JURISDICTIONAL APPROACHES - An analysis of Brazil's states and companies contribution - CDP
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
JURISDICTIONAL
APPROACHES
An analysis of Brazil's states
and companies contribution
March, 2021 1
Photo: Istock Getty Images
Contents
04 Executive Summary
07 Jurisdictional approaches and
the climate action agenda
13 Jurisdictional approach:
current enablers
19 Overview of the jurisdictional
approaches in Brazilian states of
the Legal Amazon
26 Overview of the performance
of Brazilian companies in
jurisdictional approaches
29 Recommendations for
policymakers and jurisdictional
approach stakeholders
31 References
Authors Importan notices
The contents of this report may be used by anyone, provided acknowledgement
Miriam Garcia is given to CDP. This does not represent a license to repackage or resell any
of the data reported to CDP or the contributing authors and presented in this
Fernanda Coletti report. If you intend to repackage or resell any of the contents of this report,
Andreia Banhe you need to obtain express permission from CDP before doing so. CDP has pre-
pared the data and analysis in this report based on responses to the CDP 2020
Gustavo Souza information request. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given
by CDP as to the accuracy or completeness of the information and opinions
Antonio Ouro contained in this report. You should not act upon the information contained in
this publication without obtaining specific professional advice. To the extent
permitted by law, CDP does not accept or assume any liability, responsibility or
duty of care for any consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining to
Visual design act, in reliance on the information contained in this report or for any decision
based upon it. All information and views expressed herein by CDP are based
Thiago Oliveira Basso on their judgment at the time of this report and are subject to change without
notice due to economic, political, industry and firm-specific factors. Guest com-
mentaries included in this report reflect the views of their respective authors;
their inclusion is not an endorsement of them. CDP, their affiliated member firms
Acknowledgements or companies, or their respective shareholders, members, partners, principals,
directors, officers and/or employees, may have a position in the securities of the
Pietro Bertazzi companies discussed herein. The securities of the companies mentioned in this
Rebeca Lima document may not be eligible for sale in some states or countries, nor suitable
for all types of investors; their value and the income they produce may fluctuate
Sareh Forouzesh and/or be adversely affected by exchange rates. CDP refers to CDP North Ameri-
ca Inc., a not–for-profit organization with 501(c)3 charitable status in the US and
Helen Finlay CDP Worldwide, a registered charity (number 1122330) and a company limited
by guarantee, registered in England number 05013650.
Nadia Bishai
Silvia Abruscato This research included in this report was mode possible through funding by Wal-
mart Foundation. The findings, conclusions, and recommendations presented
in this report are those of CDP alone, and do not necessarily reflect the opinions
of the Walmart Foundation.
© 2021 CDP. All rights reserved.
2
Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 3
Executive Summary
The objective of this policy brief is of the medium and long-term results
to present the most recent develop- and the impacts of these initiatives.
ments on jurisdictional approach- However, the specialized literature
es, with a focus on jurisdictional has highlighted several benefits in
initiatives in commodity producing building collaborative partnerships
regions. Jurisdictional approach is an between the public sector, mainly
umbrella concept with several defini- at subnational level, and the private
tions. Those definitions have at least sector on the issues of forestry and
the following elements in common: land use.
jurisdictional approaches (i) bring
together all relevant stakeholders The potential results of jurisdictional
from a landscape defined by politi- approaches can help Brazil to comply
cal boundaries that are usually at the with its Nationally Determined Contri-
local government level, (ii) co-develop bution (NDC) submitted to the United
and align objectives aimed at promot- Nations Framework Convention on
ing sustainable practices within the Climate Change (UNFCCC), as well as
jurisdiction, and (iii) exhibit strong supporting local authorities and com-
subnational government leadership. panies to meet their voluntary climate
This policy brief presents a mapping action targets - such as the New York
of the status of the implementation Declaration on Forests (NYDF) or the
of these initiatives in Brazil, based Rio Branco Declaration of the Gover-
on the analysis of the information nors for Climate and Forests Forum
submitted by states and corporations Task Force (GCF Task Force).
to CDP in 2020. The data analyzed
shed light on the implementation of In the first section, the report intro-
jurisdictional approaches in the Bra- duces the concept of a jurisdictional
zilian states of the Legal Amazon, approach. An analysis is then made
including the different governance of the different initiatives centred on
arrangements for these initiatives, the concept of a jurisdictional ap-
and how they can contribute to re- proach. The third section presents
ducing deforestation rates. the main data related to the subject
of forestry that the states within the
The concept of a jurisdictional ap- Brazilian Legal Amazon provided to
proach is relatively new in the inter- CDP. The results regarding the imple-
national community. The first case mentation of jurisdictional approach-
in Brazil dates from the launch of es by companies are discussed in
the Produce, Conserve and Include the fourth section. Finally, the Policy
(PCI) Strategy by the state of Mato Brief gives recommendations for the
Grosso in 2015. Data is therefore still different stakeholders involved in ju-
limited for a more in-depth analysis risdictional approaches.
4
Key Takeaways
STATES COMPANIES
Of the nine states in the Jurisdictional initiatives can
Brazilian Legal Amazon, seven be part of a company’s toolkit
responded that they are aware for achieving sustainable
of, and are implementing, supply chains. Businesses
jurisdictional approaches, and can expand their sustainable
one state is still developing practices by engaging in
its jurisdictional approach. jurisdictional approaches,
allowing them to increase
The financial resources coming their environmental actions.
from international cooperation,
such as the Reduced Emissions In 2020, 687 companies voluntarily
from Deforestation and Forest disclosed their information on
Degradation (REDD+) program, impacts, risks and opportunities
are essential to support states related to forests, by responding
in implementing forest policies to CDP’s forests questionnaire.
and jurisdictional approaches. Of these companies, 47 are
However, there is a need for Brazilian, approximately 7% of
conceptual clarity to differentiate the total CDP forest sample,
jurisdictional REDD+ systems and which at the request of investors
jurisdictional approach initiatives or customers shared forest-
in commodity producing regions. related information on their
performance and commitments
The participation of states in multi- on commodities driving
stakeholder initiatives, such as global tropical deforestation.
the Governor’s Climate and Forest Approximately one third of the
Task Force (GCF), proved to be 47 companies analysed have
fundamental both in raising funds participated in external initiatives,
from international cooperation and seeking collaboration to solve
in implementing forest policies. issues related to deforestation.
