JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPORTS - The Official Journal of Sports University of Tirana - UST
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JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY AND SPORTS
The Official Journal of Sports University of Tirana
Volume 4 Issue 2 December 2018
2
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY AND SPORTS
The Official Journal of Sports University of Tirana
Editorial board
Prof. dr. Agron Cuka
3
Contents
Motivation of football players ages 13-19. 5
Abdyl Kuriu. 1, Ylli Zhurda, 2 5
Using the technology for improvement of the teaching and
learning process. 12
Marsela Shehu 12
10 mini tests for evaluation of Physical activity at
children 6- 10 years old 19
Altin Martiri , 1 Anesti Qeleshi (2) 19
Hospitality and Tourism Sector in Albania 28
Ejvis (Shehi) Gishti1 Mirlinda Galushi2 28
Physical Activity and Healthy among Adolescents from Tirana 34
Aida Shehu, Kujtim Kapedani 34
Psicomotoric aspect of presscholl children and they behavior 57
Elton BANO 1, Arben BOZAXHIU1, Valbona PUMA 1. 57
“Differences in the aerobic power Training methods of u16 football
Players “ 65
Andi baze
Impact of stretching exercises in preventing the injuries during 73
training and competition of athletes
Kujtim Likaj
4
5
Motivation of football players ages 13-19.
ABDYL KURIU. 1, YLLI ZHURDA, 2
1 Sports University of Tirana, Faculty of Movement Sciences, Departament of sports.
2 Sports University of Tirana, Faculty of Movement Sciences Department of Social Sciences and
Education.
Corespondent autor: Abdyl Kuriu e-mail akuriu@ust.edu.al
Abstract
The study aims to identify the motives which foster sports activity of teenage football players. The
sample of the study includes 311 footballers aged 13-19. The instrument used was “The sport
motivation scale SMS-28” Pelletier, Fortier, Valleran, Briere, Tuson, Blais 1995. It contains 28 items
assessed on a 7-point scale. The motives are extended along the entire scale of self-determination
behaviour of Deci, Rayan (1991). Alfa Cronbach 0,785. Intrinsic motivation is at very high levels,
higher than extrinsic motivation, at a mean point over 6. Extrinsic motivation is also at a high scale.
External regulation is 5.14, inrojected regulation is 5.87, regulaton through identification is 5.02.
Amotivation is also identified and is at a low mean point 3.02.
The results of this study demonstrate that intrinsic motivation are powerful, they stand at the
highest scale of motivation according to Deci & Rayan (2000). Moreover, extrinsic motivation scores
are in line of this scale, except the fact that the regulation through identification stands at a lower
scale.
The findings pinpoint the need to identify and know the motivation of teenage footballers,
considering them when it comes to the training activity aiming at a more efficient training process
and thus leading them to success.
Keywords: Extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, amotivation, self-determination.
Introduction than from other people. Intrinsic motivation
comes from innate physiological needs of
Sport activity, particularly when exercised competence and self-determination. According
as a primary activity, requires commitment, to Deci and White, intrinsic motivation can
dedication and sacrifices of all sorts, and be differentiated into more specific motives:
these are driven by the presence of specific to know, to accomplish things, to experience
motivations. Without motivation talented stimulation.
athletes would no the able to achieve their Extrinsic motivations are stimuli that come
full potential, while athletes that are not from outside the individual such as rewards,
particularly talented are able to achieve success material, psychological and social benefits
if strongly motivated. Athletes’ behavior can be which affirm the individuals values. While sport
intrinsically motivated, extrinsically motivated has the potential to be intrinsically motivating,
or amotivated. (Deci, 1975; Deci & Rayan, 1985, various extrinsic motivations exist nonetheless.
1991). Athletes can be motivated through rewards,
Intrinsic motivation causes behaviours that trophies, recognition, and appreciation and
lead to competence and control, with rewards approval from the public, family, friends and
coming intrinsically from the individual rather trainer
6
Deci, Rayan, Connell & Grolnick, (1990) speak players ages 13 to 19 years old, of which 113 are
of several different types of extrinsic motivation U15, 133 are U17 and 65 are U19. They come
that can be ordered along a self-determination from different cities such as Tirana, Durres,
continuum, as: external regulation, introjected Elbasan, Kavaja, Korca. Depending on their age,
regulation, identification regulation. the athletes have sports experience that varies
Amotivation is characterized as a lack of from 1-2, 3 years for the age group U15, and up
intention to act and lack of intentionality in an to 6 years for athletes in the U19 age group. This
athletes’ activities. study’s subjects practice football on a regular
Deci argues that both intrinsic and extrinsic basis, conducting daily and weekly trainings in
motivation influences athletes in their activity, their respective cities’ football clubs farm teams.
but intrinsic motivation is more effective.
Extrinsic motivation can be used to urge Instrument
intrinsic motivation. Deci & Ryan (2000) The instrument used is “The Sport Motivation
conceive behaviour regulation as a spectrum Scale (SMS – 28)” of Pelletier, Fortier, Valleran,
ranging from amotivation, external regulation, Briere, Tuson and Blais 1995, which assesses
introjected regulation, identified regulation and people’s motivation for engaging in sport’s
finally intrinsic motivation in the continuum of activities. This motivation scale in sports is
self-determination. Self-determination relates used to evaluate the motivation for sport
to the autonomy, initiative, freedom and choice activity participation. It evaluates the intrinsic
of behaviour. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation motivations like to know, to accomplish things,
can be used together to maximize overall to experience stimulation, as well as extrinsic
motivation if extrinsic motivation is structured motivation such as external regulation,
in the right way. introjected regulation, identification regulation
Recognizing the motivations that drive and amotivation.
adolescents to take on football, changes in The questionnaire is composed of 28 statements
motivation - strengthening or weakening - is structured in 7 sub-scales of four statements
of particular importance in sports training. each, assessed on a 7 points scale, with endpoints
From this point of view, the study’s purpose is “does not correspond at all” (1), “corresponds
to provide an overview of adolescent football exactly” (7), and with the midpoint “corresponds
players’ motivations that drive them in their moderately” (4).
sporting activity.
