a liaison officer with General like it’s Hanukkah
George Patton's Third Army.
As an author, Marceau published two We’re eating fruits
books for children, the Marcel Marceau like it’s Tu B’Shvat
Alphabet Book and the Marcel Marceau
Counting Book, and poetry and
illustrations, including La ballade de Everyone is walking around
Paris et du Monde (The Ballad of Paris with cleaning wipes
and of the World), an art book which he like it’s Pesach
wrote in 1966, and The Story of Bip,
written and illustrated by Marceau and
published by Harper and Row. In 1974, he We’re eating meals with our
posed for artist Kenneth Hari and worked families and sleeping until
on paintings and drawings that resulted in noon
a book, and the art work appeared in like it’s Shabbat
many museum collections. In 1982, Le
Troisième Œil, (The Third Eye), his
collection of ten original lithographs, was So what holiday is this?
published in Paris with an accompanying ‘Cause I’m ready to make
text by Marceau. Havdalah now!
After the war ended in 1945, he enrolled
as a student in Charles Dullin's School of
5
Anglo-Jewish History
High Society Those Jews who moved in the highest
financial circles in London were often
Synagogue in London declared that those
in receipt of the synagogue’s charities
in Anglo-Jewry related, forming what Chaim Bermant would have sixpence deducted from their
called The Cousinhood, in his book of that allowance if they were absent from
title. Many of these were Ashkenazim - services.
Rothschilds, Cohens and Goldsmids, for
Another cause for complaint, voiced
example - but gradually they were
frequently by the Rabbis, was the
becoming absorbed into the earlier
behaviour of some wealthy Jews engaged
families who had come over at the time of
in financial affairs, who left the synagogue
the Readmission, including the
after the service to rush to the Exchange,
Montefiores, Mocattas, da Costas or
or to London’s many coffee houses, to
Mendes. When the Sephardi Moses
check on their investments. The wealth of
Montefiore wished to marry Judith, the
these prosperous Jews was in itself a cause
daughter of the Ashkenazi Levy Barent
for concern for many conservative
Cohen, the Bevis Marks Synagogue at first
Englishmen. They were nervous that it
forbade the marriage taking place there,
might disturb the equilibrium of the state,
Moses Montefiore as but in view of Moses’ active participation
as well as that of the Church. How easy
a young man and generous contributions, the ceremony
would it be, they felt, for landed estates to
was finally permitted.
be bought up together with the right to
By the time the first Georgian monarch These prosperous Jews were joined in the sway elections, to influence justice and to
was on the throne of England, some fifty early years of the nineteenth century by the change the English way of life. Abraham
years after the Readmission, the Jewish Sassoons, who were already wealthy, and Benjamin Goldsmid were lending
community was already split, divided by owning land and property in the Middle money to the Government, adding to the
religious affiliation – Sephardi and East and India. The leading members of nervousness about Jewish wealth, and by
Ashkenazi – by wealth, often but not these successful families set up financial the time the Rothschilds’ extraordinary
always along the same lines, and by social institutions, went into banking, or the power became a feature of British financial
advancement. It is often assumed that it diamond business and were soon among circles, many influential leaders were very
was the Spanish/Portuguese element the leading industrialists of their time, worried indeed. Their feelings were not
among them who were the wealthy ones, lending money to foreign governments (as allayed by the anti-Semitic writings of
but this was not always the case. Only well as the British), to royalty, the William Cobbett, who wrote, ‘I dislike
twelve Jewish stockbrokers were permitted aristocracy and even the Church. them as people that never work, and a
on the Royal Exchange, but these included form of wretches who live by the trick …
The religious attitudes of most of these
Ashkenazi names as well as Sephardi. their whole lives are spent in getting at
wealthy Jewish families still retained their
However, the members of Bevis Marks money somehow or other.’
close affiliation with their synagogues and
considered themselves somewhat superior
their traditions. They kept kosher homes,
- in manners, education and general
walked to synagogue on Shabbat and, in
‘Englishness’ - to their brethren from
the main, married within the faith. Sir
Eastern Europe or Germany. The
Moses Montefiore and his wife walked
population of the Jewish community in
from their palatial home in Piccadilly to
England was then roughly one third
Bevis Marks -a distance of about eight
Ashkenazi to two-thirds Sephardi.
miles - every Saturday and back again after
The majority of Sephardi Jews in the Service. Hannah Rothschild, though
Hanoverian England were very wealthy married to a non-Jew (Lord Rosebery,
indeed, though the Synagogue at Bevis later Prime Minister) continued to
Marks had an active system in place to care maintain all the traditions of a Jewish
for their less fortunate members. At the home, and insisted that she be buried as a
top of the social pyramid were the Jew. Her engagement brought forth
stockbrokers, merchant bankers and what considerable disapproval. The Jewish
we might today call captains of industry. Chronicle wrote, ‘A sad example has been Hannah, Lady Rosebery (née
Before the middle of the nineteenth set, which, we pray God, may not be Rothschild)
century, Jews could not be called to the productive of dreadful consequences.’