The state of Mato Grosso, The Brazilian companies analysed
through the Produce, Conserve have participated more widely
and Include (PCI) Strategy, is in forums and multi-stakeholder
one of the world’s pioneers in initiatives than in jurisdictional
implementing a jurisdictional approaches, highlighting the
approach. Leadership on this need for corporate actions,
issue can have a catalytic effect jointly with the government, in
on the development of initiatives the regions where they operate.
in other states in the region.
5
Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 6
JURISDICTIONAL APPROACHES AND
THE CLIMATE ACTION AGENDA
Forests play a dual role on the climate the characteristics of each region, are
agenda. On the one hand, the change essential requirements for initiatives
in land use, resulting from deforesta- aimed at reversing forest loss. In this
tion among other causes of forest sense, jurisdictional approaches ap-
loss, represents the leading cause pear to be complementary to volun-
of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions tary individual and sectorial private
in Brazil(1). On the other hand, forests sector responses - such as the cor-
act as natural carbon reservoirs con- porate commitments to eliminate de-
tributing to the mitigation of climate forestation from commodity supply
change. In addition to carbon seques- chains. It is important to emphasize
tration, conserved natural areas are that it is not a question of denying
crucial for other ecosystem services sectorial and voluntary actions or
such as food provision and regula- proposing a definitive solution to
tion of the hydrological cycle, among a complex issue. On the contrary,
others(2). by placing local authorities at the
center of governance, jurisdictional
The causes of deforestation are mul- approaches recognize the specifics
tifaceted, with both direct factors, of each region and promote alterna-
such as changing land use for agricul- tives in the search for development
tural production, and indirect factors, strategies with low carbon emissions
such as the political, legal, social and with combined efforts from different
economic drivers. The involvement of sectors of society.
different actors, as well as the imple-
mentation of responses according to
JURISDICTIONAL APPROACH
Jurisdictional approach can be defined as an umbrella concept for several
definitions. Those definitions have at least the following features in common:
jurisdictional approaches (i) bring together all relevant stakeholders from a
landscape defined by political boundaries that are usually at the local govern-
ment level, (ii) co-develop objectives aimed at promoting sustainable practices
in this landscape, and (iii) exhibit strong subnational government leadership.
7
The forestry sector and land use
on the climate change agenda
Despite forestry gaining greater prom- with the period from 2004, the year
inence on the climate agenda over the Brazilian emissions peaked at 3.453
past few years, thanks to multi-stake- billion tons of CO2 emitted(4), to 2010,
holder initiatives such as the New Dec- when the country showed a signifi-
laration on Forests (NYDF), the Bonn cant trend towards reduction, cutting
Challenge, and the advancement of approximately 38% of its emissions.
REDD+ within the scope of the UNF- SEEG data shows that deforestation
CCC, the rate of loss of natural forests is the leading cause of the increase
increased by 43% between 2014 and in emissions for the year 2019, as the
2019(3). According to the 5-Year As- amount of GHG in the land-use sector
sessment Report of the NYDF, in the increased by 23% compared to 2018. In
last 3 years the number of companies general, the land-use sector represents
making commitments to reduce or 44% of Brazilian emissions, followed by
eliminate deforestation in their supply agriculture and livestock (28%), energy
chains has stalled. The report states (19%), industrial processes (5%) and
that the commitment to zero loss of waste (4%).
natural forests by 2030 will require a
paradigm shift based on principles This Policy Brief focus on the Amazon
such as placing greater value on for- can be justified by the fact that the
ests and their benefits, as well as mak- deforestation of this biome represents
ing the protection of remaining forests 87% of the gross emissions of the land-
a priority. Finally, there is a clear need use sector in Brazil(5). In addition, the
to connect the efforts of public and loss of native vegetation (primary and
private actors, who in most cases are secondary) in the biome increased by
isolated, and to make them more am- 42% between 2018 and 2019. Emis-
bitious in terms of forest protection. sions from other biomes came from
Cerrado (6%), Atlantic Forest (5%) and
The 2020 report by the Greenhouse Pantanal, Pampa and Caatinga (each
(6)
Gas Emission and Removal Estimat- approximately 1%) .
A
ing System (SEEG) on Brazilian GHG
emissions indicated a growth trend in
the country's emissions since 2010.
An increase of 9.6% was identified in
gross emissions in 2019 compared
to the previous year. This contrasts
A
The Greenhouse Gas Emission and Removal Estimating System (SEEG) is an initiative of the Climate Observatory that comprises the pro-
duction of annual estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Brazil, analytical documents on the evolution of emissions and a portal on
the internet for making the system's methods and data simple and clear. Estimates of emissions and removal of greenhouse gases are made
according to the guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), based on the methodology of the Brazilian Inventories
of Anthropogenic Emissions and Removal of Greenhouse Gases, prepared by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI), and
data obtained from government reports, institutes, research centers, sectoral entities and non-governmental organizations. http://educaclima.
mma.gov.br/panorama-das-emissoes-de-gases-de-efeito-estufa-e-acoes-de-mitigacao-no-brasil/
8
Origins of the concept of a
jurisdictional approach
Over the past decade, the literature a jurisdictional approach is the central
(7 a,b,c)
has identified some obstacles role of public authority. In this sense,
that have hindered the effectiveness the jurisdictional approach is a type of
of climate actions for forest and land landscape approach developed with-
use, including: in the administrative boundaries of a
government(10). Boyd et al. (2018) and
The incompatibility between the Nepstad et al. (2013) argue that the
potential results of individual forest main characteristic of a jurisdictional
protection projects with a focus on
reducing emissions and improving
approach is based on the leadership
the quality of life of communities of subnational governments, and not
and the scale required for a national governments, on forest and
significant reduction in emissions. land use issues within a legally defined
The limitation of approaches to area.
sustainable supply chains focused on
certification, with limited impact on
reducing deforestation in the area. The concept of a jurisdictional ap-
The stagnation of the number proach has gained increasing promi-
of companies that have made nence in academic and international
commitments to reduce or
community debates. For example, the
eliminate deforestation in their
supply chains in recent years. NYDF's 5-year assessment report illus-
Implementation of zero-deforestation trates that jurisdictional approaches
commitments in companies’ can represent a new strategy in the
supply chains has been slow, fight against deforestation(11). A study
with actions remaining limited
in their geographical scope.
conducted by the Earth Innovation
Institute(12) identified 39 jurisdictions
In addition, the role of public policies at in 12 countries, representing 28% of
different levels has been increasingly the world’s tropical forests, which have
recognized as fundamental in ensur- made commitments to implement a
ing positive results for forests, the cli- low emissions development agenda
mate, communities and indigenous in a jurisdictional approach format.
peoples. States and regions, notably Out of all the initiatives analysed, 19
in federal countries like Brazil, have the jurisdictions reduced their deforesta-
power to take decisions directly relat- tion rates compared to the projected
ed to land use and greater proximity to subnational forest reference levels.
rural landowners and communities.(8) For the authors of the study, this re-
duction can be attributed to national
It is in this scenario that the concept and local political interventions and
of a jurisdictional approach emerges. the performance of the private sector.