The results of the study will help raise Results
awareness among trainers and specialists on Data collected via the questionnaire were
adolescent football players motivations, their statistically analyzed using SPSS software.
type and level; how these motivations influence Cronbach alpha were used to assess the
football activity, and reflect this understanding reliability of the questionnaire. Cronbach Alfa
in the organization and direction of training and 0.785 shows a high reliability of the study.
preparedness of adolescent football players, to Subjects are clear and consistent in their
achieve maximum performance, progress and questionnaire responses that determine their
wellbeing of such athletes. placement in the motivation scale.
Adolescent football players covered in this study
Methods show a variety of motivation levels.
Participants
The study includes 311 adolescent football
7
Table 1, provides the average points and SD per 28 statements.
N Minimum Maximum Mean S t d .
Deviation
ID 311 1 311 155.56 90.536
Mosha 311 150 19 16.69 1.484
P1 311 0 7 6.66 816
P2 311 0 7 6.64 826
P3 311 0 7 4.07 2.392
P4 311 0 7 6.27 1.157
P5 311 0 7 2.63 1.884
P6 311 0 7 4.79 1.791
P7 311 0 7 4.48 1.838
P8 311 0 7 6.05 1.197
P9 311 0 7 5.69 1.439
P10 311 0 7 6.12 1.320
P11 311 0 7 5.64 1.380
P12 311 0 7 6.20 1.240
P13 311 0 7 5.82 1.422
P14 311 0 7 5.72 1.584
P15 311 0 7 6.35 1.020
P16 311 0 7 4.94 1.691
P17 311 0 7 5.35 1.508
P18 311 0 7 5.87 1.740
P19 311 0 7 2.31 1.756
P20 311 0 7 5.86 1.460
P21 311 0 7 5.83 1.705
P22 311 0 7 4.73 1.962
P23 311 0 7 6.12 1.287
P24 311 0 7 4.61 1.767
P25 311 0 7 5.77 1.370
P26 311 0 7 6.22 1.232
P27 311 0 7 6.25 1.221
P28 311 0 7 3.09 2.055
Valid N (listwise) 311
Table 2. Average Points, standard deviation per motivation sub-scales.
Nr Motivation subscales Mean score SD Cronbach
1 Intrinsic motivation – to know 6.32 0.70 0.562
2 Intrinsic motivation – to accomplish 6.12 1.23 0.565
3 Intrinsic motivation – to experience 6.03 0.82 0.497
stimulation
4 Extrinsic motivation – identified regulation 5.02 1.62 0675
5 Extrinsic motivation – introjected regulation 5.87 0.94 0.582
6 Extrinsic motivation – external regulation 5.14 1.15 0.605
7 Amotivation 3.02 1.48 0.704
8
Motivations vary per age group; U15, U17, U19, and differences can be noticed. Amotivation can
also be noticed among athletes, per score 3.02
Table 3. points per motivation scales per age group, U15, U17, U19
Nr Motivation subscales Mean score
U 15 U 17 U 19
1 Intrinsic motivation – to know 6.12 6.4 6.45
2 Intrinsic motivation – to accomplish 5.9 6.26 6.17
3 Intrinsic motivation – to experience 5.76 6.29 6.14
stimulation
4 Extrinsic motivation – identified regulation 5.05 5 5.02
5 Extrinsic motivation – introjected 5.53 5.54 5.97
regulation
6 Extrinsic motivation – external regulation 5.03 5.29 5
7 Amotivation 3.17 2.62 3.35
Table 4. Amotivation
Items of amoti- Point U15 U17 U19
vation
3 4.08 4.08 3.98 4.2
5 2.67 3.2 2.09 2.72
19 2.41 2.5 1.86 2.87
28 3.17 2.92 2.96 3.64
Discussion learning new techniques and strategies. This
is a very valuable motivation that stimulates
Intrinsic motivations adolescents to be attentive and demanding to
Data shows that subjects are characterized perfect their football skills and knowledge. This
by high levels of intrinsic motivation, average must be kept in mind and used wisely from
score of 6.16, which aligns with high or full trainers that work with them, with the view
correlation levels. Intrinsic motivation is higher of achieving specific objectives related to the
than extrinsic motivation. Motivation to know training and education of adolescent athletes.
scores the highest, score of 6.32, in the sub- Of all the elements of intrinsic motivation,
scale of intrinsic motivation. This expresses the satisfaction adolescent athletes feel from
an adolescent age characteristic where the learning more about football stands out with the
motivation to know, to expand knowledge highest score, 6.64 and sd 0.70. This constitutes
particularly in areas of specific interest, a good basis for trainers to exploit in order to
strengthens. In our case, this specific interest increase effectiveness of progress in mastering
is football. Adolescent athletes are intrinsically of techniques, tactics and strategies by athletes,
motivated to know, to learn at a higher level for as this is an intrinsic need which gives them
the satisfaction that comes with learning more satisfaction and serves as a stimulus.
about football, perfecting training techniques,
9
The motivation to achieve is quite high, 6.12 The identified regulation places on top of the
and sd = 1.23. This motivation manifests itself three sub-scales of extrinsic motivation, in the
in the satisfaction they feel, when mastering motivation scale, while in our study’s subjects is
difficult training techniques, when improving placed at a lower level on the scale. Apparently, at
their weaknesses, when perfecting their skills, adolescents the understanding of these football
when executing difficult moves. Thus in this values and their practice is not at the appropriate
regard, adolescent athletes are intrinsically level. However, a special appreciation for
motivated and are very active in their the effect of football on personality aspects
participation as they receive satisfaction when stands out. (5.64, SD 1.38). Given the fact that
these allow them to reach their goals. They are introjection is stronger it seems there is a gap
truly intrinsically motivated from satisfaction in education within sports environment as
in achieving technical progress, improve skills regarding the increase of adolescents’ autonomy
and ability to execute difficult moves and to (rather than control increase) and empowering
improve their weaknesses. This is an important self-determination. This would bring a growth
basis to work with so that athletes can make of identified regulation, where behavior is
progress in their football skills preparedness. regulated and internally self-determined.