Bar or attend university, so few were of the
Attendance at synagogue was required in
professional class, except for the doctors. As time went on, those Jewish families
most families, though the numbers
The medical profession had long been who had achieved a high degree of wealth,
declined considerably with time. Some
attractive to Jews, though not many usually second or even third generation
synagogues had to hire men to make up a
attained a very lucrative position. immigrants, were anxious to take their
minyan, and the Ashkenazi Hambro
6
place in the upper levels of society within Chotzner opened the first house for six drank fine wines, cut off for a large part of
the English aristocracy. The first essential Jewish boys, where they could receive not their lives from their Jewish neighbours.
was to find a house where they could feel only the general education for which the
Some rich Jews became involved in
comfortable, could entertain their new- school was famous, but also further
racehorse ownership, but with the
found friends as well as their own schooling in Jewish studies and a kosher
exception of the Rothschild family they
extended family, and where their children home. However, this unusual event was
were excluded from Jockey Club
could grow up to be educated, socially preceded in 1878 by the Jewish House at
membership.
aware young people - a life often denied to Clifton College, later to become Polack’s
their parents. It was the country estates House (see Westminster Quarterly, April Gradually the attention to Jewish
of the English upper classes that most 2020). tradition which had obtained in the early
attracted them. Those who made their years of the eighteenth century began to
On the whole the Jewish elite of England
money in the City - and this was the lapse. As time went on more Jewish
in Georgian times did not pay much
majority - needed to be within reach of children married out of the faith, fewer
attention to secular learning as such.
their offices, so the ideal answer was to families attended Sabbath services
Their ideas for the education of their sons
find a fine home within a short distance of regularly and by the time the leaders of
were more related to the boys’ future, so
town. Isleworth and other small towns the Reform Movement opened their own
what they felt was important was a
along the Thames were among the first synagogue near Marble Arch, much had
knowledge of the counting-house, or
choices. Twickenham, Teddington and changed. Most of the leaders of the new
perhaps practical engineering. It was not
Richmond were popular, as were the West London Synagogue of British Jews
until Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid took a hand
rolling hills of the Chilterns where the were wealthy, well-established Ashkenazi
in the establishment of University College
Rothschilds set up a network of mansions and Sephardi Jews, as the name of the
in London that Jews could obtain a full
easily linked by carriage or even by congregation stressed.
further education. The older universities
signalling (they used carrier pigeons to
were closed to them. The ultimate achievement in social
convey the result of the Battle of
climbing was of course friendship with
Waterloo). The Goldsmids preferred the The aspirations of the Jewish elite were to
royalty. Edward VII met the Rothschilds
south-west suburbs: Roehampton, be as much like English gentlemen as they
while up at Cambridge, and the Sassoons
Morden or Merton. could. Their dress and their behaviour
when he went to India. He seemed to
followed the latest fashions, as did that of
The interiors of these homes were superb, enjoy the company of Jewish people.
their wives and daughters. Women
with fine collections of pictures, porcelain Another friend was Sir Ernest Cassel, a
seldom wore a wig, and the men were
and other beautiful furnishings. fabulously wealthy Prussian-born Jew,
mostly clean-shaven, or if they wore
Extensive grounds surrounded them, and who was prepared to lend Edward large
beards these were in the latest style,
a large staff of servants tended to their sums of money. It was rumoured that the
though when the chazan of the New
owners’ needs. The collecting activities of friendship was so close that Windsor
Synagogue appeared without his beard he
the property owners were much in Castle was referred to as Windsor Cassel!
was severely reprimanded. Complaints
evidence; Walter Rothschild’s natural
were also made about low-cut dresses, However friendly members of the Jewish
history museum in Tring, the collection of
and the Victorian crinolines which caused community may have been with the royal
rhododendrons and azaleas at Exbury
considerable shortage of space when the family, it was not until later in the
Gardens, the sculptures, tapestries and
synagogue was crowded. twentieth century that they were accepted
paintings at Waddesdon Manor, all served
into society for themselves and not for
to show not only the wealth of the owners, Dinner parties, balls and soirées were part
their money. They were achieving success
but their taste and discrimination. of the Jewish social calendar, as were
in other fields, the arts, sport, literature
outings to the theatre, taking the waters
Another most important feature in the life and although the Fascist movement found
or bathing in the sea. The gentlemen
of the Jewish upper classes, was supporters in some non-Jewish members
played cards, attended the races and
education, as it has always been for of the upper classes, the majority were
Jewish people. Few Jews attended appalled by what was happening in
English public schools until the middle of Germany and the rest of Europe, as well
the nineteenth century. Those who did as in England. Finally, it was the Second
were mostly from families who had World War that virtually destroyed the
converted to Christianity. Samson class structure of Britain, brought about
Gideon’s son, also Samson, had a increased religious toleration and enabled
Baronetcy conferred upon him at the age the Jews to take their place in almost
of fifteen while at Eton College, his family every field of human endeavour.