Although there is no consensus on a
single definition(9), the main feature of
9
Figure 1: Overview of the jurisdictional approaches
Participation
B
A
Government working together
A with other interested parties.
B Shared Goals
Agreement on the main
C Activities Calibration
E Collaborations and activities of
different groups. objectives / results.
D Accountability
Offering guarantees and
credibility in the long term.
Scale
D C
E
Development and implementation
in a landscape / jurisdiction
Source: Adapted from Proforest 2016.
CURRENT DEFINITIONS OF JURISDICTIONAL APPROACH
Proforest, Jurisdictional initiatives bring together the relevant stakeholders
in a region, at the scale of jurisdiction, to agree goals, align
2016
activities and share monitoring and verification.
Stickler Jurisdictional approach is a type of integrated landscape management,
with an important distinguishing feature: the landscape is defined
et al., 2018
by policy-relevant boundaries and the underlying strategy is
designed to achieve a high level of governmental involvement.
AFi, 2019 Jurisdictional approach: a type of landscape approach that
is developed within the administrative boundaries of sub-
national or national governments, usually with emphasis on
the role of government in public policy, land-use planning,
law enforcement, investment, or other functions.
WWF, 2016 Jurisdictional approaches to zero-deforestation commodities (JA-
ZDCs) lie at the intersection of three existing strategies to reduce
forest loss and deforestation, along with improving the health and
sustainability of rural and frontier economies: landscape approaches,
jurisdictional approaches, and voluntary corporate sustainability efforts.
10Main benefits of implementing
jurisdictional approaches
Considering that jurisdictional ap- leakage, in other words, when
proaches are relatively nascent, it deforestation is transferred
is still too early to make inferences to another location.
about their direct contribution to the Possibility of attracting
reduction of deforestation rates(13). resources for local initiatives
However, despite recognizing the and local authorities,
need for more time to gain institu- through pay-for-results
tional strength from these initiatives, programs such as REDD+.
several authors(14 a,b,c) have already
identified clear contributions, such as:
It should be acknowledged that the
implementation of jurisdictional ap-
Greater legitimacy and durability proaches can present some challeng-
of the actions due to their es, such as (I) the lack of conceptual
multi-stakeholder nature. clarity which prevents a comparative
The implementation of performance evaluation, (ii) political
structures for experimentation turnover that might halt long term ac-
and innovation in terms tion prioritizing the forestry and land
of governance. use sector, (iii) little understanding in
The emergence of new the private and public sectors of the
market options, such as the potential for collaborative action, and
purchase of commodities from finally, (iv) the lack of definition on
preferential jurisdictions. how to promote the recognition and
Greater clarity of performance accountability of the actors in relation
targets helping to ensure that to the objectives of the jurisdictional
(16 a, b)
actors in all sectors within approaches .
a jurisdiction are working
towards the same objectives
through strategic policies,
programs and initiatives.
Establishment of public-
private partnerships to address
issues that could undermine
supply chain efforts aimed at
combating the occurrence of
11THE CASE OF THE PRODUCE, CONSERVE AND INCLUDE
(15)
STRATEGY, LED BY THE STATE OF MATO GROSSO
Mato Grosso has shown itself to be a jurisdiction ready for the engagement of
stakeholders thanks to the Produce, Conserve, Include (PCI) strategy launched
in 2015. PCI brings together government agencies, civil society organizations,
rural producer organizations and companies to strive towards actions aimed at
reducing deforestation and increasing the production of commodities in a key
Brazilian state for agricultural production. In 2019, the Mato Grosso government
created the PCI Institute, an independent non-profit institution which acts as
the “official vehicle to enable multi-stakeholder coordination, advise on public
policies and measures, lead fundraising efforts and manage and monitor PCI
programs.” Alongside the benefits of reducing deforestation – including the
avoidance of GHG emissions - the implementation of the jurisdictional approach
has allowed the Mato Grosso government to: (i) gain more legitimacy for imple-
menting its environmental actions due to a permanent and structured dialogue
with producers in the PCI, (ii) establish public-private partnerships, e.g. for the
transformation of regions into deforestation-free sourcing areas; (iii) raise funds
for projects related to technical assistance for producers on-the-ground, (iv)
be positioned as an international jurisdiction which in the long-term aims to
be a low-risk sourcing region.; (v) better understand how the state can support
each of its regions thanks to a map that classifies each municipality based on
past deforestation rates and remaining native vegetation; among other factors.
Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 12JURISDICTIONAL APPROACH:
CURRENT ENABLERS
In order to respond to the challeng- Further fostering dialogue among
es of implementing jurisdictional ap- different stakeholders is a dynamic
proaches, the international communi- online platform focused on jurisdic-
ty, with a special focus on civil society tional approaches, Jurisdictional Ap-
organizations, has developed different proaches Resource Hub(17), recently
methodologies and initiatives to en- launched by the Tropical Forest Alli-
courage implementation and to mea- ance (TFA), gathering relevant infor-
sure the impact of the actions based mation on the topic, such as publi-
on jurisdictional approaches. cations and webinars. The website
also guides companies on possible
Companies have engaged in precom- modalities of engagement with JAs,
petitive industry forums/initiatives focusing on concrete case studies
like the Consumer Goods Forum’s (worldwide) developed through pri-
Forest Positive Coalition of Action, vate and public sector engagement
the Soft Commodities Forum and the processes and actions. It describes
Cocoa & Forests Initiative, in order to the business cases, estimates the
incorporate and better align corporate resources necessary and provides
strategies and actions when engag- insights for companies to adopt ju-
ing with landscape and jurisdictional risdictional approaches.
initiatives.
Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 13An overview of the ‘ecosystem’
of jurisdictional frameworks
The ‘ecosystem’ of jurisdictional ap- progress using a consistent, reliable
proaches brings together different ini- and clear reporting structure. This will
tiatives and guidelines in development, be possible thanks to a broad align-
such as LandScale, SourceUp (former ment on metrics and the methodolo-
Verified Sourcing Areas), Commodities gy to measure and communicate the
Jurisdiction Approach (CJA) and the progress of the initiatives of jurisdic-
ISEAL Alliance Practical Guide. tional approaches, and by incorporat-
ing such results in the reporting by
In addition, CDP and the ISEAL Alli- companies and states.
ance have pledged to work collabo-
ratively to achieve the mutual goal
of providing companies with a clear
path to support and invest in credi-
ble jurisdictional approach initiatives
with measurable progress to address
key sustainability issues. By working
together, the two organizations aim
to ensure that jurisdictions (states)
and companies that buy goods from
these locations are able to report their
Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 14Table 1: Enablers and guidelines based
on the concept of jurisdictional approachesB
INITIATIVE OBJECTIVES COMPONENTS GOALS
C (18)
LandScale LandScale is a system Through an online platform, A verification and claims
to generate trusted LandScale provides a framework mechanism enables
landscape-level insights and guidelines for assessing results to be credibly
Rainforest
that can align and status and trends in critical communicated to key
Alliance, Verra
incentivize local and indicators of sustainability at a stakeholders, including
and Conservation
global action to deliver landscape scale. investors, commodity
International
sustainability at scale. buyers, and policymakers.
(members of
the LandScale
Secretariat)
SourceUp SourceUp is a collaborative Its methodology is composed of A compact can be
19) platform that connects three main elements: evaluated by the
(former VSA) global companies and 1. Compact; SourceUp panel and being
investors with multi- 2. Committed end buyer; and recognized as a Verified
IDH – the stakeholder coalitions 3. Transparent platform. Sourcing Area based
Sustainable Trade in producing regions It is founded on global impact on certain design and
Initiative Global (Compacts) to engage themes (respectively forest performance criteria.
steering committee: and align in common protection, land tenure, labor, and
World Bank, WRI sustainability challenges. transparency), that are measured
PepsiCo, JDE with a short-list of core and local
Mars, Conservation indicators (prioritised by the
International, local coalitions).
Proforest, among
others.
Commodities/ The CJA initiative aims to The CJA evaluates national The program also aims
link companies committed and sub-national jurisdictional to facilitate matchmaking
Jurisdictions to reducing deforestation initiatives against a detailed between performing
Approach(20) in their supply chains with assessment framework jurisdictions and
(CJA) government-led forest covering social, environmental, committed supply chain
and climate jurisdictional and governance criteria companies, resulting
WWF US, Climate initiatives. The approach and indicators to identify in overall enhanced
Focus and Meridian seeks to increase incentives jurisdictions that are protection of natural
Institute for national and sub- successfully reducing resources and reduced
national governments forest degradation and GHG emissions.
to scale their forest and deforestation and showcases
climate programs by these programs in an online
increasing purchases from database.
preferential sourcing.
Jurisdictional The Good Practice Guide The Good Practice Guide The Guide is an
aims to build awareness describes good practices overarching framework
Monitoring and alignment of credible for the structures that a that supports and is
and Claims practices for monitoring JA should put in place and consistent with the
Good Practice and verifying jurisdictional expectations around monitoring other more detailed
Guide(21) progress and the actions of performance. It also implementation
companies take to support describes the types of claims frameworks described
JAs. that jurisdictions can make before.
ISEAL Alliance. about operational progress and
performance improvements,
and the claims that companies
can make about the actions
they have taken.
B
This an overview of the most prominent frameworks and it is not intended to include all initiatives in the jurisdictional
approach’s arena. Therefore, the framework described was chosen by the writers based on the relevance for this study.
C
LandScale is a landscape level approach meaning it is not limited by jurisdictional
boundaries nor does it require the involvement of governments.
15The relationship between jurisdictional
approaches and REDD+ programs
Some of the most important juris- In other words, the implementation
dictional initiatives have emerged of jurisdictional approaches by sub-
thanks to financial instruments, national governments encourages
such as REDD+ and other payment the attraction of financial resources
programs for environmental services, for international cooperation. In this
which allow the transfer of resources sense, the case of the Mato Grosso
based on results in reducing defor- PCI is a pioneer in using the first fund-
estation within a given jurisdiction(22). raising (REDD+ Early Movers Program
in Germany) of the state REDD+ sys-
tem for actions directly linked to the
(23)
PCI goals .
GOVERNOR’S CLIMATE AND FOREST TASK FORCE
The GCF, launched in 2008, brings together 38 states and provinces from
10 countries with the objective of empowering local authorities and their
partners to implement jurisdictional approaches to low-emission sustainable
development trajectories, as well as promoting forest governance, encour-
aging new technical and financial mechanisms and increasing opportunities
for local communities and indigenous populations. The 9 Brazilian states of
the Legal Amazon are part of the initiative and have been receiving support
from GCF to implement their jurisdictional REDD+ programs. In 2014, states
and provinces launched the Rio Branco Declaration formalizing the commit-
ment of GCF members to “reduce deforestation, develop partnerships with
private sector initiatives that leverage the opportunities available through
jurisdictional programs that can channel, in a rapid and effective manner,
performance-based funds to promote forest-based economic development
that respects forests for producers, foresters, farmers, ranchers, indigenous
peoples, local communities and other forest stakeholders”.
16For a better understanding of how strengthen governance and efforts
to find long-term solutions.
different initiatives to combat defor-
estation interact in a given scenar- Potential alignment of the benefits and
objectives of the different stakeholders.
io, Umunay et al. (2018) coined the
term ‘trifecta’ to designate cases of
overlap between jurisdictional ap-
proaches, REDD+ and private sector The study developed by Umunay et
commitments such as certifications al. (2018) takes into account that ju-
and zero deforestation initiatives for risdictional approaches can also be
commodities (soy, cattle, cocoa, palm implemented at the national level,
oil or wood and cellulose). In addition which led them to identify 13 cases
to identifying the different cases, the of trifecta and 6 more cases of bifecta
authors argue that trifecta strategies around the world. Surprisingly, only
are part of complementary initiatives two cases of trifecta and bifecta led
and provide several benefits, such as: by local authorities were identified in
the study. The first case is from the
Coordinated and integrated state of Acre, which was characterized
strategies for deforestation- as a bifecta for the overlapping of a
free commodity demands. jurisdictional approach and the REDD+
Public-private partnership platforms. program, and the second case is the
Cooperation at the jurisdictional level. trifecta of the state of Mato Grosso,
Involvement of local actors when aggregating the three initiatives
and private sector entities that within its boundaries.
