Migration, Citizenship, and Democracy - Christine Chwaszcza Studien zur Theorie und Empirie der Demokratie - Nomos-Shop
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Studien zur Theorie und Empirie der Demokratie Christine Chwaszcza Migration, Citizenship, and Democracy
https://www.nomos-shop.de/isbn/978-3-8487-8367-0
Studien zur Theorie und Empirie der Demokratie
edited by
Prof. (apl.) Dr. Markus Linden
Prof. Dr. Winfried Thaa
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BUT_Chwaszcza_8367-0.indd 2 23.08.21 12:05https://www.nomos-shop.de/isbn/978-3-8487-8367-0
Christine Chwaszcza
Migration, Citizenship,
and Democracy
© NOMOS Verlagsgesellschaft. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.
BUT_Chwaszcza_8367-0.indd 3 23.08.21 12:05https://www.nomos-shop.de/isbn/978-3-8487-8367-0
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the
Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data
are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de
ISBN 978-3-8487-8367-0 (Print)
978-3-7489-2759-4 (ePDF)
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-3-8487-8367-0 (Print)
978-3-7489-2759-4 (ePDF)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Chwaszcza, Christine
Migration, Citizenship, and Democracy
Christine Chwaszcza
224 pp.
Includes bibliographic references and index.
ISBN 978-3-8487-8367-0 (Print) Onlineversion
978-3-7489-2759-4 (ePDF) Nomos eLibrary
1st Edition 2021
© Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, Germany 2021. Overall responsibility
for manufacturing (printing and production) lies with Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH
& Co. KG.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
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or the author.
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Table of Contents
Introduction 11
The Topic of the Book 11
Overview 14
A Preemptory Remark 18
Acknowledgments 19
Chapter 1. The Main Theoretical Building Blocks 20
1.1. Citizenship: The General Idea of a Rule-based Account 20
1.2. Ordinary Language Philosophy and Conceptual Analysis 22
1.2.1. The Concept of a Social Practice 23
1.2.2. “Rules” and Normativity in Human Agency 25
1.2.3. Two Problems of Rule-following 26
1.2.4. The Normative Justification of Social Institutions 30
1.2.5. A Few Caveats 32
1.3. Voluntary Migration as a Transnational Phenomenon 32
1.4. The Normative Framework: Philosophical Liberalism 35
Chapter 2. State Citizenship and Transnational Justice 40
2.1. Why Birthright Citizenship is Not a Fact: The First Objection
to Carens 41
2.1.1. Birthright Citizenship as State Citizenship 43
2.1.2. State Citizenship and the Universal Right to
Citizenship 44
2.1.3. Involuntary Citizenship: A Normative Justification 45
(1) Consent-based Accounts of Political Association 47
(2) Voluntary-exchange-based Accounts of Political
Association 49
(3) Justice-based Accounts of Political Association 50
2.1.4. The Procedural Element in a Rule-based Account of
Citizenship 51
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Table of Contents
2.2. Political Agency and the Limits of Cosmopolitan
Consequentialism: The Second Objection to Carens 52
2.2.1. The Theoretical Relevance of Political Agency 54
2.2.2. The Normative Relevance of Political Agency 56
2.2.3. Non-ideal Theory: Why Consequences are Not All that
Matters 57
Chapter 3. Migration as a Problem of Transnational Justice: The
Moral Status of Individuals and Societies 60
3.1. Is There an Individual (Human) Right to Free Movement
Across Borders? 62
3.2. Beyond Claim Rights: Freedom of Migration as a Requirement
of Transnational Justice 64
3.3. The Competitive Nature of Current Migration Dynamics 66
3.4. A Criticism of Normative Reductionism I: Ethical
Individualism and the Moral Standing of Persons in
Institutional Contexts 69
3.4.1. Methodological Individualism in Contractarian
Theories of Global Justice 70
3.4.2. Ethical Individualism and the Holistic Nature of Social
Institutions 75
3.4.3. The Idea of Government by Authorization: A Non-
voluntaristic Interpretation 77
3.4.4. A First Interim Conclusion 78
3.5. A Criticism of Normative Reductionism II: How to Reconcile
Universalistic and Particularistic Conceptions of Justice 78
3.5.1. Goodin’s Argument against Moral Particularism 79
3.5.2. Political Philosophy without Politics? – A Criticism of
Goodin 80
3.5.3. Political Agency as a sui generis Source of Sociopolitical
Justice: A Defense 82
3.5.4. A Second Interim Conclusion 84
3.6. The Moral Standing of Societies 84
3.6.1. Societies as Spaces of Political Agency 84
3.6.2. Societies as Bearers of a Right to Collective Self-
determination 86
3.6.3. Societies as Addressees of Collective Responsibility 87
3.6.4. A Third Interim Conclusion 89
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Table of Contents