having converted, and Benjamin
D’Israeli’s two brothers went to
Winchester. One of the earliest public Waddesden Manor - home of the
schools to admit practising Jews was Rothshchilds Philippa Bernard
Harrow, where in 1880 the Rev. Joseph
7
Around the World
it was nicknamed ‘Temple Emil’. By the but it was not until his Filipina wife,
The Story of Jews in early 1930s, the Jewish community of Lori,- joined in with singing Hava
The Philippines Manila numbered around 500 people. Nagila at a wedding in the UK, that the
Manila-based director-cinematographer
Then a new chapter in its history opened.
discovered the truth of President
A friendly game of Poker with the
Quezon’s plan. ‘She had no idea it was a
President of the Philippines was the
Hebrew song,’ said Rosen. ‘She was so
starting point for an extraordinary plan
surprised when I told her, because she
to save thousands of Jews living in
said it was just something that everyone
Germany and Austria. Two of the
sang in the street. There are so many
players that evening were brothers –
dialects in the Philippines, they all
Alex and Herbert Frieder - who had a
assumed it was another one.’
cigar factory in the Islands. News
coming out of Europe of the rise of Rosen decided to find out more. He
violent anti-Semitism had alarmed them spoke to members of Manila’s small
and they decided to ask for President Jewish community and, to his
Manuel Quezon’s help to bring at least astonishment, learned the story of how,
A Seder celebration in Manila some of the endangered Jews to safety. between 1938 and the early 1940s,
in 1925 former Philippine President, Manuel L.
Also playing was Paul McNutt, a former
Quezon had rescued over 1,200 German
The Spanish Inquisition in the sixteenth Governor of Indiana and, at the time, the
and Austrian Jews and brought them to
century forced many Jews in Spain to American High Commissioner to the
the pre-war Philippines, at a time when
convert to Christianity - or to flee. These Philippines. At that time President
few countries were prepared to take in
Jewish ‘New Christians’ were known as Quezon’s military adviser was Lt. Col.
Jewish refugees.
marranos. The first permanent Dwight D. Eisenhower.
settlement of Jews in the Philippines So, in 2018, Rosen, decided to make a
during the Spanish colonial years began film about the Philippine rescue. He
with the arrival of three Levy brothers called it Quezon’s Game. It depicts how
from Alsace-Lorraine who were escaping this much-loved President fought against
the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian critics and anti-Semitism in order to
War in 1870. Along with them was undertake the operation, aided by US
another notable Jew from the Alsace diplomats, businessman Alex Frieder, his
region, Leopold Kahn. brother Herbert, and Quezon’s friend
and military adviser - and future US
The opening of the Suez Canal in March
president - Dwight D. Eisenhower.
1869 provided a more direct trading Together they persuaded a reluctant
route between Europe and the President Franklin Roosevelt - and an ‘What I found to be so amazing was that
Philippines, allowing businesses to grow openly hostile State Department - to not only did people overseas not know
and the number of Jews in the grant 1,200 visas to Jews, many of whom the story, but most Filipinos didn’t
Philippines to increase. The Levy had professional backgrounds. Although either, including Lori. It was kind of lost
brothers were subsequently joined by the original intention had been to try to in history and only the Jewish
Turkish, Syrian, and Egyptian Jews, rescue 10,000 Jews, the rapidly community here knew about it,’ he says.
creating a multi-ethnic Jewish deteriorating situation in Europe and
Rosen also discovered that while Quezon
population of about fifty people by the foot dragging by American diplomats
was intent on saving Jewish lives, he
end of the Spanish period. forced an amendment to the plan.
was actually dying of tuberculosis.
It was not until the Spanish-American The arrival of 1,200 co-religionists
War at the end of the nineteenth century, stretched the resources of the small
when the United States took control of Philippine Jewish community. President
the islands from Spain in 1898, that the Quezon himself offered personal
Jewish community was allowed to assistance in welcoming them. A genuine
practise Judaism openly. humanitarian, he gave land to help to
settle the new immigrants.
It was only after World War I, when
many Jewish refugees arrived from In 2003 Frank Ephraim, a volunteer at
Russia to escape persecution, that the the Holocaust Memorial Museum in
Jewish community was formally Washington, published the following
organised. By 1922, an immigrant named extraordinary story in Escape to Manila. President Manuel L. Quezon
Emil Bachrach secured so much support Matthew Rosen, a British Jew, had (1878-1944)
for a grand new synagogue building that moved to the Philippines in the 1980s
8
Community
JCORE works in three main areas:-
1. Educating both the Jewish
community and beyond about issues of
race equality.
2. Promoting knowledge and
understanding between different
minority groups and encouraging the
commitment of the Jewish community
in this and stimulating active
President Quezon welcoming Jewish involvement in its pursuit.