Figure 2: Elements of a trifecta jurisdiction
REDD+
Programs
TRIFECTA
JURISDICTION
Jurisdictional Private
approaches sector
Source: Adapted.
17Finally, there is a newly launched initia- Once issued, these serialized credits
tive connecting jurisdictional REDD+ can be sold in voluntary or compliance
programs to the carbon market. The markets. Although ART is focused on
Architecture for REDD+ Transactions national-level REDD+, it also allows di-
(ART)(24), and its associated jurisdic- rect subnational participation accord-
tional TREES standard, aims to facili- ing to certain criteria such as national
tate transactions between corporate government approval.
buyers and governments regarding
the purchase of jurisdictional-scale
credits. ART will provide a standard
process to transparently register, verify
and issue REDD+ emission reductions
credits.
BENEFITS OF STATES DISCLOSURE
TO CDP PLATFORM
CDP provides a platform for states The CDP questionnaire for states
and regions to report their environ- and regions already encompasses
mental actions. The annual report questions regarding jurisdictional
allows states to disclose their infor- approaches which are being ex-
mation in the world’s most compre- panded within the context of CDP’s
hensive platform gathering data not current strategy to reflect progress
only from states and regions but also and key actions. States and regions
from cities and companies. For states are able to:
and regions:
Make a comparative analysis with
The CDP platform is free of charge. other jurisdictional initiatives.
The disclosure can be one of the tools Disclose information on a platform
to manage their environmental infor- also widely used by companies and
mation in a standardized approach. investors operating around the globe,
fostering public-private engagement
There is the opportunity to showcase
on their jurisdictional initiatives.
their actions in the Open Data Portal.
Showcase the jurisdiction’s progress
on meeting deforestation and other
environmental commitments, as
well as the states and regions
collaboration and engagement with
stakeholders in reaching the shared
goals of the jurisdictional initiative.
18OVERVIEW OF THE JURISDICTIONAL
APPROACHES IN THE BRAZILIAN
STATES OF THE LEGAL AMAZON
In 2020, 26 Brazilian states disclosed approach. These questions were not
their environmental performance available for the state of Amapá, as
through CDP’s States and Regions the question about jurisdictional ap-
questionnaire. Of these, 9 states - se- proach is dependent on a positive
lected for being in the Legal Amazon answer about deforestation being
regionD - were analysed, taking into a problem for the state (graph 1). In
account the range of jurisdictional this sense, all the following graphs
approaches. will only provide an analysis for 8
states. It is noteworthy that the state
As shown in graph 1 below, 6 states of Amapá answered in another sec-
responded that they are aware of, and tion of the questionnaire regarding
are implementing, jurisdictional initia- the implementation of jurisdictional
tives, while one state is aware of, but approach as a practice to ensure for-
not yet implementing, such initiatives. est protection.
The state of Pará did not respond to
questions regarding the jurisdictional
Graph 1: Is your region aware of juristictional approaches
and are you implementing any address deforestation,
forest degradation and /or forest restoration?
8
6
1 1
Aware of juristicaiotnal Aware of No answer Total
approaches and juristicaiotnal
implementing approaches but
D
According to Complementary Law No. 124 of January 3rd, 2007, it covers the States of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Rondônia,
Roraima, Tocantins, Pará and Maranhão (in its portion to the west of the 44th Meridian). The Legal Amazon represents 59% of Brazilian territory
and includes the entire Amazon biome plus a percentage of the Cerrado and Pantanal.
19When asked about the type of jurisdic- of its performance; and (5) socio-en-
tional approach implemented, some vironmental safeguards that include
states highlighted the local develop- everything from gender equality to
ment of REDD+ programs. The use benefit sharing.
of financial resources coming from
programs such as REDD+ can act as The state of Rondônia describes the
leverage for jurisdictional approach- implementation of two jurisdictional
es. This is because some REDD+ approaches in the state. The first re-
programs have activities for aligning fers to the formalization of policies,
common objectives with/of different notably the State Policy for Climate
sectors of society and local authority Governance and Environmental Ser-
leaders, which overlap with charac- vices (PGSA), and instruments within
teristics of jurisdictional approaches. the legal framework of the State Sys-
Finally, it should be noted that the title tem for Climate Governance and En-
of the support offered to the states vironmental Services (SGSA). PGSA's
of the Amazon to implement REDD+ objectives are to: guarantee the reduc-
programs through the GCF Task Force, tion of GHG emissions; mitigate and
called the REDD+ jurisdictional sys- adapt the impacts of climate change;
tem, may also be a factor that led the ensure food production, the mainte-
states (Acre, Maranhão, Roraima and nance of biodiversity and the rights of
Tocantins) to include the activities of indigenous peoples or traditional com-
these programs as a jurisdictional munities; and promote sustainable
approach. economic development with low GHG
emissions. The second description fo-
The state of Roraima, for example, cusses on the Plan of Prevention, Con-
pointed out that the REDD+ project, trol and Sustainable Alternatives to
developed and implemented in part- Deforestation in the state of Rondônia
nership with IPAM, was the result of (PPCASD/RO), which aims to gradually
support from the GCF Task Force. reduce deforestation rates in the state
while guaranteeing the protection and
The state of Acre mentions the Car- management of special areas (Indige-
bon Program, in partnership with the nous Lands and Conservation Units),
ISA organization, which can also be and the sustainable management of
categorized as a jurisdictional REDD+ rural properties.
system. Another example is the state
of Maranhão, which mentioned the As highlighted in the previous sec-
support of the GCF Task Force in de- tions, the state of Mato Grosso, with
veloping its REDD+ jurisdictional sys- its “Produce, Conserve and Include”
tem. The Maranhão project comprises (PCI) strategy, represents one of the
the following elements: (1) an institu- most advanced examples of juris-
tional management system, (2) proce- dictional approaches in the world.