Particularly outstanding is the satisfaction they
feel when perfecting their skills (score of 6.35, Differences among athletes U15, U17, U19
sd=1.02). The motivation to perfect skills and When comparing all three age groups, the
resulting satisfaction with sport activities is intrinsic motivations in all three sub-scales
very important and serves as an incentive to are strongest in the U17. In the U15 are
progress these athletes’ career. lower compared to U17 and U19. After several
Motivation to experience stimulation (6.03, years of football practice U 17 athletes have
SD=0.82), encourages adolescents to engage overcome insecurities or doubts and are able
in exciting experiences and gives them the to see themselves progress in their sport career.
feeling of being totally immersed in the activity, Their interests, and self-confidence are more
and intense emotions. The pleasure football established and they feel pleasure. While in
players feel in living exciting experiences while U15 athletes interests are still fluid, motivations
practicing football is high, 6.66 and SD=0.816. vary due to a series of reasons related to their
age, sport environment, skills progress, work of
Extrinsic Motivations trainers and parents, etc. U19 athletes are well
Extrinsic motivations scored an average of over formed and with more experience, thus able to
5 points, a high level. The sub-scales are at the conduct realistic and proper self-analysis, are
following levels: more demanding of themselves, which may lead
External regulation 5.14 points, SD 1.15. to doubt.
Evidences the importance to adolescent athletes U19 have stronger motivation to know. These
to be well regarded by people, the public, friends athletes are at a higher sport level and better
and fans. The highest score is for the prestige of oriented towards a successful football career. For
being an athlete, 6.12, SD 1.32 this reason they are quite motivated as they get
Extrinsic motivation, introjected regulation, satisfaction from learning more about football,
presents itself at the highest level of the perfecting their techniques and learning new
extrinsic motivation sub-scales: 5.87, SD 0.94. ones. The satisfaction from learning more about
This motivates athletes to internalize the acting football scores high at 6.72.
reasons, and encourages them to act according There are variances with regard to extrinsic
to a higher level of behavior that they percept. motivations. U17 athletes present higher scores
Identified regulation is at 5.02, SD 1.62, than U15 and U19. The identified regulation is
Adolescent see football not only as influencing almost the same at the three age groups while
their development as players, but also the introjected regulation is higher at U19 and
influencing their developing other aspects of stands out, 5.97 points.
their personality, to learn lots of things that
would be useful in other areas of life.10
Amotivation Extrinsic Motivations scored an average of over
Amotivation exists, even though at low levels; 3 5 points, a high level. Introjected regulation,
points. However it manifests in certain aspects, presents itself at the highest level of the extrinsic
such a lack of self-confidence and they have the motivation sub-scales. The identified regulation
impression of being incapable of succeeding in places on top of the three sub-scales of extrinsic
football. The highest level of amotivation, 4.08, motivation, in the motivation scale, while in our
SD 2.32, is that even though they used to have study’s subjects is placed at a lower level on the
good reasons for playing football, they seem to scale.
question whether they should continue playing There are difference among athletes U15, U17,
Amotivation can be explained with shifting U19: the intrinsic motivations in all three sub-
interests manifesting themselves during scales are strongest in the U17, in the U15 are
adolescence, but also with factors of perceived lower compared to U17 and U19; and regard
self-competence. They experience a feeling of to extrinsic motivations, U17 athletes present
incompetence and are under the impression higher scores than U15 and U19.
that they can’t achieve the goals they set for Amotivation exists, even though at low levels.
themselves. This is reflected in the almost However it manifests in certain aspects, such
identical scores in all three age groups. As a a lack of self-confidence and they have the
result a positive perception/impression of their impression of being incapable of succeeding in
competence and values, the setting of realistic football.
goals, helps them become more skilled and Further implications
motivated on their daily sports activities. These results raise the coaches’ and sports
It is important for trainers to pay attention to specialists’ awareness so they can better
athletes and realize that by not providing feed- understand and know adolescent footballers’
back to them on their performance, they may be motivations and on the bases of them they
encouraging amotivation in athletes. In sports, should reflect in the organization and direction
winners and losers are clear, and athletes feel of training and preparation of adolescent football
their sporting achievements are a reflection of players in order to bring about maximum
their values and that they are appreciated for performance, progress and well-being of these
that. Being positively viewed by others serves as athletes.
an important motivator for adolescent athletes.
Thus a positive perception for their competency
and values, helps them further improve their References
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training techniques; feel pleasure when University of Nebraska Press.
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their abilities; and when executing certain L. (1991) Inner reseources for school
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Using the technology for improvement of the
teaching and learning process.
MARSELA SHEHU
Sports University of Tirana, Faculty of Movement Sciences Corresponding Author Marsela Shehu
mshehu@ust.edu.al
Abstract:
Teenagers often use computers and the Internet to do the school’s duties. Teachers also use
technology to get the latest information and the latest innovations of science disciplines that they
cover, for a contemporary teaching and learning process. The purpose of my study is to present
a general overview of the importance of using technology to improve the teaching and learning
process, from the perspective of two educational partner’s teachers – pupils. The sample of the
study includes 200 teachers of the region Tirana. The methodology of the study was conducted
through semi-structured interviews with teachers of various profiles, the format of which was
compiled by the researcher and contains six questions. Interpretation of the data is accomplished
through qualitative descriptions. The data show that educational partner’s teachers – pupils use
the Internet to improve the learning process, by pupils used whenever they are required Internet
research jobs on certain curriculum subjects and by teachers for a professional performance
achieved, to get the latest information on the subject of teaching and the impact observed in
the teaching process is impressive, of course, also serves as additional knowledge for students.