The Jewish Council for Racial
refugees on 23rd April 1940, at the Equality was founded in 1976 by Dr 3. Providing help and support to
dedication of Marikina Hall, which Edie Friedman. Originally named the asylum seekers and those granted
he constructed on his own property
Jewish Social Responsibility Council refugee status or leave to remain
to house the newly arrived
immigrants. (JSRC), Dr Friedman wanted to create through the provision of donations,
an organisation that would give full vocational training, advice and
expression to the concern, as Jews, for befriending. Advocating and
justice both in the UK and in the Third campaigning at all levels to help
World. As the JSRC developed, it alleviate suffering and poverty
became clear that it was more amongst asylum seekers in the UK.
successful focusing on a few specific
Another valuable branch of the work of
areas such as educating the Jewish
this organisation is its Refugee Doctors
community, developing Black-Jewish
Mentoring Scheme. Started in 2013, it
dialogue and working with refugees. To
aims to pair refugee doctors with UK-
reflect more accurately the role of the
trained doctors who can mentor them
organisation, the JSRC was renamed
and help them requalify so that they
The old ‘Temple Emil’ in 1994, becoming The Jewish Council
are able to practise in the UK. This
for Racial Equality (JCORE)
project continues the work that JCORE
JCORE works both inside and outside has been doing since the 1980s to help
the Jewish community to provide a refugee doctors in the UK.
Jewish voice on race and asylum issues
JCORE has produced a number of
in the UK. Delivering race-equality
Publications:-
education for all ages, it provides
practical action to support refugees Let’s Make a Difference: Teaching
and asylum seekers, promotes Black- Anti-racism in Primary Schools – A
Asian-Jewish dialogue, and campaigns Jewish Perspective, Dr Edie Friedman,
at all levels on race and asylum issues. Hazel Woolfson, Sheila Freedman and
The interior of the present Synagogue It works with a number of other Shirley Murgraff (1999)
organisations to achieve this, including
Unaccompanied Refugee Children:
Unfortunately, ‘Temple Emil’ did not CCJO René Cassin, Hope not Hate,
Have the Lessons Been Learnt?, Jack
survive the war or the Japanese British Red Cross, Unite Against
Gilbert (2001)
occupation of the islands. Japanese troops Fascism, The Baobab Centre for Young
had used it to store munitions, and it Survivors, The Children's Society, Making a Difference: Promoting Race
burned to the ground during the 1945 Freedom from Torture, The Refugee Equality in Secondary Schools, Youth
Battle of Manila. After the war, while a Council and the British Medical Groups and Adult Education – a
new Synagogue was being built, many Association. Jewish Perspective, Dr Edie Friedman
Jews left the Philippines for Israel or the (2002)
The central idea of this Organisation is
United States, and the community was a concern that social justice should be Start With a Difference: Promoting
greatly diminished. However, today, the an integral part of Jewish identity and Race Equality in the Early Years – A
Beit Yaacov Synagogue has a thriving its relationship with the rest of society Jewish Perspective, Julie Taylor
congregation. The only Synagogue in the and that it is therefore necessary for (2006)
Philippines, it follows the Sephardic Jews in the UK to speak out against
tradition but caters to Jews of all Reluctant Refuge: The Story of
racism and for the rights of asylum
backgrounds. Their Rabbi is also a Asylum in Britain, Dr Edie Friedman
seekers and refugees – knowing what
Shochet. and Reva Klein (2008)
happens when others stand by and do
Claire Connick nothing.
9
Around The World
earnest and distinguished work.’ more than mountains to establish
Morris Young: However, after two years he had to hospitals in remote areas, and the laws of
The Little Doctor abandon his studies before graduating, hygiene in semi-desert provinces where
due to financial difficulties. He was thriving communities now enjoy a fine
(1810-1950) supporting himself, with little help from bill of health.’
his family, and the discipline of medicine
By now Morris Young was accepted by
involved considerable expenditure on
the Company authorities and the local
equipment (including cadavers!) and
people. He was greatly helped by his
textbooks, and the money soon ran out.
remarkable medical knowledge and by
Morris replied to an advertisement for a his familiarity with many languages,
doctor to accompany a railway survey including Arabic, Persian, French and
party in Luristan, in what is now western Hebrew. During World War I he did
Iran and, in spite of not yet being much to help the allies to prevent
qualified, spent a year there, gaining a German infiltration into Persia and the
affection for and interest in the Country, oilfields. He was mentioned in
which was to stand him in good stead despatches and in 1917 he was made
later. He returned to Glasgow, finished C.I.E. (Companion of the Indian Empire)
his medical degree and graduated first by the Indian Government for his
class in 1905. He specialised in services.
pathology and then surgery, his first love
This was not the only award Morris
I was talking recently to Synagogue in which he became internationally
Young received. A few years after the
member Evelyn Stoddard, and the famous. He came joint top of the class in
C.I.E., the Persian staff of the Company
conversation turned to family ancestry. operative surgery and was awarded a
presented him with a silver tray and tea-
Evelyn mentioned her uncle Morris and medal. His class was among the first to
set. At the presentation. Mr. J.A.
showed me a book about him. Uncle wear sterile gowns, masks and caps,
Jamieson said, ‘Your friends in Persia
Morris turned out to have had a most instead of the traditional frockcoats.
ask your acceptance of a small token of
distinguished medical career, so I
It was becoming obvious to the young their affection and gratitude for the many
investigated further.