dures and criteria for decision-making, The PCI aims to raise funds for the
(3) financial management structure state of Mato Grosso to expand and
and processes, (4) means of social increase the efficiency of agricultural
control, transparency and monitoring and forestry production, to conserve
20the remaining native vegetation, to re- by Decree No. 468 on March 31st,
compose environmental liabilities and 2016. The Committee is responsible
the socio-economic inclusion of family for approving the planning of actions
farming, as well as to achieve a reduc- prepared by the secretariats coordinat-
tion in carbon emissions and increase ing the thematic areas, monitoring the
carbon sequestration by up to 6 GtCO2 implementation of the strategy and
by 2030, by controlling deforestation the achievement of goals, as well as
and developing a low carbon economy the definition of its governance struc-
(25)
. The PCI strategy evolved from a ture and fundraising mechanisms.
collective and participatory project
involving different state departments,
representatives of non-governmental
organizations, private companies and
entities representing sectors of the
state economy. PCI is a set of goals
to help achieve its objectives. For the
implementation of this strategy, the
State Strategy Committee: Produce,
Conserve and Include (CEEPCI) and its
organizational structure were created,
Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 21Analysis of the responses to the
CDP questionnaire by Brazilian
states of the Legal Amazon
All 6 states in the Legal Amazon that the adoption of a Verified Sourcing
answered that they had implemented Areas methodology. A summary of
a jurisdictional approach affirmed they the states’ answers to the CDP 2020
have a multi-stakeholder governance questionnaire regarding the jurisdic-
structure. Interestingly, Rondônia re- tional approaches’ governance struc-
plied that LandScale methodology ture is displayed bellow.
is applied, while Roraima mentioned
REDD+
Jurisdictional
System and
Payment for
Environmental
Services
Verified
Sourcing Areas
RR
AP
REDD+
Jurisdictional
System
AM
MA
PA
N
300 km
AC
TO
RO
REDD +
(ISA Carbon
Program), Rural MT
Environmental Climate
Registry Governance and States of the
(CAR) and Environmental Legal Amazon
Environmental Services Policy
Regularization (PGSA) and Plan
Program (PRA) for Prevention,
Control and Produce, Amazon biome
Sustainable Conserve and
Alternatives to Include Strategy
Deforestation (PCI) and PPCDIF
LandScale
No answer Follows a multi-stakeholder
governance structure
Include an assessment program
Definition of the applied methodology
Include a verification process
D
Despite having responded that it is aware of and implementing a jurisdictional approach,
Amazonas has not provided any information about the initiative in the state.
22The main areas on which the Brazilian of natural habitats as a focus area.
states in the Legal Amazon are focus- In the other category, the states men-
ing their jurisdictional approaches tioned forest fires, low carbon agri-
are deforestation and forest degra- culture and reduced emissions from
dation, followed by forest restoration deforestation and forest degradation.
(see Graph 2). Maranhão was the
only state to show the conversion
Graph 2: Focus areas of the jurisdictional approaches
Deforestation Restoration Others
26% 26% 21% 6% 21%
Forest degradation Conversion of
natural habitats
For the drivers that jurisdictional ap- agriculture. Roraima and Rondômia
proaches address, the CDP question- also reported fires, livestock, large-
naire selects the pre-filled options in scale agriculture and unsustainable
the questionaire on deforestation. logging (see graph 3).
Maranhão and Mato Grosso did
not report any drivers, while Acre
and Roraima reported small-scale
Graph 3: Drivers addressed
by the JA implemented by Brazilian
States in the Legal Amazon
Fires Small-scale agriculture and colonization Unsustainable logging
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
Livestock Large-scale agriculture No answer
23TOCANTINS PREPARES TO LAUNCH REDD+ JURISDICTIONAL PROGRAM In its response to the 2020 CDP questionnaire, the state of Tocantins highlighted the Integrated and Sustainable Regional Development Project (PDRIS), which includes the development of the Tocantins REDD+ Jurisdictional Program. This is the first REDD+ program in Brazil to focus on the Cerrado biome. The REDD+ Jurisdictional Program will have the following objectives: to outline REDD+ socio-environmental safeguards, taking into account the charac- teristics of the state; provide security and subsidize low-carbon economy programs, which reduce the pressures of deforestation and degradation and benefit local communities. It will include REDD+ activities in a state/national emission reduction program, in line with state policies and action plans, with biome plans and the National Policy on Climate Change (PNMC). It will also have a Benefit Distribution Plan, and the distribution should benefit equally all the actors involved, including indigenous peoples, traditional and quilombola populations, as well as the communities in the areas impacted by the program and projects. Finally, the state stressed that a marketing and dissemination plan will be designed in order to attract investment to the state and to identify partners and supporters. Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 24
Table 3: Examples of initiatives implemented
by subnational governments
STATE EXEMPLOS DE INICIATIVAS DE GOVERNANÇA FLORESTAL
Acre (26) The State Program of Incentive System for Environmental Services (SISA) creates
incentives for the conservation of ecosystem services for indigenous peoples
(PI), local communities (CL), smallholders and others. In addition, the ISA-Carbon
Program promotes zero-deforestation beef production.
Amazonas (27) The State Environmental Services Policy (PESA) describes the creation of a
jurisdictional REDD+ plan.
Maranhão (28) The Maranhão Verde Program - aimed at families living in Conservation Units - and
the establishment of SEMA's Green Economy Superintendence are initial efforts
towards the transition to a low carbon economy.
Mato Grosso (29) Mato Grosso is the leading global testing-ground for large-scale Jurisdictional
Supply Agreements, with ongoing negotiations with the Federation of European
Animal Feed Manufacturers (FEFAC) and the China Soy Industry Association for
sustainable soy cultivation.
Pará (30) The Pará Livestock Agreement consists of a sustainable supply structure that has
been instrumental in reducing deforestation and promoting the regularization of
land tenure. However, the main challenges include monitoring indirect suppliers
and expanding the number of signatory slaughterhouses.
Rondônia (31) Rondônia is a pioneer in updating its state Ecological-Economic Zoning in order
to align with the Forest Code, through the use of a multi-stakeholder approach
with workshops held in 7 municipalities in the state (which are considered state
micro-regions), in addition to a public consultation.