Referring to the psychosocial aspect of using technology, teachers say that Internet usage has a
negative impact on the psychological health of adolescents. As final conclusion teachers approve
the fact that for the teaching process they consider a necessity to use the Internet, but the time of
its use should be effectively managed by the pupils for their wellbeing and physical health.
Keywords: Teachers, pupils, technology, learning process, teaching, Physical Education class.
Introduction making using timely, meaningful data to shape
learning opportunities. This translates into more
personalized learning based on continuous
There have been several studies on the positive feedback available to students, teachers,
educational impact that technology has on and parents. It is shown that the presence of
students as young as kindergarteners. Cheryl technology for kids has several benefits, because
Lemke (2005) outlines that students who have technology allows children to learn in a whole
access to technology become more quickly new way. Children can view animations of the
engrossed in the material, and as such are able to solar system, look at three-dimensional models
absorb the information more quickly. Technology of the human body, and learn through interactive
serves as a bridge to more engaged, relevant, games. Children today can use technology as
meaningful, and personalized learning all of which a supplement with traditional education, not
lead to higher academic achievement. Technology as a replacement. The proper mix of these two
provides a platform for more informed decision- elements can give children all the benefits of a13 modern education without requiring much educational materials do not undergo any training for children. (Hatch, K. 2011). examination. This fact produces many difficulties According to U.S. Department of Education even for a teacher to select the material for when students are using technology as a tool educational purposes. To solve this problem or a support for communicating with others, one must be competent in his professional field. they are in an active role rather than the passive He/she should be able to analyze the material role of recipient of information transmitted by and recommend it to his/her students, and a teacher, textbook, or broadcast. Technology the students selecting the information should use allows many more students to be actively be also able to decide if this or that material is thinking about information, making choices, flawless to be used for the cognitive purposes. and executing skills than is typical in teacher- We should keep in mind that reading electronic led lessons. Moreover, when technology is used texts in the net is not like reading printed texts. as a tool to support students in performing We have to look it through rather than read it authentic tasks, the students are in the position thoroughly and make decision if it is worth of defining their goals, making design decisions, downloading and more attentive reading later and evaluating their progress. The teacher’s or not. So, students should be taught to look role changes as well. The teacher is no longer through the texts quickly, selecting the main the center of attention as the dispenser of ideas interesting for them from the point of view information, but rather plays the role of of their cognitive task. facilitator, setting project goals and providing The educational applications of the Internet guidelines and resources, moving from student are supported by some learning theories. With to student or group-to-group, providing the access to the Internet, it is immediately suggestions and support for student activity. discovered that the whole hypertext material is Project-based work and cooperative learning a learning tool. In other words, those enormous approaches prompt this change in roles, groups of texts and multimedia contexts have whether technology is used or not. However, not been created to be read lineally, but rather tool uses of technology are highly compatible they use connections to make remissions, to put with this new teacher role, since they stimulate in contact different parts, or to be connected so much active mental work on the part of with other texts. That is to say, it is a tool; students. Teachers talked about motivation an instrument that, coded and registered, from a number of different perspectives. Some transmits information, and includes other mentioned motivation with respect to working processes accompanied or derived by the in a specific subject area, for example, a greater transmission, no matter this is the cause or willingness to write or to work on computational the consequence. The constructivism pattern skills. Others spoke in terms of more general in the design of learning ways and knowledge motivational effects student satisfaction with the matches well with the Internet as a learning immediate feedback provided by the computer instrument. The constructivism pattern and the sense of accomplishment and power supposes that the elements that we get thanks gained in working with technology. A related to our senses and the mental itineraries, that we technology effect stressed by many teachers was use to investigate those elements, are already enhancement of student self-esteem. Both the within us. So we learn; we learn because we increased competence they feel after mastering transform our knowledge. It is a positive activity technology-based tasks and their awareness of of the person, who learns by experiencing and the value placed upon technology within our solving problems actively and originally. The culture, led to increases in students’ and often instruction is centered in the students who are teachers’ sense of self worth. (U.S. Department the center of the learning. All these tools are not of Education). to give knowledge fundamentally, but to help It is obvious that the information the student the student to build knowledge through the comes across in the Internet is not always learning activities that favor personal autonomy helpful. More than that, it can be very aggressive; and propitiate self-regulation or control of the it can be not up to the scientific level, etc. Many learning.