doctor that if he were to proceed in his personal services and kindnesses you
Born Moshe Yudalevich in Kremenchuk, profession unhindered by his past family have bestowed among them without
in Russia in 1880, he was the first son of links he would have to apply for British stint, during twenty years’ distinguished
Reuven and Batya Yudalevich, who nationality. This he did in 1907 and once career in Persia.’ He was also granted a
emigrated with their family, when Moshe granted his new passport, Morris was Coronation Medal. The Reza Shah
was two, to Rishon LeZion, Israel, where invited to join the Anglo-Persian Oil Coronation Medal was established in
Reuven was one of the original founders. Company (later BP). The year after 1926 in commemoration of the
The Settlement, aided at first by Edmund graduating he returned to south-west coronation of Reza Shah Pahlavi on April
de Rothschild, is now the fourth largest Persia as the Company’s Medical Officer. 24, 1926. The citation (in translation)
city in Israel. Batya was aware that her Later, The Times, in its obituary, reads, ‘LION AND SUN. His Imperial
young son showed a mental strength described him as, ‘small in stature, Majesty, May His Reign Be Long, has
beyond his years, and she was anxious vibrant with energy, his accent granted a medal of commemoration of
for him to have a first class education. undimmed from his student days in the coronation to Dr. Young, Chief
She chose, perhaps unusually, Glasgow Glasgow.’ He was known as ‘The Little Medical Officer of the Anglo-Persian Oil
University, where he was to study Doctor’. Company. He is accordingly entitled to
medicine. wear it.’
Determined to give all he had to the job
First of all, having little English, he in hand, Morris learned the local
enrolled in the Hutcheson Town Public language and immersed himself in the
School, where after only two years, and customs and way of life of his patients,
having changed his name from Moses giving his care and medical attention not
Youdelevitz (a European corruption of only to the employees of the Company
the Russian) to Morris Young, he entered but also to anyone who needed him. His
the University. The University record task was not made easier by lack of
states, ‘Although considerably equipment and medicine, and also by the
handicapped by many manifest often entrenched antipathy to Western
difficulties and disadvantages, he quickly medicine. However, by his professional
came to the front rank and caught the skill and his obvious regard for his With HM The Queen Mother
notice and commendation of his patients he was soon accepted. The and Sir Alexander Fleming
professors by his sound abilities and his obituary goes on to explain; ‘he moved at St. Mary’s Hospital
10
Incidentally
The company changed its name to the producing vaccines for the military, but
Anglo-Iranian Oil Co, and hired geologist was soon recalled to Paddington to work
George Bernard Reynolds to do the at St. Mary’s with Sir Alexander Fleming. A True Story
prospecting in the Iranian desert. He was involved with the practical
Conditions were extremely harsh: application of Fleming’s discovery of
smallpox raged, bandits and warlords penicillin, work which continued to A frail elderly Jew was living
ruled, water was all but unavailable, and occupy him for almost the rest of his life. contentedly in his Care Home. A
temperatures often soared past 50°C. In 1944 he wrote a long article in the oil Rabbi called to wish him well for
After several years of prospecting, with no company’s magazine Naft called Rosh Hashana, for which he was very
signs of oil, the Company was forced to ‘Penicillin – Its Discovery and Properties’ grateful.
sell its rights to the Burmah Oil Company. in which in layman’s terms he explains
However in 1923, a large quantity of oil Fleming’s work and the extraordinary ‘Would you like some Matzos?’ the
was found at Naftkhana and in that year, effect it had on infections. In 1947 after Rabbis asked.
Burmah employed Winston Churchill as a the war he was asked to advise on the Slightly puzzled at the thought of
paid consultant to lobby the British post-war pattern of the home medical Matza for New Year, but glad of any
government to allow AIOC to have service of the Oil Company, now British change in his diet, the gentleman said
exclusive rights to Persian oil resources, Petroleum. He was made a Governor of that he would.
which were subsequently granted. In the hospital.
1925, it received concessions in the The Rabbi reached for his bag and
Morris Young retired from active work in took out some books. ‘Here you are’,
Mesopotamian oil resources from the
1949. He died in 1950 at St. Mary’s he said, bringing out some Machzors!
Iraqi government under British mandate.
Hospital where he had spent so much of
It finally struck oil in Iraq on 14 October
his later working life. In 1952 a plaque
1927.
was placed in the hospital
Morris’s work was increasing, sometimes commemorating his work. At the
in terrible conditions. He described it unveiling, Sir Alexander Fleming said of
himself, ‘Scarcely did the caravan come to him, ‘Dr. Young had three outstanding
a halt than men, women and children characteristics. He had unfailing energy –
would crowd round beseeching the Hakim having started a task he would work until
(doctor or wise man) to prescribe for its completion and would never
complaints in which Western medicine acknowledge defeat, no matter how much
has little more than antiquarian interest.’ effort or personal sacrifice it required. He
Always fascinated by ophthalmology from was never influenced in any way by the
his medical school days he became aware importance or otherwise of the persons
of the terrible scourge of trachoma - the with whom he was in contact, and all
eye disease - operating for the first time in received the same painstaking treatment
cataract surgery for the local head-man. and consideration at his hands.’
