Experiences of the Hungarian customs authority in international illegal wildlife trafficking
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Page: e 54 /e 60 DRC SustainableDRC
Future:Sustainable Future: Journal
Journal of Environment, of Environment,
Agriculture, and Energy Agriculture, Volume
and Energy
2, Issue2021, 2(1):
1, 2021: 54-60
pp. 54-60
Research Article
Experiences of the Hungarian customs authority
in international illegal wildlife trafficking
Csaba Zsigmond *, Dora Kovács
University of Public Service, Faculty of Law Enforcement, Budapest, Hungary
* Corresponding Author: Zsigmond, Csaba, email: zsigmond.csaba@uni-nke.hu, Tel.: +36 (1) 432-9000 4032 Debrecen,
Hungary. Tel.: +36 52 411-717/ext. 54542
Received: 09 /03/2021 Accepted: (online first): 08/06/2021 Vol./Issue/Year: 2(1), 2021
Competing interests: Author(s) stated no compete of interest. Edited by: Lowy, A.D., Mátyás, B.
Copyright 2021 © The Author(s). This is an Open Access article under the CC-BY 4.0 license published by Genesis Sustainable Future Ltd. a
private company limited by shares organized and existing under the laws of Hungary, with its head office located at 33 Rákóczi,
H-3950 Sárospatak, Hungary and company registration number: 05-09-033278.
How to cite: Zsigmond, Cs., Kovács, D. Experiences of the Hungarian customs authority in international illegal wildlife trafficking.
DRC Sustainable Future, 2021, 2(1): 54-60; DOI: 10.37281/DRCSF/2.1.6
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we examine how Hungarian customs officers perceive the role of Hungarian customs authority and its
effectiveness in international illegal wildlife trafficking. We aim to identify the characteristics of international illegal
wildlife trade, which also affects Hungary, and to evaluate the experience of customs officers. Most of these custom
officers encounter such crimes of international nature. By assessing and publishing their experience one can take more
effective action in the future. This approach allows to identify the methods of offense, the reasons of offense, and the
difficulties faced by the custom authorities. To explore this, we conducted a questionnaire survey of 27 questions
addressed to many members of the target group. The survey contained closed questions and, to a lesser extent, open-
ended questions, allowing to learn both their objective experience and subjective opinions. Prior to the survey, we
mapped out which units of the National Tax and Customs Administration would encounter most often international
illegal wildlife trafficking, and then compiled the relevant issues that may allow effective action against this kind of
incident. By devising the questionnaire, our aim was to assess how frequent illegal wildlife trafficking in Hungary is,
what routes and hiding methods are typical, which species are affected, and what measures are needed to increase
efficiency of combating trafficking. The questionnaire was completed by 202 experts. Results show that in course of
their work most respondents (64%) have met International Wildlife Trafficking monthly. According to their experience,
attempts are being made to smuggle various endangered animal and plant species into the country, mainly at the Liszt
Ferenc International Airport in Budapest. According to respondents, in most cases, international networks may be
behind the smuggling activity. Respondents believe that the effectiveness of combating wildlife trafficking can be
improved by more frequent and thorough inspections, higher priority given to such cases, increased penalties, and
special training of customs officers. Based on received answers, the paper highlights the phenomena and problems that
generally occur globally in the inter-regional trade of illegal wildlife. These can be addressed by effective action of law
enforcement officers and customs authorities. The fight against illegal trade in protected animal and plant species is
considered high priority, as it causes loss of biodiversity and damage of the ecological balance, and it jeopardizes our
sustainable future.
