Harvard referencing Learning Skills Group - Students
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Harvard referencing Learning Skills Group
Overview of this workshop • Why reference? • What do I need to reference? • In-text citations • Reference lists • Practice activity • Referencing software
Some common terms
references books, journal or newspaper articles, web pages or any other source of
information used in writing an assessment
reference the system used to acknowledge the use of information (words or ideas)
style or from a source. common styles include APA, Harvard and MLA.
citation style
citation a reference to a source: an acknowledgement that a source has been used
in text- within the paragraphs of a paper (compare with footnotes, or endnotes,
citation in some citation styles or referencing systems)
reference list a list of sources that have been referred to in a paper
bibliography can mean the same as reference list, but often means a list of both
sources referred to in a paper and sources read, but not cited, while
preparing a paper
paraphrase rephrasing the words or ideas of a reference (with acknowledgement) in a
way that the wording is significantly different from the original but the
meaning is the same
direct quote/ using the exact same words used in the original text, with quotation
quotation marks around them.
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CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015
Why reference?
• To attribute ideas and words to the Ci#ng
experts
person who created them – who
support
my
posi#on
shows
respecting intellectual property I’ve
read
widely
and
understood
• To show your lecturer that you the
issue.
have read and understood source
materials (NB: minimal research
will not earn you top marks in
most cases!)
• To support your own point of view
and strengthen your argument
• To provide a research pathway to
others
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What do I need to reference?
You need to reference:
• Other people’s ideas, theories or
research
• Other people’s exact words
(always use quotation marks)
You do not need to reference:
• Commonly known facts, for
example:
China has the largest population in
the world. Image Peter O’Shea, April 8 2011. Reproduced under Creative Commons
License 2.2
• Your own opinion
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CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015
Referencing principles
• There are two elements in referencing: citations and reference lists.
• Basic rules:
o every author cited should also be listed in your reference list
o every entry in your reference list should be cited at least once in
your paper.
o The first element in your in-text citation is the first element in
the reference list (e.g. author name)
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CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015
When should you write
your reference list?
Make
your
life
easier!
Start
your
reference
list
early
in
the
wri#ng
&
planning
process
Image copyright CollegeDegree360, 2012. Reproduced under Creative Commons License
OFFICE I FACULTY I DEPARTMENT 7
Using a guide GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY REFERENCE TOOL COPYRIGHT © LEARNING & TEACHING CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 8 2015
In-text citations in Harvard style
WHAT ARE THE BASIC ELEMENTS IN EVERY CITATION?
Three elements Paraphrase example
ü author’s family name One study (Travers
ONLY (no initials) 2009) identifies lack of
control as the factor that
o If no author, use title
best predicts the
ü date of publication
occurrence of stress.
o If no date, use n.d.
And often, but not always Direct quote example
ü page number: use Lack of control has been
whenever you have a direct found to be the “single
quote (the author’s words) most important predictor
OR your lecturer requires of stress” (Travers 2009,
it (always check!) p. 29).
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Ways of citing
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THESE CITATIONS?
Smith (2002, p. 311) states that information overload Uses reporting
may cause “measurable increases in stress”. verb
According to Smith (2002, p. 311) information overload Uses reporting
may cause “measurable increases in stress”. phrase
Information overload is likely to cause actual stress Citation at end
(Smith, 2002). of sentence
According to Maxwell (2009):
contemporary Portuguese democracy rests on the
Long quote:
obfuscation of this conflictive experience. Most foreign
smaller font,
observers found the coup of 1974 hard to categorize. It took
indented. No
the Harvard political scientist Samuel Huntington to place
quotation
Portugal at the centre – or at least the beginning – of what
marks used.
he called the ‘third wave of democratization’ (p. 146).
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CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015In-text citations
INCLUDING TWO MORE MORE CITATIONS IN THE SAME BRACKETS
• Two or more works by different authors Example:
o List alphabetically; separate with Several studies (Andrade
2006; Torres 2010; Zhang
semicolons 1999) have suggested that…
• Two or more works by the same authors
o List by year of publication; give the Example:
Past research (Davis 1990,
authors' surnames once; for each
2006) reveals that…
subsequent work, give only the
date.
• Two or more works by the same author with Example:
the same publication date Several recent articles
o Add a, b, c, etc. after the year; (Canagarajah 2014a, 2014b)
repeat the year. Do the same in the have discussed the issue of…
reference list.
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CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015In-text citations
SOURCES WITH 3 OR MORE AUTHORS
• To cite a source with four or Example:
Steptoe et al. (1996) have
more authors, use the first suggested that…
author + et al. One study (Steptoe et al.
1996) suggested that…
Example:
Steptoe, A, Wardle, J, Pollard
• In the reference list, include all TM, Canaan, L, Davies, GJ
1996, ‘Stress, social support
authors and health-related behavior: A
study of smoking, alcohol
consumption and physical
exercise’, Journal of
Psychosomatic Research, vol.
41, no. 2, pp. 171-180.
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CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015In-text citations
SECONDARY SOURCES
• Sometimes you read something within an For example…
article or book that cites another article/ In an article by Andrade (2006)
book that you want to cite. You haven’t read a useful point made by Trice
(2003) is cited. You want to
the second item.
cite Trice’s point.
o Mention both in your in-text Example in-text citation
citation Trice (2003, cited in Andrade
2006) states that…
o List only the article/book that you Example of reference list
actually read in your reference list Andrade,
MS
2006,
‘Interna#onal
students
in
English-‐speaking
universi#es:
Adjustment
factors’,
Journal
of
Research
in
Interna2onal
Educa2on,
vol.
5,
no.
2,
pp.
131-‐154.