He practised first on the eyes of a dead
sheep, then on a live one, before operating
successfully on the head-man. His stature Did you know……?
greatly increased, having ‘made a blind
man see’. CHABAD
Morris Young was also a pioneer Is an acronym for :-
photographer in Persia, taking some of the
Chochmah,
earliest pictures of the tribesmen and
countryside of his locality. His love of Binah,
music was another of his occupations, and
Daat
the friends he made throughout his life
were a source of affection and (wisdom, understanding knowledge)
companionship, though he never married. the mission statement of the
Lubavitch Chassidim
In 1936 Morris retired from the Company Philippa Bernard
but was far from satisfied with an idle life.
He came back to England and joined the
team of Sir Almoth Wright at the
Bacteriological Research Laboratory in St.
Mary’s Hospital in London. He spent
some time with a small staff at Ealing,
11Culture
Hebrew Manuscripts marry the widow of his brother ( Arthur, become popular, mainly because of the
in the case of Henry) if he died without pop star Madonna’s involvement with this
Journeys of the issue. However, in Leviticus 18: 16, 20:21,ancient esoteric movement. Central to an
written Word marriage to a sister-in-law is prohibited.
Henry consulted a number of Hebraists,
understanding of Kabbalah is a detailed
study of the Hebrew alphabet, where each
including Jacob Rafael of Modena, but letter has significance. One of the exhibits
Jacob argued the command in is a thirteenth century CE book written by
Deuteronomy overrode Leviticus and thus a Sephardi Kabbalist, Jacob ha-Kohen. He
Henry was legally married to Catherine, analysed the shape of each letter, and
much to the Tudor king’s chagrin. claimed by so doing one could understand
Interestingly, the issue of levirate a little more of God’s nature and His
marriage caused something of a split creation. In his book he examines in detail
between Rashi and Maimonides, the two Hebrew letters: ayin and peh.
former following the Talmudic ruling, Another Spanish Kabbalist, Abraham
while Maimonides upheld Torah in Abulafia, developed a unique mystical
declaring the legitimacy of levirate method that he claimed would enable one
marriage. to reach a state of union with God. The
fifteenth century CE book on display
Talking about marriage brings me on to
shows circles containing Abulafia’s
the ketubot that are on display. The
instructions for meditation, very similar
marriage contract has been part of Jewish
to the practices of Eastern mystics. By
life for over 2000 years, and the rights
combing Hebrew letters, reciting and
Page from the First Gaster Bible granted to women predate any such legal
visualising God’s name, by correct
protection afforded by Christian society.
breathing and posture, one will be able to
It should be remembered the Married
draw closer to God.
Women’s Property Act dates only from
The British Library is hosting a 1870. Written in Aramaic, the ketubah The British Library is fortunate to have
remarkable exhibition of Jewish grants women legal and financial rights if one of the earliest, albeit incomplete,
manuscripts, until April 2021. Currently, their marriage ends through divorce, surviving Hebrew biblical codices, known
because of Covid-19, it is necessary to desertion or death of the husband. Once as the First Gaster Bible, and dating from
book tickets online, choosing an available again, as illustrated by the beautiful the 10th century CE. Although we don’t
time slot. nineteenth century Moroccan ketubah, have details of its production, it is thought
Jewish artists were influenced by the to have been created in Egypt. It has
We know the Jews were among the first
culture in which they lived. In the one many gold embellishments that reflect
globe-trotters, and the rich array of
from Morocco one can see Islamic Islamic artistic motifs.
documents is evidence of the
influence, with geometric patterns and
cosmopolitan nature of Judaism. These I remember, in the 1960s, borrowing a
images from the natural world. It was an
manuscripts, drawn from the four corners library book entitled Chinese Jews, by
interesting exercise to compare the older,
of the Earth, testify to the symbiotic Professor White, who was Bishop of
very ornate ketubah, with a modern one
relationship Jews have had, and still have, Henan province in China. He documented
that is on loan.
with their non-Jewish neighbours. The the history of the Jews of Kaifeng, and in
subject-matter of these artefacts is very his book there are a number of
diverse, covering religion, Kabbalah, illustrations, showing Chinese Jews, in
music, law, philosophy, magic and traditional dress, pigtails included, on the
alchemy. bimah.
Some forty manuscripts feature, showing I was delighted to see a Sefer Torah from
a high level of calligraphic skill, with some Kaifeng. It probably dates from the 17th
beautiful illuminated texts. For the century CE, and is some forty-two metres
student of Jewish history, or indeed long; and that is long for a Torah Scroll.
English history, some of the manuscripts Ninety-four strips of soft sheepskin were
are a treasure trove. There is, for instance, sewn together using silk thread, rather
an autographed responsum of Moses than animal sinews. Kaifeng Jews were
Maimonides to Jacob Rafael of Modena, established as early as the first century
concerning the annulment of Henry VIII’s An Italian Ketubah CE. Jesuit missionaries were fascinated by
levirate marriage to Catherine of Aragon. their Torah Scrolls, believing them to be
Reference to levirate marriage is found in uncorrupted, but in the event they are
People have always been fascinated by the
Deuteronomy 25: 5-6, and states there is identical to that of conventional scripture.
mystical. In recent times Kabbalah has
an obligation of a surviving brother to
12Community
It is unknown how many Jews live in
China. Because the Communist regime is
generally hostile toward religious
communities, some Chinese Jews have
made aliyah, leaving perhaps about 1,000
living in Kaifeng. Where Orthodox
Judaism defines Jewishness in
matrilineal terms, Chinese Jews based
their Jewishness on patrilineal descent,
the original biblical definition. With
relations between Israel and the People’s
Republic of China becoming closer
through trade and scientific cooperation,
we may see a re-flowering of Jewish Mona Siddiqi & Laura Marks
communities in China.