Keywords: Wildlife trafficking; illegal trafficking, nature crimes, sustainability; International Wildlife Trafficking
Page: e 54 /e 60Page: e 55 /e 60 DRC Sustainable Future: Journal of Environment, Agriculture, and Energy Volume 2, Issue 1, 2021: pp. 54-60 1. Introduction conservation or nature damage offenses. Main objectives Effective action against international illegal trade of of the research were: (i) to learn about the reasons for endangered species is essential to preserve sustainable terminating the investigation, (ii) what the typical development (Nellemann et al., 2014), as this crime offending behaviors were, (iii) what species were disturbs the delicate ecological balance by seriously smuggled, and (iv) what were the circumstances of the endangering biodiversity. It can also pose a threat to discovery. human health, as some research publications suggest that According to the survey, almost all cases set up by the COVID-19 virus may be zoonotic, meaning that it customs authorities were closed. In some instances, on may have spread from animal to human. Hence, illegal the grounds that perpetrators’ mistake caused the wildlife trade might have contributed significantly to its committed crime, i.e., the accused was unaware that spread (Lam et al., 2020). In addition, it causes plants or animals intended for import or export to the enormous damage to the world economy, being linked to country were protected by the law. Based on these cases, severe organized crime (FTAF, 2020; Interpol, 2019a; one can identify the lack of knowledge on species that Viollaz et al., 2018), and can even undermine the are prohibited or authorized for import. The same is true stability of some states (Wyatt, 2013). Effective action for medicinal products, containing components from against international illegal wildlife trading can only be protected animal or plant species. Another problem was achieved through dedicated work and cooperation in that the relevant nature conservation rules were different areas (Elliott, 2017). This is the task of changing, divergent, and difficult to review. Crimes legislative bodies, certain branches of law enforcement, (damage to nature) were typically committed through law enforcement agencies (police, customs, nature unauthorized import of protected animal or plant conservation guards), competent ministries (Ministry of species, or products derived thereof. Distribution of Environment, Game Management), and non- offenses was the following: 18.4% animal skins or governmental organizations (Keohane & Victor, 2011). animal provisions, body parts (skull, tooth, or jaw), Each organization is an indispensable pillar of effective 14.5% stone coral, 21.7% medicinal products, 8.6% action, whenever one of the weaker organizations turtle species, 9.9% reptile products, 9. 9% birds, and jeopardizes the effectiveness of the whole activity. This 17.1% other (e.g., caviar, snake carcass spirit, or dried is also true for the Hungarian customs authorities, which seahorse). The research also found that customs does law enforcement. To increase the effectiveness of authorities do not employ a customs official with this organization in acting against illegal trafficking, expertise in nature conservation, although according to strategic steps are needed. For this, one should gather the the questionnaire survey this would be necessary, as experience of customs authorities and to learn about 1-2% of the cases pertain this type of offence (Tilki & difficulties that arise in practice. Assessing the Dunavölgyi, 2009). phenomenon and acquiring experience on smuggling Seizure statistics of Hungarian customs authorities and techniques in international illegal trade is a basic tool for smuggling trends from 2015 to 2019 were examined in efficient future actions (Kurland & Pires, 2017). another study (Harnberger & Zsigmond, 2020). These Smuggling is part of a long cross-border supply chain, statistics were used as a primary data source and expert ranging from poaching (van Uhm, 2016) to smugglers interviews were conducted with customs officers who are opportunistic members of an unorganized experienced in such cases. Results reveal that smuggling group. Some are working on a regular basis, for of endangered species was mainly for medicinal (e.g., international criminal organizations (Wyatt et al., 2020). medicinal products from Indian thistle) or for decorative The main task of the Hungarian customs authority is to purposes (snowdrops), followed by birds (alive, control the legal and illegal trade of endangered animal destroyed during transport, or processed), and and plant species, as well as of products made from derivatives of mammals and then reptiles (animal skins them. Control is performed upon both entering and and products thereof), and lastly, pieces of corals. leaving the country, and during so-called in-depth According to these statistics, smuggling happened inspections. These customs controls are carried out in mainly by air. Goods smuggled on the plane arrive in accordance with the EU Customs Code. Some previous Hungary mostly as postal parcels, and a smaller part was research has examined the effectiveness of these found in the passengers’ parcels. Illicit traffic by air is controls. Hence, a survey conducted in year 2009 (Tilki followed by illegal transport by road (bus, minibus, car) & Dunavölgyi, 2009) used both a primary (file research) from Hungary’s southern and eastern neighbors (Serbia, and a secondary research method (survey) and focused Ukraine, and Romania). on the cases initiated by the customs authorities and Expert interviews indicated that animals are typically explored the experience of customs officers. Authors’ smuggled in passenger traffic, mainly tourists, who are work examined cases in 2006 and 2007, begun by unaware of the relevant nature conservation regulations, customs officials because of violations of nature import corals from exotic countries, in smaller