Source: State profiles were published by the Earth Innovation Institute. It should be noted that they were
not prepared for the following states of the Legal Amazon: Amapá, Roraima and Tocantins.
Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 25OVERVIEW OF THE PERFORMANCE
OF BRAZILIAN COMPANIES IN
JURISDICTIONAL APPROACHES
In 2020, more than 650 companies to curb deforestation in their opera-
around the world voluntarily dis- tions or supply chains. In 2020, 34%
closed their information on impacts, of Brazilian companies participated
risks and opportunities related to for- in external initiatives for at least one
ests, by responding to CDP’s forests of the reported commodities. The
questionnaire. external participation comes most-
ly from multi-stakeholder initiatives
Of these companies, 47 are Brazilian, (21%), followed by involvement with
which at the request of investors or non-governmental organizations
customers shared forests-related in- (11%), governments and policymakers
formation on their performance and (6%), and jurisdictional approaches
commitments on commodities driving (4%), as shown in Graph 4.
tropical deforestation globally(36). In
this sample, the commodities used Among the multi-stakeholder initia-
and/or traded by Brazilian companies tives and/or partnerships (e.g. Forest
are timber products (43%), followed by Stewardship Council) highlighted by
soy (23%), cattle products (17%) and companies (respectively 21% of the to-
6
palm oil (13%) . tal), there are initiatives involving NGOs
and specific forums for commodities
Companies reported working with oth- such as the Global Round-table for
er actors to coordinate and achieve Sustainable Beef and the Round-table
sectoral and global commitments on Responsible Soy.
Graph 4: Types of initiatives/activities adopted by companies
21%
11%
6%
4%
Multi-partnership or Engaging with Engaging with Involved in
stakeholder initiatives non-governamental policymakers or jurisdictional
organziations governments approaches
6
CDP data is stratified by commodity and companies can report information for more than
one commodity, which is why the percentages exceed 100 percent.
26Corporate performance in
jurisdictional approaches
In view of the increasing rates of achieve common goals. In these ap-
deforestation and the difficulties in proaches, companies start to look not
fulfilling global commitments to elimi- only at their supply chain, but also at
nate deforestation in value chains (for opportunities to actively collaborate
example the New York Declaration on with other local stakeholders to im-
Forests - NYDF), new proposals have prove the region's socio-environmen-
been sought to combine efforts of tal performance, initiatives in which
different stakeholders (such as the some Brazilian companies are already
government and private initiatives), participating.
and to strengthen regional actions to
Photo: Amaggi
AMAGGI
AMAGGI has been part of the PCI Institute since 2015, founded with the main
mission of supporting actions by the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, to achieve
its goals of production, conservation and inclusion. With a vision of social and
economic development for by 2030 through the sustainable use of natural re-
sources, government, the private sector and civil society are working together
to reconcile the agricultural potential with the environmental assets of Mato
Grosso, in line with AMAGGI's Global Sustainability Program Positioning, in
addition to the company commitment to a zero-deforestation supply chain
and native vegetation conversion.
In addition, as a founding member AMAGGI is currently a member of the PCI
Institute Board of Directors, as well as a representative of the private sector.
The company's main role is to represent the private sector in the PCI Insti-
tute's strategic and operational plans. This allows AMAGGI to implement joint
actions and projects in partnership with other stakeholders. Consequently,
it also delivers better results for the Mato Grosso State in PCI’s core areas:
Produce, Conserve and Include.
27Main benefits for companies
Increase knowledge of local therefore support their efforts
dynamics in the regions in at achieving zero deforestation
which they operate: targets and traceability. With
Companies have the opportunity scale, there is potential for more
to learn about the challenges flexibility and transparency.
of the regions in which they
operate (e.g. small producers’ Foster more sustainable supply
lack of adequate tools), chains: Organizations can
engage in dialogue with other choose to purchase products
stakeholders, and therefore from committed jurisdictions
continuously refine and that are working to improve
improve their approach. This performance on economic and
information can help companies socio-environmental issues.
to assess and monitor local
risks and, through their actions Combining performance
on the ground, support local with social improvement
efforts to mitigate them. in the regions: In addition
to the objectives related to
Facilitate the achievement environmental issues, some
of corporate goals: Through initiatives have sought to
action in jurisdictional improve the livelihood of
initiatives, companies can the region's residents, which
make joint efforts with other can be promoted by, for
organizations, as well as example, sharing the best
governments, to achieve production practices and
shared socio-environmental land tenure regularization.
goals, such as reducing
deforestation in the region to
zero or improving standards
of living and human rights.
Scale supply chain traceability,
monitoring and verification
efforts: By engaging at the
level of a jurisdiction with
other key partners, companies
can potentially increase their
current supply chain efforts to
ensure larger scale compliance
within their sourcing areas and
28RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
POLICYMAKERS AND JURISDICTIONAL
APPROACH STAKEHOLDERS
Deforestation remains a central issue 1 Promote greater clarity in the
for most states in the Legal Amazon definition of the concept of a
and for companies operating in this jurisdictional approach:
area. Both consumers and investors The absence of a clear definition
increasingly exert pressure on those makes it more difficult for states
companies to adopt more sustainable and companies to incorporate
production practices on a large scale. the concept. Therefore, the
Jurisdictional approaches are a tool various initiatives under
to support subnational governments development can establish
and companies to align objectives foundations and conceptual
aiming at environmental, social and boundaries to encourage the
economic outcomes. Even if jurisdic- engagement of stakeholders in
tional approaches can be classified as the initiatives, and particularly
a recent concept, one of the pioneering to allow the monitoring of the
examples has come from Brazil: the implemented actions and the
Produce, Conserve and Include (PCI) definition of criteria for purposes
strategy in the state of Mato Grosso. of comparison. All this would
Other states from the Brazilian Legal ensure that actors in all sectors
Amazon are also implementing juris- within a jurisdiction are working
dictional initiatives. Data from CDP’s towards the same objectives
2020 forests questionnaire shows that through strategic policies,
approximately one third of Brazilian programs and initiatives. There
companies reporting for at least one is also a need, especially for
commodity - cattle, soy, timber or palm the states of the Brazilian Legal
oil - participated in external initiatives. Amazon, to identify separately
However, only 4% of those companies jurisdictional REDD+ Programs
engage in jurisdictional approaches. and jurisdictional approaches
Based on the analysis conducted, three implemented in areas with
top-tier policy recommendations were high levels of commodity
made to increase and accelerate the production. For companies, the
uptake of these approaches by Brazilian rich ecosystem of jurisdictional
companies. approach initiatives, such
as LandScale, SourceUp,
CJA and the ISEAL Alliance
Jurisdictional Monitoring and
Claims Good Practice Guide,
can support their engagement.