Nisa-Nashim brings Jewish and Muslim women together to inspire and lead
Another very special exhibit was a social change. The group was founded by Laura Marks, OBE - who was the
Megillah Esther, beautifully decorated, original instigator of Mitzvah Day - and Julie Siddiqi. It aims to create positive
and just under four metres long. The experiences and understanding about people from different backgrounds,
illuminations tell the story of Esther. As particularly Jews and Muslims. Local groups, coupled with strategic
many of you know, the name of God does partnerships, provide a unique voice when advising government bodies,
not appear in the Megillah, but the policymakers and others, on how to promote social cohesion. The group
‘hidden presence’ is highlighted in this members believe in the ability of women to build cohesion and positive change.
Scroll. It also includes contemporary It is a national network, aiming to counter the corrosive nature of prejudice
images of people enjoying the Festival of against ‘Outsider’ groups, and celebrating similarity whilst recognising
Purim, a graphic circumcision scene, a difference.
Venetian galleon, and in addition, two
Founded in July 2015, the idea was to bring the Jewish and Muslim
elephants and a rhinoceros!
communities together through the women, by building understanding and
friendships. Nisa-Nashim does this through a range of shared initiatives at the
grass roots level all around the UK, led by a peer-mentoring model using co-chair
partnerships of Jewish and Muslim women. Its vision is of a society in which
negative misconceptions of those who are different from us are challenged,
specifically with regard to the relationship between gender and religion.
Since its inception, Nisa-Nashim has established twenty-four groups of women
across the UK, each co-chaired by a Jewish and a Muslim woman. Each group is
committed to building bridges and to helping tackle the local and broader issues
of today. Groups are based on location and/or special interest, with an average of
thirty members. Monthly programming platforms are provided, and there is
support for a Muslim/Jewish co-chair team in each group. Events have included
Iftars (the communal meal at the end of Ramadan), Rosh Hashana celebrations,
Finally, the exhibition does not neglect visits to Mosques and Synagogues, and days of social action, moving on, now, to
Jewish involvement with science and issues of Antisemitism and anti-Muslim Hatred.
mathematics. A sage cannot understand
Nisa-Nashim (‘women’ in Arabic and Hebrew) is trying to find a way out of the
the Tanakh and Talmud if he does not
clash of ideologies of Muslims and Jews by bringing together women in many
study astronomy. He cannot understand
walks of life and revealing how much they have in common rather than
astronomy if he does not first study
concentrating on their differences.
geometry because it is a ladder ‘resting on
the earth with its top reaching to heaven’.
The words, paraphrased in part, of the
twelfth century CE commentator and
philosopher Abraham ibn Ezra.
This is not an exhaustive account of a
fabulous exhibition, but a thumbnail
sketch of what I found of particular
interest.
Peter Beyfus
Members of Nisa-Nashim under the Succah at Alyth Gardens Synagogue
13Anglo-Jewish History
A Philanthropic than any other British subject to develop Walter also paid to have suitable cases
the oil fields of the East. and 100 frames made in which to display
Family: In 1897 he formed the Shell oil company,
the collection - at a cost of £370, which
The Bearsteds named after his first business, which sold
today would be about £50,000!
painted seashells. He was knighted in A few years earlier, in 1919, the first Lady
1898 for assisting in the salvage of HMS Bearsted had donated to the Museum her
Victorious which had run aground off collection of 343 prints and fifty-one
Port Said. In 1907, Samuel's company books, produced by the Victorian
combined with a Netherlands company printing pioneer George Baxter. And in
to create the Royal Dutch Shell 1924 Lord Bearsted paid for the building
Company. of an extension to the Museum to house
the prints donated by his wife and also
Marcus Samuel was Lord Mayor of
the Japanese art collection which had
London from 1902 to 1903 and was made
been contributed by his son. The Lady
a Baronet in 1903. In recognition of
Bearsted Wing was opened on the 1st May
Shell's contribution to the British cause
1925 by Lady Bearsted herself. At the
in the First World War, he was created
time of the opening, Lord Bearsted said;
1st Viscount Bearsted of Maidstone in
‘Any little debt of gratitude that the
1921. His country estate at The Mote in
people of Maidstone owe me has been
Maidstone was sold after his death to
discharged long ago, because they
Marcus Samuel the Maidstone Borough Council for use as a
conferred on me the honour, which I
1st Viscount Bearsted public park - now known as Mote Park.
have always extremely appreciated, of
The house has since been used as an
making me an Honorary Freeman of the
orphanage and a nursing home. It has
Borough.’