Page: e 56 /e 60 DRC Sustainable Future: Journal of Environment, Agriculture, and Energy Volume 2, Issue 1, 2021: pp. 54-60
quantities, and exotic reptile skins, as well as medicinal Gabon is, what illegal trade routes were developed, how
products containing endangered animal and plant parts. and effectively law enforcement detects illegal
In the postal sector, products of animal origin are shipments, and what conservation measures and policy
smuggled from African countries, while products of decisions may be needed to address the problem. An on-
plant origin are smuggled from the Far East. In line questionnaire survey was conducted in the U.K. to
passenger traffic, camouflage and concealment methods assess the effectiveness of restrictive, and austerity
are usually used, such as other illegal smugglers, hidden provisions were implemented to curb illegal ivory trade
in clothing, wrapped in underwear in checked baggage, domestically (Harris et al., 2019). The survey
ivory jewelry hidden among other jewelry. According to encompassed legal traders. In terms of effectiveness,
this research, CITES-protected plants (snowdrops, factors like knowledge of restrictive rules, applicability,
domestically protected alpine fires, and Carpathian and deterrence were examined. In Malaysia, local
saffron) are mainly transported to Hungary or through communities were surveyed on knowledge of
Hungary by car, at border crossings, and presumably conservation regulations, to protect Sunda pangolins
sold on the black market. Smugglers usually transport from illegal trade (Ariffin & Nan, 2018). A survey
these birds (live, in cages, or processed, frozen) in a conducted in Vietnam aimed to assess consumer habits
minibus or car, hidden (hidden under seats). A specific and motivations (Davis et al., 2019). There is a high
diversion method that a smuggler communicates to demand for medicinal products made from the bile of
custom officer is the customs clearance of goods in his some endangered bear species in Vietnam and in the
possession: one or two cartons of cigarettes, hoping that countries of South-East Asia. To restrict this, one should
this way he can circumvent further customs clearance. know consumers’ motivations and habits.
Nonetheless, custom officers conduct a routine
investigation to uncover illegal goods. Recently Aim and structure of the survey
(2015-2020), illegal wildlife trading from third countries Our goal was to uncover the subjective opinion of
to and from some EU countries has become widespread, custom officers about illegal trafficking and to learn
i.e., the EU can be considered as a source, destination, about their empirical experience on combating such
and transit country (Zsigmond, 2020). Hungary is not an detrimental undertakings. We compiled the questions
exception to this, as documented by this paper. Research and each question type accordingly.
to date has focused mainly on incidents, methods of The questionnaire consisted of two parts and contained
perpetration, and seizure data. Less attention was paid to 27 questions. Out of these, 18 questions were of the
custom officers, who come across these types of fraud, closed type (including two scaling questions). These
how often they meet them, how informed they are about were multiple choice questions, where the respondent
the phenomenon, what their personal experience is, had to select the answer, he/she considered appropriate,
whether they are aware of the relevant legislation, have while 9 questions were open-ended (essay-type
they received sufficient information and special training questions), where they could share their own opinion
on the procedures for dealing with these cases? To and experience. In the first part, data management issues
clarify the above issues, we conducted a questionnaire specific to the respondent were: age, length of service
survey among the members of the Hungarian customs with the National Tax and Customs Board staff,
authorities, who most often encounter such crimes: they hierarchical position, and location of service. The second
serve at Budapest International Airport, at road and part of questions focused on how often the respondent
border crossing points, and at depth control units. encountered international illegal trade in endangered
wild species. What accomplices did the smuggler have,
2. Materials and Methods and what were the most typical traded animal or plant
species. The last group of questions explored the opinion
Several previously studies have used questionnaire
of people participating in the survey and their related
surveys to learn about the characteristics of illegal
experience. Do people know the law? Are they getting
