IEA Annex 54 Update - Low-GWP Refrigerants in Residential AC - Heat Pumping ...
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IEA Annex 54 Update –
Low-GWP Refrigerants in Residential AC
June 2020
Tao Cao, Yunho Hwang
Center for Environmental Energy Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742-3035
Energy Efficiency and Heat Pumps Consortium
Copyright © 2020 Center for Environmental Energy Engineering
Background
• Low GWP refrigerants are coming for residential AC systems.
• Yet, there hasn’t been a consensus on the winning candidate.
• What’s the latest R&D and regulation efforts in bringing low
GWP alternatives to residential AC?
• AC leads the power consumptions in
residential sectors.
Fig. source: [1]
2 Energy Efficiency and Heat Pumps Consortium
Copyright © 2020 Center for Environmental Energy EngineeringRecent Reviews
• Comprehensive reviews focusing on residential AC alternatives are needed.
Author Focus Highlights
Theoretical analysis R12, R22 and R134a replacement with
R290/R600a (40/60) best alternative for R12; R290/R1270
Dalkilic and Wongwises (2010) [2] mixtures from (R134a, R152a, R32, R290, R1270, R600
(20/80) best alternative for R22
and R600a)
Cover the basics of most refrigerants, and overview of
Benhadid-Dib and Benzaoui (2012) [3] Briefing on refrigerant phasing history up to 2015.
regulation efforts
Alternative refrigerants for air conditioners, heat pumps,
AHRI led, industrial-wide cooperative program lasts years,
Wang et al. (2012) [4] chillers, water heaters, ice makers and refrigeration
covers dozens candidates
equipment
Reviewed potential application of major natural refrigerants,
Bolaji and Huan et al. (2013) [5] Natural refrigerants: R717, HCs, R718, R744
including oil compatibility
McLinden et al. (2014) [6] 62 candidates with critical temperatures within 300 to 400 K Thermodynamic analysis indicate no ideal fluid
Candidates for air conditioning, heat pump and commercial
Sarbu (2014) [7] Describes refrigerants selection based on properties
refrigeration applications
Commercial refrigeration working fluids R404A, R507A and No universal solution: propane for low charge; low-GWP
Mota-Babiloni et al. (2015) [8] their substitutes: HC, Natural (CO2, NH3), HFC, HFO/HFC HFC or HFC/HFO mixture as drop-in or retrofit; CO2 for
mixture transcritical
R410A interim replacements (R32 and other A2L HFO Dedicated overview for R410A, different paths towards long
Pham and Monnier (2016) [9]
blends) and long term replacements (natural, HCs) term ultra-low-GWP
Comprehensive database search based on modeling and
Domanski et al. (2017) [10] R410A and R404A candidates review
cycle analysis
Focused on recent low-GWP investigations because of F- Unique perspective looking into policy driven advancements
Mota-Babiloni et al. (2017) [11]
gas Regulation for applications of all sizes in low-GWP research and commercialization
Hydrocarbon as replacements in refrigeration, AC and
Harby (2017) [12] Comprehensive review of latest HC research efforts
automobile AC
A parametric quantification based model for natural
Abas et al. (2018) [13] Major natural and synthetic refrigerants
refrigerant selection and optimization
Historic overview of refrigerants transition up to now and Proposed direct phase-in of natural refrigerants instead of
Ciconkov (2018) [14]
future envisions, focusing on natural refrigerants and HFOs step by step phase down
3 Energy Efficiency and Heat Pumps Consortium
Copyright © 2020 Center for Environmental Energy EngineeringR&D Progress – A1
• R744, GWP: 1
• Pros: environmentally benign and stable
• Cons: need major system redesigns to improve performance and reliability (high pressure)
• R&D Gaps: mostly focused on applications other than residential
• R466A (49% R32, 11.5% R125, 39.5% R13I1), GWP: 730
• Pros: non-flammable, similar properties of R410A
• Cons: supply and cost associated with iodine in R13I1
• R&D Gaps: need more performance and reliability studies
4 Energy Efficiency and Heat Pumps Consortium
Copyright © 2020 Center for Environmental Energy EngineeringR&D Progress – A2L
• R32, GWP 675