14 In this sense, the mistakes are not irreparable technology coordinators, students, parents and failures. They are necessary components of the representatives of the community to determine learning process. In this process the educator the educational goals for students and types of acts not as an instructor, but as a generator of technology that will support efforts to meet the the atmosphere, in which the students can build goals. The team should also develop a vision knowledge by means of an investigation work. of how technology can improve teaching and This atmosphere will have a favorable effect in learning. Students cannot be expected to benefit the motivation to do the task of deepening the from technology if their teachers are neither interests, looking for better understanding and familiar nor comfortable with it. Many teachers the follow-up of the learning. fall behind their students when it comes to If the student organizes or elaborates the modern technology skills and competences, information, the learning will be significant, and thus making it difficult to interest, motivate and its quality will be in accordance with the quality engage children in conventional lessons. They that the organization or the creation has. The need to have experience with the technology. learning is a constructive process. This means Hence it is important to provide professional that the basic activities of learning guide to the development to teachers to help them not only construction of the meanings for the students. to learn how to use new technology, but also By the ideological reservation of the theory of how to provide meaningful instruction and the constructivism learning, that states that the activities using technology in the classroom. most important thing when learning is not what Ongoing evaluation of technology applications we will learn, but what we have already learnt, and student achievement, based on the in the sense that what we will learn should be overall education goals, helps ensure that the integrated in the previous cognitive net of the technology is appropriate, adaptable and useful. student. (Simuforosa, M., 2013) The Internet allows us to reach an essential It is shown that with the introduction of systems objective in the learning process: the such as the Wii and the Xbox Kinect, games have personalization of the teaching. It allows become much more than a sedentary activity. adapting it to the necessities of students, in Exergaming, or playing games that require a accordance with their previous knowledge and physical movement or reaction, has grown in interest. It allows each student to advance in his/ popularity since its introduction a few years ago. her development in a personal and autonomous Today children and adolescents are more likely way according to his/her abilities. Multimedia to spend their spare time on sedentary activities, instruments, that is to say, those that integrate in active video games (namely exergaming) that one format the combined information of audio, allow players to physically manipulate and video, text and image, increase the possibilities interact with the game display the potential to of perception. The multimedia services contain engage youth in physical activities (PA). In a elements of multiple and different information meta-analysis study of exergames, researchers that can expand the representation of three- suggested that exergames are effective dimensional objects and allows interactions or technologies that may facilitate light-to- bi-directional communications. They also can moderate-intensity PA promotion. (Peng, W. et raise positive transformations and improve the al., 2011; Sun, H. 2013). teaching and learning processes at maximum. Exergaming are involved in contemporary This technology used as didactic resources is a PE curricula. Exergaming has potential to vehicle of knowledge and a curricular culture contribute to PE programs by supplementing adapted to the means where these processes are the current activity options and increasing developed. (UNESCO 2003) student enjoyment for PE/PA, contributing to Simuforosa, M. (2013) in her study findings have PA goals (at least for experienced gamers), and implications for schools using or planning to use providing a relational learning environment in modern technology. She recommends that the which students work with others in complex schools need to convene a technology planning contexts to solve meaningful problems. team comprising administrators, teachers, Nevertheless, exergaming when developed
15 within the educational PE curriculum can utilize acquired for a scientific qualitative analysis. The the complex, natural, relational, authentic, and interviews were administered by the author community based environments embedded and in completing these interviews the subjects’ in exergames to design situated learning anonymity was entirely maintained. environments that integrate the learner, balance and fitness concepts, within an active gaming Discussion and Conclusion culture. (Ennis, D. C., 2013) Referring to the teachers’ information about Methods using the Internet from their students to Research procedures improve the learning process and how often the The sample of the study includes 200 Internet is used by students, 94% of the teachers subjects (teachers) of the region Tirana from say that the teenagers of the Tirana region use metropolitan and nonmetropolitan with the Internet to improve the teaching process various profiles, among other and Physical whenever they are asked by teachers research Education teachers. Teachers are selected work on the Internet for certain educational from secondary and high school (the region topics, in certain classes that have curricular Tirana), such as: “Pjetër Budi”, “Vasil Shanto”, projects also provided in the curriculum. “Konferenca e Pezës”, “Musine Kokalari”, Despite of the latter data, teachers say they use “Arben Broci”, “Andon Z. Cajupi”, “Qemal Stafa”, the Internet in the 1 to 2 hours a day, often less “Myslym Keta”, Krrabë Shkollë e Bashkuar, “Pezë than 3 times a week. Most prominent teenagers, Helmes”, “16 Shtatori” Pezë e Madhe, Shkolla as the teachers say, are students with high Komunitare Yzberisht, “Myslym Shima”, “Sadi academic level. A small minority of teachers Nuri”, “Bashkim Berisha”, Shkolla e Bashkuar 6% of them, (prevails teachers of the Tirana Vaqarr and “Isa Boletini”, where selection of District) say that some students come from a sample/teachers is random. An instrument low economic level, besides that, and school used was conducted through semi-structured infrastructure leaves to be desired, and as a interviews with teachers of various profiles, the result some students do not use the Internet to format of which was compiled by the researcher improve the learning process. A teacher in the in reference to contemporary literature and Tirana region says: contains 6 questions. The first question consists “The use of the Internet by students is used for in identifying teachers’ perceptions about using the learning process and from my information the Internet to improve the teaching process does not exceed the time of its use. Often, quality from adolescents. The second refers to the level students are interested in learning and bringing of school performance of adolescents in school up additional material on topics and hours that assignments as a result of the use of information are not assigned to me as a teacher. Of course obtained from the Internet. The third consists in in such cases additional information helps to identifying teachers’ perceptions about using improve the learning process.” the Internet versus Physical Activity at the Regarding the fact that how is reflected time of study and leisure time of adolescents. the level of school-based performance of The fourth consists in identifying the level of adolescents in school assignments due to the Internet use by teachers for the learning process use of information received from the Internet, and what impact this process has on the process. 91. 5% of the teachers say that their students’ The fifth consists in identifying teachers about performance is very positive. Students navigate the future of using the Internet in school and to the Internet with more desire and curiosity social life of adolescents. And the last question, to find different information about the teaching the sixth one consists in identifying the teachers topic. Pupils also reflect skills such as selection about the problems that causes the use of the of basic information by demonstrating them Internet in their daily work and in the social life through photographs, recording of documents of teachers. The study includes the qualitative through CDs, displaying materials by posters method and for this reason the interpretation etc, acquiring knowledge of basic programs of the data is accomplished through qualitative computer. The use of technology, according to descriptions where teachers’ opinions have been the teachers, makes it possible for the lesson to