wildlife trafficking. One such study referred to the
enough information about these actions? A total of 202
illegal trade in pangolin in African Gabon, which used
people completed the questionnaire. Among the
questionnaire and database analysis simultaneously
participants in the research, the proportion of men was
(Mambeya et al., 2018). This research, like ours, was
much greater: 179 men (88%) and 23 women (12%)
aimed at learning from the experience gained by law
completed the questionnaires. Age-wise most were
enforcement officers. Database analysis was based on
46-55 years old (75 people), 14 people belonged to the
seizure data, while the questionnaires were completed by
18-25 age group, 47 people were 26-35 years old, and 64
African pangolin hunters and law enforcement officers
people fell in the 36-45 age group, only 2 people were
(police officers, customs officers), who are confronted
over 56 (Figures 1 and 2). According to the service
with such cases. The aim of the authors was to examine
location: 87 people were from the Deployment
how widespread the illegal pangolin trade starting fromPage: e 57 /e 60 DRC Sustainable Future: Journal of Environment, Agriculture, and Energy Volume 2, Issue 1, 2021: pp. 54-60
Directorate, 76 from the Hungarian-Ukrainian border Departments and 1 person at the Customs Supervision
section, 16 from the Hungarian-Serbian border section, Department. Two people worked for the Risk
and 3 from the Hungarian-Romanian border. Also, 20 Management and Current Account Management
people from the Liszt Ferenc International Airport of Department, one person belonged to the Police
Budapest answered our questions (Figure 3). The Department, and one more person was from the
experience of the responders, based on their length of Customer Service and Information Department.
service was the following: 102 with over 20 years in the Service location of the surveyed employees is
field, 52 with over 10 years of service, and 48 with 1-10 summarized in Figure 3. Out of the responder serving at
years of practice in the field. the Hungarian-Ukrainian border, 33 persons belonged to
the Department of Tax and Customs of Szabolcs-
Szatmár-Bereg County, the Záhony Border Branch. Nine
men people served at the border office in Beregsurány, while
12%
6 people at the branch office in Tiszabecs. The Szabolcs-
Szatmár-Bereg County Tax and Customs Directorate had
24 service people in Nyíregyháza.
100 87
90
women 76
80
88% 70
60
50
Figure 1. Gender ratio of participants (made by the 40
authors) 30 20
16
20
10 3
In terms of position, 64 of the respondents were border
0
customs officers, 53 people worked as patrols in the
e
er
t
herd, and 14 were law enforcement officers.
er
er
at
or
rd
rd
rd
or
irp
bo
bo
bo
ct
Additionally, we had 2 Customs Administrative Officers
lA
ire
n
n
an
na
ia
ia
tD
and 19 main customs administration administrators; 8
i
ain
rb
an
io
en
at
Se
om
kr
people served in expert positions and 22 were senior
rn
ym
U
n-
te
-R
lo
ria
n-
In
ian
executives. Other 20 respondents could not be included
p
ria
ga
De
c
r
en
ga
un
ga
in any of these classes, because their positions were not
er
un
un
H
tF
H
H
precisely indicated. Of those who served at the Airport
sz
Li
Directorate, 3 worked at the Border Police Coordination
Department. Also, our questionnaire was completed by 2 Figure 3: Services Location (made by the authors)
people from the Border Control Department
In the Hungarian-Serbian border section at the
80 Csongrád-Csanád County Tax and Customs Directorate,
70
7 persons served in Szeged, 4 persons at the border
office in Tompa, 4 persons at the branch office in
60
Röszke, and 1 person at the branch office in
50 Hercegszántó. Among those serving on the Hungarian-
40 Romanian border, 3 persons worked at Hajdú-Bihar
75
30 64 County Tax and Customs Directorate in Ártánd.
47
20
3. Results and discussion
10
14 In the conducted survey, the following answers were
0 2
received to the questions on illegal trade: (1) whether
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 over 56
age age age age age they encountered endangered wildlife species in the
course of their work? - 129 people answered yes, 70 did
Figure 2. Distribution by age (made by the authors)
not meet, and 3 were not sure (see Figure 4). Responders
did not really encounter such events in their private
One person was in the Border Police Procedures lives, as 140 people answered no. Nevertheless, it has
Department and 5 people in the Border Control happened that they may have experienced this kind of
Department, while 7 people served at the Customs thing during vacations.Page: e 58 /e 60 DRC Sustainable Future: Journal of Environment, Agriculture, and Energy Volume 2, Issue 1, 2021: pp. 54-60
persons), animal remains recovered by CITES were
found hidden in legal food. Thirteen of the respondents
1%
identified travelers, who did not use any means of
concealment, as they were unaware that the product in
35% Yes their possession was derived from a protected animal or
No plant. When asked how many people are usually
involved in the offense according to the respondents
Maybe
64% (147 experts) based on the cases uncovered, the
perpetrators were presumably not working alone; usually
more persons were involved, or possibly two offenders
who played the roles of seller and buyer.