Many Jewish families that have achieved now been converted into retirement
success have found a way to show their housing.
appreciation of their good fortune by
Marcus’s son, Walter Horace Samuel,
making a significant donation to this
who succeeded him, was a keen collector
country: for example Nathan
of Japanese art and because of his
Rothschild’s housing for the poor in the
business connections and extensive
East End of London and more recently,
travels in Japan was ideally placed to
the Sacklers having enabled the National
indulge his passion. He amassed a large
Gallery and the Royal Academy of Arts to
and very fine collection of Edo-period
increase their exhibition spaces.
woodblock prints, swords, lacquer-work,
Another generous philanthropist was personal adornments, armour and select
Marcus Samuel. He was born in pieces of ceramic. This valuable Some of the Edo period collection
Whitechapel into an Iraqi Jewish family collection of two thousand Japanese at the Maidstone Museum
from Mesopotamia. His father, also artefacts was passed to the Maidstone
named Marcus Samuel, ran a successful Museum through the National Art Undoubtedly a man of discernment,
import-export business, M. Samuel & Collections Fund in 1923. It was Walter Samuel had amassed his
Co., trading in the Far East, which he supported by an extensive library of 300 collection from 1905-1923. There were
carried on with his brother, Samuel reference books. sword fittings such as tsuba (sword
Samuel. guards), inro (portable medicine boxes),
netsuke (toggles for inro) - carvings in
It was during a visit to Japan that he
wood and ivory, many representing
became involved in the petroleum
subjects from Japanese mythology, daily
industry. He started in a small way as the
life, animals, and other scenes from
shipper of oil from Russia to the Far
nature – together with traditional
East, and the business gradually
lacquered writing boxes and well-
developed into the huge Shell
decorated items of domestic furniture
organization of today. He was closely
including a budai (lacquer writing table)
associated with the Japanese
and matching suzuribako (inkstone box),
government in the development of trade.
and several bronzes. The jewel of this
His firm was entrusted with the issue of
amazing collection is undoubtedly the
the first Japanese £ 4,500,000 gold loan.
assembly of woodblock prints by famous
He introduced the transportation of The Samuel collection on display
in 1925 in the Lady Bearsted Wing Edo period woodblock print masters.
petroleum in bulk through the Suez
of the Museum. These include Hokusai’s ‘Great Wave off
Canal, and is said to have done more
14Kanagawa’ and ‘Red Fuji’, plus a Germany during the 1930s and for peace
complete set of Hiroshige’s ‘Hoeido to be restored in what was then
Tokaido Way’ series. There are also Palestine. He and his wife, Elizabeth,
decorative bronzes and cloisonné recognised that great wealth brought
enamels of outstandingly fine work. great responsibility. They both made
regular and substantial donations to a
range of charities from hospitals and
children’s societies to seaman’s
missions, and from cancer charities to
Jewish schools.
Walter gave the grounds surrounding
his father’s estate in Kent to the people
of Maidstone. His wife supported the
Bearsted Maternity Hospitals with
donations, and during the Second World
War, personally helped with supervision
and management. He gave money to the A rabbi, a minister, and a priest were
National Art Collections Fund and playing poker when the police raided
donated paintings to National the game.
Frances (née Benjamin), the collections, served as Chairman of the
1st Viscountess Bearsted Turning to the priest, the lead police
board of trustees for the National
officer said, ‘Father Murphy, were you
Gallery and was a Trustee at the Tate for
After the death of his father, the second gambling?’ Turning his eyes to heaven,
a time, as well as Chairman of the East
Lord Bearsted continued to collect art the priest whispered, ‘Lord, forgive me
End’s Whitechapel Gallery.
and he transformed Upton House in for what I am about to do.’ To the
Warwickshire into a haven for his police officer, he then said, ‘No, officer;
beautiful and ever-increasing art I was not gambling.’ The officer then
collection which contains pieces by asked the minister, ‘Pastor Johnson,
Rembrandt, Canaletto, George Stubbs, were you gambling?’ Again, after an
Hans Holbein the Younger and Hogarth. appeal to heaven, the minister replied,
His house and collection were donated ‘No, officer; I was not gambling.’
to the National Trust in 1948. Turning to the rabbi, the officer again
asked, ‘Rabbi Goldstein, were you
gambling?’ Shrugging his shoulders,
the rabbi replied, ‘With whom?’
_____
Upton House
Following his death in 1948, the New
York Times obituary succinctly captured
the man: Rich in possessions, Lord
Bearsted spent unostentatiously and
wisely, and shrewd in his judgments he
maintained a happy balance in his life
The Bearsted Memorial between sympathy and recreation.
Hospital in Stoke Newington
which closed in 1980
Claire Connick _____
Walter Samuel supported many Jewish Five year-old Melanie asked her
charities including financing the grandma how old she was. Grandma
Bearsted Memorial Hospital in Stoke replied she was so old she didn't
Newington and the Bearsted Maternity remember any more.
Home at Hampton Court (founded by Melanie said, 'If you don't
the 1st Viscount). He also campaigned remember you must look in the back of
for the emigration of Jews from Nazi your panties. Mine say five to six.'
15You can also read