16 be attractive and motivating for the students, study and leisure time of teenagers, 98. 5% of but without leaving aside and the other part, the teachers claim that the relationship between as 8. 5% of the teachers say that there are Internet use and Physical Activity is inversely, so students who do not use the Internet for school according to them it means that our teenagers assignments but other functions of it, such prefer to spend more time on the Internet than as socialization and communication online to deal with Physical Activity. Teachers say that with their peers in different social networks. the only time when the teens deal with Physical Consequently, school performances that present Activity is just in the teaching process. Only them in school assignments are left to be desired. few of them (1.5%) claim that there are also Some of this information given by teens behaves those teens that play sports, through various crude, unprocessed and not excluded, and cases sports clubs, when for these adolescent is more when these tasks are copied by other students important involvement in Physical Activity than without making small attempts to process the navigation in Internet. The followings are real information somewhat. A teacher states that: opinion from teachers of the Tirana region: “The results of using the Internet are obvious: “If we refer to today’s reality, we leave much to First, students’ lessons are best illustrated; be desired within the scope of Physical Activity. Second, they are enabled to communicate with Today children spend too much time on the greater competencies; Thirdly, through the Internet and thus condition the time dedicated use of the Internet it has become possible to to Physical Activity. This situation reflects on interpret and explain various phenomena in their physical and psychosocial development. many aspects; Fourthly, this is reflected in the Pupils today are more individual and obese than results of the students; Fifthly, such activities in previous years.” include low-grade students who have shown From another teacher opinion: skills and opportunities previously unknown by “Children nowadays perform fewer Physical teachers.” Activities and spend more time navigating the Teachers clearly affirm that modern technology Internet. Undoubtedly, the use of the Internet is widely used by pupils in all subjects, among takes time from study time and most of the free these subjects is evidenced the Physical time, even damaging the hours of sleep. Children Education class. Mainly information obtained have become less social, as they do not spend online in the PE class is demonstrated and time to develop relationships between their illustrated by students to gain sophisticated peers and their family members. Irritability techniques and tactics in sports and other observed in them.” games from the most prominent national and Do you use the Internet for the teaching international personalities of the sports fields’ process? If yes, what impact do you have in the favorites from the students. The following is a learning process? Referring to this question real opinion from a teacher of Physical Education 90% of the teachers responded positively, i.e. class. they use the Internet for the learning process “Our school students use different information on and have a positive impact on it. The form of the Internet for sports activities that the school the teaching method as a result of its use is itself realizes and are fun for the pupils. This is realized by demonstration through electronic displayed during various games at Volleyball or means (such as a video projector). Mainly use Football that take place between our school and to get the latest information concerning the another school. During recreational activities instructional topic. The impact they have on the students imitate different aerobic exercises or learning process is impressive and serves as other artistic dances, the characters and sports additional knowledge for students, significantly personalities favored by them, which they have improving the learning process by borrowing seen on YouTube.” models of teaching techniques and methods and Referring to teachers’ opinions on how they enriching the lesson with additional materials. view the Internet usage report versus Physical Teachers argue that visual view serves students Activity, not only in their learning process but to facilitate the processing and interpretation also in their psychosocial life, i.e. at the time of of material or information they receive from
17 the Internet. Some teachers (10% of them) problems posed by its use, teachers have cited affirm that the most appropriate material for the fact that the Internet use in general they see the classroom is the book, the textbook and as a lost time without any value and, moreover, not the technology, mainly dominates apparent a negative impact on their social life, as they say rejection of the technology use by teachers they lose verbal and direct communication with of Tirana district, giving the argument that people. In addition, teachers (100% of them) computers and computer equipment in schools say that staying at the Internet avoided almost are still missing even at the present time. The entirely Physical Activity, causing a sedentary life. following teacher opinion: They approve the fact that there are cases when “Of course yes. It is a continuous research, a information obtained from the Internet are not permanent and necessary cognition to bring scientific and completely disinformation, which new materials to use different ideas for the in fact should have the opposite happened, we benefit of my work on diversity of teaching should have accurate and scientific information methods. You can never focus on that knowledge for the learning process. The following teacher you already possess, or in the textbook. Every opinion: lesson is unique and being productive must “The Internet helps to get multiple and new come complete in every element of it. “ information at the same time, to maintain Referred to the evidence of teachers’ perceptions contact with people, relatives and friends about the future of the Internet use in the school away from us, but at the same time the use and social life of adolescents it is recognized of the Internet presents its negative side as that for the teaching process, teachers consider people are losing face to face contacts With a necessity to use the Internet, while referring each other, meetings and conversations. So, to the psychological and social aspect teachers more attention is paid to this “virtual world” (100% of them) argue that Internet use that people have created with each other. One negatively affects the psychological health way of informing about new events, recent of our adolescents. This means that teachers developments occurring around the world we look at a very positive point of view and are get through the Internet and communication on also optimistic that the Internet will always be different social networks. We are familiar with an important factor for an effective learning the comments, the various issues, we see the process, enabling pupils to learn lessons in the impact on the students and we are familiar with classroom, will help in developing the ideas these problems, which are already reflected in and expand their knowledge; But