Next question was on the motivation of this crime; more
Figure 4: Answers to the question: “Have you encountered
than half of the respondents indicated financial benefits.
endangered animal and plant species and the trade in
products made from them in the course of your
When asked about the negative economic, social, and
work?” (graph constructed by the authors). environmental impacts of international illegal wildlife
trafficking, respondents largely answered that
Regarding the regularity of the plot, 80 of the biodiversity would be significantly reduced and the more
respondents answered that they met their work in this and more species will become extinct. A small
type of plot years ago, 5 people answered that they meet percentage of respondents also believed that organized
these acts every month, 19 people every six months, 41 crime would also increase. Different species of wildlife
people per year, 9 people once every five years are vulnerable, unique, and valuable, so they can be
encounters this kind of action (see Figure 5). There were easily and quickly exploited in illegal money making.
people, who have never encountered an event of this We received several suggestions on how to curb these
nature before (48 people). People who meet with the plot acts. There are basically three possible solutions. First,
every month are in most of them and in the service of one should tighten sanctions applied on a large part of
the airport. Every six months, or every year, those who the stock. According to the stock, the buyer himself, not
serve at the state borders meet with the act. just the trader, should be held liable. According to
47% of the interviewed customs officials decl0ared that respondents, the second most important measure in
animal trade was slightly more common than plants terms of austerity is to monitor compliance with the
trade, and 27% opiniated that illegal trade in both plants rules. Increased control should be implemented at the
and animals was common. source, destination, or transit countries. Based on their
opinion and experience, more transparent controls would
make a good solution. Development of technical tools
once every five years 9 for control would be a major contribution to reduction of
trafficking. Many respondents suggested that service
never 48 dogs trained for this purpose could also be used during
inspections.
80 Third, in most cases illegal transport of endangered
once years ago
species is carried out by ignorance and insufficient
knowledge of the legislation.
annually 41
A targeted question addressed the responders’ experience
about online commerce, considered to most prevalent
once every half a year 19
smuggling method, particularly for illegal animal or
plant derivatives arriving in the country by air.
monthly 5 Frequency of wild game trafficking reported here are
consistent with a previous quantitative study based on a
Figure 5: Frequency of incidence (graph by the authors)
primary data source, which examined seizure data of the
National Tax and Customs Office from 2014 to 2018
When asked on the kind of concealment used by the
(Harnberger-Zsigmond 2020). There is a declining trend
perpetrators, 91 of the respondents answered that they
in illegal animal and plant smuggling by customs. It
carry illegal products hidden in packages. Cases with
should be noted that a reduction in the number of
products found hidden in vehicles were encountered by
effective detections and seizures does not necessarily
59 people. Of the 20 personnel on duty at the airport, 16
mean a decrease of the number of cases committed, as
of the 20 people who completed the questionnaire found
pointed out in the above-mentioned paper. Reducing
that smuggling endangered wildlife by air was a
controls on airport customs packages may cause a longer
consignment. Based on the experience of financiers (9Page: e 59 /e 60 DRC Sustainable Future: Journal of Environment, Agriculture, and Energy Volume 2, Issue 1, 2021: pp. 54-60
delay in identifying illegal cases. A basic criminological Supporting material
premise is that crimes that have become known to Survey: Trade in endangered species of wild fauna and
authorities can only be considered the “tip of the flora. http://genesissus.eu/drc/wp-content/uploads/
iceberg,” representing only a fraction of the committed 2021/06/Trade-in-endangered-species-of-wild-fauna-
crimes (Borbíró et al., 2016; Korinek, 2020). Within the and-flora-survey-1.pdf
illegal game trade, the latency can be up to ten times
greater (Kőhalmi, 2003).
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