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CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015In-text citations
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Some books contain chapters written by different authors. This
is called an edited book. The editor(s) gather the chapters
together and decide what will be included. Example:
Civil Resistance & Power Politics
• Cite the author of the Example in-text citation
chapter in your in-text Maxwell (2009) states that…
citation
Example of reference list
• Cite the author of the Maxwell, K. 2009, ‘Portugal: ‘The
Revolution of the Carnations’, 1974-75’, in
chapter in your A Roberts and TG Ash (eds.), Civil
references, using the Resistance and Power Politics: The
special format for Experience of Non-violent Action from
edited books Gandhi to the Present, Oxford University
Press, New York, viewed 8 March 2015,
hOp://www.myilibrary.com?ID=235472
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CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015Reference lists
FORMAT
Reference lists
• are entitled References
• should list all sources you have
cited in your paper and only these
sources
• should start on a new page To
alphabe#se
in
Word,
highlight
the
text,
then
click
• are listed in alphabetical order the
AZ
buOon
on
the
toolbar
• are not numbered
To
format
your
text
with
a
hanging
• are in hanging indent format
indent,
highlight
the
text,
then
go
into
(second and subsequent lines are Paragraph,
and
under
Indent,
select
indented) Hanging.
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CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015Reference lists
TYPES OF SOURCES
The main types of sources that
might be included in a
reference list include:
• books (printed or electronic)
• chapter in an edited book
• journal articles (printed or
electronic)
• newspapers
• websites
All images from pixabay
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CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015Reference lists
BASIC EXAMPLES
Books
doi = Digital
Author family name, Author initial Year of
object identifier.
publication, Title of book: Subtitle of book, New field for all
Publisher, Location. digitally
Journal articles available
sources,
Author family name, Author initial Year of including e-
publication, ‘Title of article’, Title of books, journal
Journal, volume number, issue number, articles. NB do
pp page range. doi. not include a full
stop at the end
Website of the item. If no
Author family name, Author initial, Year DOI, use the url.
of publication, Title of document,
viewed + date viewed, http://
xxxxxxxxxx
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CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015Reference list example
Anderson,
AK,
Christoff,
K,
Panitz,
D,
De
Rosa,
E,
&
Gabrieli,
JDE
2003,
‘Neural
correlates
of
the
automa#c
processing
of
threat
facial
signals,’
Journal
of
Neuroscience,
vol.23,
pp.
5627-‐5633.
Chow,
T
W.,
&
Cummings
JL
2000,
‘The
amygdala
and
Alzheimer’s
disease’,
in
JP
Aggleton
(ed.),
The
amygdala:
A
func2onal
analysis,
pp.
656–680.
Oxford
University
Press,
Oxford,
England.
Davis,
M,
&
Whalen,
PJ
2001,
‘The
amygdala:
Vigilance
and
emo#on’
Molecular
Psychiatry,
vol.6,
no.14,
pp.
13–34,
doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000812
Emo#on
Cogni#on
Lab,
University
of
Southern
California
n.d.,
‘Emo2onal
Memory
and
Aging:
The
Role
of
Cogni2ve
Control’,
viewed
March
20,
2015,
hOp://www.usc.edu/
projects/matherlab/s/emomem.html
Shipley,
WC
1986,
Shipley
Ins2tute
of
Living
Scale,
Western
Psychological
Services,
Los
Angeles,
CA.
Wechsler,
D
1997,
Technical
manual
for
the
Wechsler
Adult
Intelligence
and
Memory
Scale–III,
Psychological
Corpora#on,
New
York,
NY.
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CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015Practice activity BOOK COPYRIGHT © LEARNING & TEACHING CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 19 2015
Practice activity JOURNAL ARTICLE COPYRIGHT © LEARNING & TEACHING CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 20 2015
Practice activity
WEB PAGE
hOp://guides.is.uwa.edu.au/harvard
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I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015Answers
Swales, JM & Feak, CB 2004, Academic Writing for
Graduate Students, 2nd edn, University of Michigan
Press, Ann Arbor.
Vargas, V. 2003, Feminism, globalization and the global
justice and solidarity movement, Cultural Studies, vol.
17, no.6, pp. 905-920. doi:
10.1080/0950238032000150093
University of Western Australia (2015), Harvard citation
style, viewed March 15, 2015, http://
guides.is.uwa.edu.au/harvard
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CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015Should I use referencing
software?
Cite this
for me
Advantages
• convenient way to store all your references – and often the digital
sources as well
• uses the style you specify so your papers have correct citation and
reference lists
• if you delete a citation your reference list is automatically updated
• MQ has a license for Endnote and RefWorks, and Libguides to
teach you how to use them. Get Cite this for me online free.
Disadvantages
• it may not be worth the time spent in learning the systems if you
only need to refer to a few references in your paper.
COPYRIGHT © LEARNING & TEACHING CENTRE I LEARNING SKILLS GROUP 2015 23Further information and guides
Griffith University Referencing Tool https://app.secure.griffith.edu.au/reference_tool/index-core.php
Link to Macquarie Library Referencing site: Referencing and style guides
Referencing Macquarie University http://www.mq.edu.au/on_campus/library/research/referencing/
EndNote LibGuide Macquarie University http://libguides.mq.edu.au/content.php?pid=114111&sid=1012047
Interactive referencing guides Queensland University of Technology http://www.citewrite.qut.edu.au/cite/
APA interactive referencing guide Massey University http://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/apa-interactive.php
Harvard interactive referencing guide University of Technology, Sydney
http://www.lib.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/attachments/page/UTS_Interactive%20Harvard%20Guide.pdf
Referencing Curtin University http://libguides.library.curtin.edu.au/referencing
Referencing style guides University of Queensland http://www.library.uq.edu.au/infoskil/referencing_styles.html
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