on the other the student’s daily conversations. “ hand, teenagers will be isolates in itself where So as a final conclusion I can affirm and also the lack of socialization with others is evidently conclude that the use of technology in the highlighted, they will leave reality, real life, teaching process and not only has its positive tangible and life-threatening events. Teachers and negative sides. Teachers look at a more pay attention to the successful management of positive outlook and are also optimistic that the time dedicated Internet, above all, continuous Internet will always be an important factor for parental control. Here it is one of these teacher an effective learning process, enabling pupils to opinions: learn lessons in the class, help develop ideas and “I think use of the Internet in the learning expanding knowledge, moreover, teaching and process is necessary. In the psychosocial plan learning process will be interactive. While in I think it will bring more and more damages the psychosocial aspects of the adolescents and to children. Nowadays, children are no longer young’s time spend at the Internet must be well reading books, novels about their age. Also managed by them and under parental care (for emphasize that the use of the Internet should the teens), giving proper importance to involved be limited in time and be well controlled by our in Physical Activity. I recommend that, both for parents of these students.” adolescents and young’s, the use of technology To get a different perspective from the adults, and its functions to be used for specific purposes, so use of the Internet by teachers, both in their thus eliminating psychological distress, and work and also in their social life, regarding the even having a healthy psychological and social
18 lifestyle. This study also helps young people, Lemke, C. (2005). A Range of Use: Technology in adolescents and parents to pay more attention Learning. On CUE Journal Vol. 27 (4); 12 – 21pp. to the time spent on the Internet, as well as to control the time dedicated to the Internet of Peng W, Lin J, & Crouse J. (2011). Is playing their children. exergames really exercising? A metaanalysis Further Implication of energy expenditure in active video games. The main issue on which is focused my study Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social is the impact use of technology in education Networking Vol. 14 (11); 681 – 688pp. by addressing two main components, one of that at teaching process used by the teacher Simuforosa, M. (2013). The impact of modern and the other at the learning process too, as a technology on the educational attainment of final product presented to the pupils. This study adolescents. International Journal of Education provides detailed information on scientific facts and Research Vol. 1 (9), 6p. researched by a wide range of scientific articles; reports that address these issues presented in Sun, H. (2013). Impact of exergames on physical the study, but above all, are given the realistic activity and motivation in elementary school opinions of teachers of different profiles, as well students: A follow-up study. Journal of Sport and as teachers of Physical Education, conducted a Health Science Vol. 2 (3); 138 – 145 pp. year ago. In this perspective, this study will be assisted by all educational partners, but also by UNESCO (2003) Internet in education; Support policy makers, in order to adapt the educational materials for educators. UNESCO Institute for needs of teachers, students, etc. focused on the Information Technologies in Education (IITE), technology use. 7 – 51 pp References: U.S. Department of Education. Effects Ennis, D. C. (2013). Implications of exergaming of Technology on Classrooms and Students. for the physical education curriculum in the 21st Available at: https://www2.ed.gov/pubs/ century. Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol. EdReformStudies/EdTech/effectsstudents.html 2 (3); 152 – 157 pp. Hatch, K. E. (2011). “Determining the Effects of Technology on Children”. Senior Honors Projects. Honors Program at the University of Rhode Island. 5 – 16 pp.
19
10 mini tests for evaluation of Physical activity
at children 6- 10 years old
ALTIN MARTIRI , 1 ANESTI QELESHI (2)
1 Sports University of Tirana, Faculty of Movement Sciences, Departament of sports.
2 Sports University of Tirana, Faculty of Movement Sciences Department of Social Sciences and
Education.
Corespondent autor: Altin Martiri e-mail amartiri@ust.edu.al
Abstract
To exercise physical activity has impact on sustainability all-but the benefits are obvious and useful
for every age group. To improve the sustainability cardio respirator, intensity of exercise, should
be sufficient to stimulate your cardio-vascular system without overloading it.. Our modest goal for
this study is: to understanding what is happening and how I “really” is extracurricular activity in
Tirana and also awareness of the whole community for the values of extraordinary extracurricular
activity in health, as well as parameters morph functional. We have a optimistic level of physic
activity and Fitness where boys are more active than girls. Training group (randomly selected
schools and distributed in the suburbs and in the center). As methodology: Cross section survey of
112 boys and girls 6-10 years old (the frequency of three times per week for 6 months. Benchmark
testing was conducted for Physical Activity (Ellington Dardan 1982) consisting of 10 mini tests on
physical activity and health) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 82060780, p: 2.6-1
Leg comparison, Wall Squat Negative chin up, Negative push up , Trunk curl , Breath holding, Thigh
stretch, Back arch , Skin fold pinch , Arm comparisons
In our modest study we do not forget that postulate in science . ‘be honest, …Be simple …….Be true
“... .. In the meantime following tests are used on the most important concepts measurements
(validity, reliability, Accuracy
In the fifth group 10 years old have given optimistic realized 10 standard tests I n a good
performance Data improve to for further for both sexes with increasing age up to 10 years, where
performance of the state with the best. The hypothesis of the study - that boys are more active than
girls dropped. In this study there were no gender differences in performance and we believe this is
due to the situation pre puberty equal for both boys and girls.
Oslo we have following the protocol according to the American College of Sports Medicine,
1998. (ACSM) for every participant in test
Introduction. on risk-factors for cardiovascular disease, by
helping children to prevent excess weight gain
or helping overweight children to lose weight
Physical activity has a range of benefits during
To exercise physical activity has impact on
childhood including healthy growth and
sustainability all-but the benefits are obvious
Development, assistance in maintenance
and useful for every age group
of energy balance, and improvements
Description of the exercise, has to do with
in psychological and social interaction.
the manner, intensity, frequency, duration
Participation in physical activity during
and progression of exercise. American
childhood may also have an indirect effect20
Association of Sports Medicine (ACSM) (1978, of Sports Medicine (ACSM) (1978, 1991)
1991) suggests this guide to building a card JUST TO REMEMBER THAT …..THAT IT IS NOT
respirator fiscal program for healthy adults. EASY TO EVAULATE FITNES LEVEL BECAUSE
To improve the sustainability cardio respirator, …..YOU NEED TO EVALUATE IN THE MEAN TIME
intensity of exercise, should be sufficient at least four component s like : 1 Strength 2.
to stimulate your cardio-vascular system Cardiotraning 3. Bodycomposicion 4.Fleksibility
without overloading it. High intensity is very
discouraging for the continuation of the Target group
program of practice and is the main reason A normal target group to whom I writing would
for his leaving. Moderate exercise (40% - be my colleges and pedagogues interesting on
60% of VO2max) are enough to have health these topics, new masters students and my
improvements for sedentary subjects, especially friends and colleges etc.
when we are at the beginning (ACSM, 1991).