292 Foster structured collaboration 3 Strengthen tools to share
between public and private experiences among jurisdictional
sectors to establish shared initiatives: Despite the
environmental goals: specificities of each region, the
Partnerships between the public exchange of knowledge gained
and private sector, with robust can encourage states to develop
leadership from subnational their jurisdictional approaches.
governments, can be an The experimentation allowed by
effective approach to halting the novelty of these approaches
/ deforestation. Jurisdictional can be an obstacle for states
approaches can act as a that have limited human and
complementary tool to voluntary financial resources and extensive
individual and sectoral private environmental agendas to
sector responses, such as the be followed. Initiatives for
corporate commitments to knowledge sharing at the
eliminate deforestation from international level, such as the
commodity supply chains. The Jurisdictional Approach Hub, and
main focus of the jurisdictional at the national level, led by the
approaches of the Brazilian Brazilian Secretariat of the GCF
states in the Legal Amazon Task Force, can play a crucial role
is deforestation and forest in disseminating the jurisdictional
degradation. However, structured experiences and facilitating
collaborations between public the dialogue among the
and private actors aiming at stakeholders of each initiative.
actions to halt deforestation
can be reinforced. For instance, 4 Enhance corporate and states
the establishment of insulated transparency on jurisdictional
multi-stakeholder governance approaches through disclosure:
structures can achieve medium Considering that jurisdictional
and long-term goals. The initiatives are still new in the
adoption of state-level policies, international community,
such as specific laws regarding stakeholders and beneficiaries
jurisdictional approaches, is of these initiatives can increase
critical to ensure the collaboration the demands for corporate and
between public and private sector state transparency. The CDP
representatives. Additionally, questionnaire is an important
mainstreaming clear governance tool allowing both public and
structures for all stakeholders, private sector representatives
as well as monitoring systems to measure and report their
and transparency mechanisms progress on the implementation
for agreed shared goals, of jurisdictional approaches
can be beneficial for all against comparable, robust
jurisdictional initiatives. and consistent criteria.
30References
1 Observatório do Clima (2020). 8 Stickler et al. (2014). Fostering low-
Greenhouse Gas Emission and Removal emission rural development from the
Estimating System (SEEG). Retrieved ground up. Retrieved from https://
from http://plataforma.seeg.eco.br/map earthinnovation.org/publications/
fostering_led-r_tropics-pdf/
2 IPCC (2019, August 07). Climate Change
and Land. Retrieved from https://www. 9 Hovani, L., Cortez, R., Hartanto, H.,
ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/08/4.- Thompson, I., Fishbein, G., Adams, J.,
SPM_Approved_Microsite_FINAL.pdf Myers Madeira, E. (2018). The Role of
Jurisdictional Programs in Catalyzing
3 NYDF Assessment Partners. (2019).
Sustainability Transitions in Tropical
Protecting and Restoring Forests: A
Forest Landscapes. The Nature
Story of Large Commitments yet Limited
Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA.
Progress. New York Declaration on
Forests Five-Year Assessment Report. 10 Denier, L., Scherr, S., Shames, S.,
Climate Focus (coordinator and editor). Chatterton, P., Hovani, L., Stam, N. 2015.
Accessible at forestdeclaration.org. The Little Sustainable Landscapes
Book. Global Canopy Programme,
4 EducaClima, Ministry of Environment
Oxford, UK. Retrieved from https://
(2018, April 25). Overview of greenhouse
globalcanopy.org/wp-content/
gas emissions and mitigation actions
uploads/2021/01/GCP_LSLB_EN.pdf
in Brazil. Retrieved from http://
educaclima.mma.gov.br/panorama-das- 11 Chervier C, Piketty M-G and Reed
emissoes-de-gases-de-efeito-estufa- J (2020) A Tentative Theory of
e-acoes-de-mitigacao-no-brasil/ Change to Evaluate Jurisdictional
Approaches to Reduced Deforestation.
5 Observatório do Clima (202).
Front. For. Glob. Change 3:498151.
Greenhouse Gas Emission and Removal
doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2020.498151
Estimating System (SEEG). Retrieved
from http://plataforma.seeg.eco.br/map 12 CM Stickler, AE Duchelle, JP Ardila,
DC Nepstad, OR David, C Chan,
6 Observatório do Clima (2020).
JG Rojas, R Vargas, TP Bezerra, L
Greenhouse Gas Emission and Removal
Pritchard, J Simmonds, JC Durbin,
Estimating System (SEEG). Retrieved
G Simonet, S Peteru, M Komalasari,
from http://plataforma.seeg.eco.br/map
ML DiGiano, MW Warren. 2018.
7 Boyd et al. (2018); NYDF (2019); El Estado de la Sostenibilidad
CDP Money Tree (2019) Jurisdiccional. San Francisco, USA:
Earth Innovation Institute/Bogor,
a Boyd, W. et al. 2018. “Jurisdictional
Indonesia: Centro para la Investigación
Approaches to REDD+ and Low
Forestal Internacional/Boulder, USA:
Emissions Development: Progress
Secretaría del Grupo de Trabajo de
and Prospects.” Working Paper.
Gobernadores sobre Clima y Bosques.
Washington, DC: World Resources
https://earthinnovation.org/state-of-
Institute. Available online at wri.
jurisdictional-sustainability/?lang=es
org/ending-tropicaldeforestation.
13 Boyd, W. et al. 2018. “Jurisdictional
b NYDF Assessment Partners. (2019).
Approaches to REDD+ and Low
Protecting and Restoring Forests: A
Emissions Development: Progress
Story of Large Commitments yet Limited
and Prospects.” Working Paper.
Progress. New York Declaration on
Washington, DC: World Resources
Forests Five-Year Assessment Report.
Institute. Available online at wri.
Climate Focus (coordinator and editor).
org/ending-tropicaldeforestation.
Accessible at forestdeclaration.org.
14 Boyd et al. (2018); Transforming
c CDP (2019). The Money Trees.
REDD+; Umunay et al (2018).
Retrieved from: www.cdp.net.
31You can also read