• Performance: close to R410A (lower discharge T limits)
• Pros: low GWP, pure fluid, validated success in ductless units
• Cons: flammability, interim replacements
• R&D Gaps: safety study (for unitary systems)
Operating Envelop R32 vs. R410A [15]
• A2L mixtures, GWP: ~200 to ~700)
• Representatives: R452B (67% R32 + 26% R1234yf + 7% R125); R454B (68.9% R32 and 31.1% 1234yf);
R446A (29% R32 + 3% R600 + 68% R1234ze); R447A (68% R32 + 3.5% R125 + 28.5% R1234ze(E))…
• Performance: on par with R410A with variations
• Pros: lower GWP than R32
• Cons: flammability, interim replacements, not validated in the market
• R&D Gaps: need to find convincing advantages over R32 and R466A
5 Energy Efficiency and Heat Pumps Consortium
Copyright © 2020 Center for Environmental Energy EngineeringR&D Progress – A3
• A3, GWP < 100
• Representatives: R290, R161
• Performance: slightly lower than R410A but can be improved with system redesigns
• Pros: ultra-low GWP (ultimate replacements)
• Cons: flammability, costs with associated product redesigns
• R&D Gaps: ways to handle flammability without sacrificing performance and cost
• Safety precautions
• Secondary loop
• Novel designs (On-going efforts)
6 Energy Efficiency and Heat Pumps Consortium
Copyright © 2020 Center for Environmental Energy EngineeringComparison
• R466A, R32, R452B / R454B and R290 remain the top replacements of R410A for now, considering
balances among the GWP, performances and property similarities.
Fig. source: [16]
7 Energy Efficiency and Heat Pumps Consortium
Copyright © 2020 Center for Environmental Energy EngineeringRegulation Progress – USA
• Refrigerants
• ASHRAE Standard 34: refrigerant classification
• EPA SNAP: identify acceptable substitutes (environmental aspect)
• System
• ASHRAE 15: refrigerant system safety (subcommittee 15.2 for residential application)
• UL IEC: safety of household appliances
• Building & Local Codes
Code Adoption Process
Fig. source: [17]
8 Energy Efficiency and Heat Pumps Consortium
Copyright © 2020 Center for Environmental Energy EngineeringNovel Unitary System Design
• Propose a novel design, enabling safe flammable refrigerant usage while ensuring
performance advantages over R410A
• The APF can be increased by up to 45% as compared to the existing design based on simulations.
• Refrigerant charge can be reduced by 54%.
System Schematic
COP Comparison vs. Ambient Temperature (Top);
Performance Comparison in Different Climates (Bottom)
9 Energy Efficiency and Heat Pumps Consortium
Copyright © 2020 Center for Environmental Energy Engineering2nd Year Work – Component Optimization
• Objective:
• A comprehensive review of latest R&D progress on component
optimizations using low-GWP refrigerants in residential AC
• Performance, charge and cost comparisons of various novel HX
designs aiming for low GWP refrigerants in residential AC
• Expected outcome:
• An report covering latest R&D progress, clarifying research trends of
component optimizations for residential AC refrigerant replacements
(On-going, 30+ review completed)
• A quantitative comparison of various novel HX designs. Guidelines
on future high performance, low charge HX designs for residential
AC
10 Energy Efficiency and Heat Pumps Consortium
Copyright © 2020 Center for Environmental Energy EngineeringConclusions
• We have completed a review of recent R&D and regulation
progress on low GWP refrigerants for residential AC.
• R466A is the most promising non-flammable immediate
replacements, though more performance and reliability
studies are necessary.
• R32 remains in strong position over other A2L mixtures with
proven market success, other than unitary systems.
• The ultra-low-GWP replacements are still an open question.
• Existing efforts to promote interim refrigerants mostly focus
on product safety re-designs.
11 Energy Efficiency and Heat Pumps Consortium
Copyright © 2020 Center for Environmental Energy EngineeringThanks!
12 Energy Efficiency and Heat Pumps Consortium
Copyright © 2020 Center for Environmental Energy EngineeringReferences
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