Sharkey recommends that individuals 1. Compound BODY MODELS
according to the degree of preparation, low, There is a close relationship between physical
medium and high, should spend during an activity, physical fitness and health in adults (1) and
event from 100 to 200 and from 200 to 400 that when it is widely acknowledged that in itself
kcal, respectively, and no more than 400 kcal.. many chronic disease begin in early childhood
We suppose to have a good level of physic (2), children and youth are a target group
activity where boys are more active than girls. consider important preventive intervention.
Intervention generally should begin
SCOPE OF THE STUDY at a young age for two reasons:
Our modest goal for this study is: to understanding * To provide a normal growth (3)
what is happening and how “really” is an Living habits and risky factors of children
extracurricular activity in Tirana and also tend to continue in the future because of these
awareness of the whole community for the consequences indicated. (4)
values of extraordinary extracurricular activity Field methods for quantifying physical activity
in health, as well as parameters morph functional and energy expenditure can broadly be divided
into subjective- and objective measures.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS Subjective measurements include direct
•Cross section survey of randomized selected observation, self-reports and diaries. Direct
112 boys and girls 6-10 years old (the frequency observation has been reported to be the most
of three times per week for 6 months, we “ practical and appropriated criterion measure of
surveillance” sports) Benchmark testing was physical activity and patterns of activity among
conducted for Physical Activity (Ellington children and youth (5).
Dardan 1982) consisting of 10 mini tests on In addition to encouraging greater amounts
physical activity and health) Library of Congress of moderate and vigorous exercise, it may be
Catalog Card Number 82060780, p: 2.6-1 wise to attack the problem from the other end
Standard tests : Leg comparison ,Wall Squat of activity side i.e., sedentary behavior, TV
Negative chin up, Negative push up , Trunk curl watching, which has been kinked to obesity (6,).
, Breath holding, Thigh stretch, Back arch , Skin
fold pinch , Arm comparisons 2. OBESITY AND CONTROL OF BODY
In our modest study we do not forget that WEIGHT
postulate in science . ‘be honest, …Be simple Obesity is a serious health problem, because it
…….Be true “... .. reduces life expectancy and quality of life. Obese
In the meantime following tests are used on the individuals have higher risk to be affected by
most important concepts measurements ischemic heart disease, arterial hypertension,
(validity, reliability, Accuracy hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, obstructive
Description of the exercise, has to do with the lung disease and some cancer.
manner, intensity, frequency, duration and Results from the Cooper Clinic in Dallas have
progression of exercise. American Association suggested that one could be “fat and fit” and be21
at a reduced risk of ischemic heart disease (7)/. observation, self-reports and diaries. Direct
Often times the speed of hypertension, observation has been reported to be the most
hypercholesterolemia diabetes is respectively practical and appropriated criterion measure of
2.9, 2.1dhe 2.9 times higher in overweight physical activity and patterns of activity among
people than in those with normal weight. children and youth (10). Drawbacks of this
Obesity increases the risk for ischemic method are the relatively high research costs
heart disease beside the existence or not of and the fact that the observer’s presence can
other risk factors for ischemic heart disease. affect the subject’s behavior (11).
We have two types of obesity, called hyperplasic . In cross-sectional analyses of fitness level and
obesity and obesity hypertrophic. It is known coronary risk factor of participants in aerobics
that the total number of fat cells defined maturity Center Longitudinal study(ACLS),cardio
age. Fat cells increase in number in the first year respiratory fitness was inversely associated
of life and during puberty. Their number does not with body weight in men(14)and women (15).
change in adulthood. Consequently the tendency Physical activity is a crucial component of weight
to obesity determined at the age of adolescence. control (12 ,13) and maintenance of weight loss
So hyperplasic obesity is characterized by an ,once it is achieved ,is strongly determined by
increased number of fat cells. An individual with physical activity.(16).
normal weight is about 25 to 30 billion fat cells, These training philosophies can have the
while an obese has about 42 -p 100 billion fat unfortunate side effect of discouraging severely
cells. This hypothesis is not complete, because obese persons from staring activity programs
to obese found an increased number of fat cells, because that may mistakenly assume that small
but their sizes are increased. amounts of low-intensity which is where most
severely obese patients will begin ,are not of any
3. HEALTH ASSESSMENT health value (17)
KARDIORESPIRATOR Exercise leads to a number of long –term health
The minimum exercise prescription necessary benefits, including a reduction in body weight
to improve VO2 max (20to 30 minutes of and an increase in lean body mass (18).
endurance exercise performed three times per We have reviewed the strength and weaknesses
week at 50-70 %of VO2 max) may eventually of physical activity questionnaires, HR
improve cardio respiratory fitness over several monitoring, pedometers and accelerometers,
weeks (8). Non of these techniques is perfect for providing
The introduction of elements of various games accurate assessment of physical activity patterns
children causes increasing the desire to be and energy expended in physical activity in free-
taken with the sport, the beginning of the living subjects.
exercise with the words that today will play Because most of the current technique is not
all the time we will enjoy playing will be more multidimensional, combining various methods
motivated to follow exercise in continuity. where possible may provide the most accurate
Application and implementation of tasks and means of assessing physical activity.
principles pedagogic training process show Some time simple thinks, simple way of
satisfactory results during the training process. evaluations are more usefully then the other …
What is need is a series of major policies aimed …for example 10 mini test that we have used in
at transforming our environment and the way we our study
live. City planning, building codes, mass transit
system, car use safe footpaths and cycling paths,
pedestrian – only city center, school schedules Results
and program, and the media are among the area Just the results of 10 tests.. making no comment
that will require transformation (9) on the data
Field methods for quantifying physical activity Leg comparison ,Wall Squat Negative chin up,
and energy expenditure can broadly be divided Negative push up , Trunk curl , Breath holding,
into subjective- and objective measures. Thigh stretch, Back arch , Skin fold pinch , Arm
Subjective measurements include direct comparisonsYou can also read