3.7. Summing up: Transnational Justice and Normative
Assessments of Rules of Inclusion and Exclusion 89
3.8. Beyond the Model of the Nation State: Internationalism or
Transnationalism? 91
Chapter 4. Normative Particularism Without Nationalism or
Statism: A Liberal-democratic Account 94
4.1. Miller’s Liberal Nationalism: A Constructive Criticism 95
4.1.1. A Brief Outline of Miller’s Argument for Liberal
Nationalism 95
4.1.2. National Integration and the Development of the
Model of the Social State 97
4.1.3. A Counter-thesis: Democratic Legitimacy vs. Liberal
Nationalism 98
4.2. State Sovereignty and Normative Particularism: A Criticism of
Blake’s Argument from Coercion 100
4.2.1. Blake on Citizenship and Coercion 100
4.2.2. Beyond Coercion: Political Sovereignty Bottom-up
rather than Top-down 101
Chapter 5. Pure Procedural Justice and Democratic Legitimacy 103
5.1. Democratic Legitimacy and the “All Affected Persons”
Principle 105
5.2. Democracy as a Mechanism of Pure Procedural Justice: An
Outline 106
5.3. The Moral Point of Democracy 107
5.4. Democratic Legitimacy as a Social Practice 111
5.5. The Idea of Transnational Democracy in Light of the Practical
Pre-conditions of Democratic Legitimacy 112
5.6. The Limits of Metaethical Proceduralism: A Criticism of
Discourse Ethics 113
Chapter 6. Citizenship and Immigration from a Transnational
Moral Point of View 116
6.1. Impartiality as a Standard of Moral Justification 119
6.1.1. Practical Reasons 120
6.1.2. Moral Reasons 121
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Table of Contents
6.1.3. Impartiality and the Construction of a Moral Point of
View 123
6.1.4. Normative Reasoning 124
6.2. Requirements of Fairness concerning Different Groups of
Migrants 125
6.2.1. Equal Respect: Why the Least Well Off Should Not
Always Have Priority 125
6.2.2. The Moral Status of Voluntary Migrants: A Justice-
based Criticism of Miller 128
6.2.3. The Deficiency of Arguments from Emergency 129
6.3. Three Standards for the Settlement of Conflicts of Morally
Substantive Claims and Justified Interests 132
6.4. Fairness of Access: A Preliminary Conclusion 135
Chapter 7. Migration and Selective Exclusion from Democratic
Citizenship 136
7.1. The Case Against Discrimination 137
7.2. Democratic Citizenship and Justified Discrimination 138
7.2.1. Discrimination on the Basis of Religious Belief 139
(1) Three Caveats 139
(2) What is at Stake? The Moral Weight of Freedom of
Religion in Arguments for Democratic Inclusion 141
(3) The Moral Difference between Citizens and Non-
citizen Residents 146
7.2.2. Discrimination on the Basis of Political Beliefs 147
7.3. Discrimination from the Perspective of Different Groups of
Potential Migrants 148
7.4. Citizenship Tests 149
7.5. A Short Remark on Group-discrimination on the Basis of
Special Historical Relations 152
Chapter 8. Residence and Democratic Inclusion 154
8.1. Do Immigrants Have a Duty to Naturalize? 155
8.2. Walzer on Social Integration, Community, and Citizenship 159
8.3. Rubio-Marín on Immigration and Democratic Inclusion 162
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Table of Contents
8.4. Partial and Multiple-layered Citizenship: Bauböck’s
Stakeholder Argument for Democratic Inclusion 163
8.5. Beyond Residence: Challenges to Transnational Citizenship 165
8.5.1. Dual or Multiple Citizenship 165
8.5.2. Illegal Immigration and the Normative Weight of de
facto Social Integration 167
Chapter 9. Family Migration: A Transnational Perspective 171
9.1. Exposition of Two Problems 172
9.1.1. The Family as a Social Institution 172
9.1.2. The Protection of the Family in International Human
Rights Documents 173
9.1.3. Transnational Social Pluralism and Transnational Legal
Pluralism 175
9.2. Who is Authorized to Define the Institution of the Family? 176
9.3. Polygamy in Practice 178
9.4. Polygamy in Normative Debates concerning Immigration and
Women’s Rights 182
9.5. Immigration and Transnational Legal Pluralism: Some
Principled Objections 183
9.6. A Brief Remark concerning the Normative Weight of Personal
Preferences 186
9.7. Beyond Access: Liberal Limits of Transnational Legal
Pluralism with Respect to Foreign Residents 187
9.8. Family-based Immigration and Requirements of Fairness
among Different Groups of Immigrants 189
9.8.1. Access 190
9.8.2. Naturalization and Democratic Inclusion 191
9.9. A (Very) Preliminary Conclusion 191
Chapter 10. Society and Culture: A Plea for Pluriculturalism 193
10.1. “Multiculturalism”: Conceptual Sense and Nonsense 194
10.2. Culturalism as a Normative Social Ideal 197
10.3. Culturalism as a Descriptive Analysis of Individual and Social
Identity 198
10.3.1. A Criticism of Cultural Identity Concepts 198
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Table of Contents
10.3.2. The Difference between Culturalism and a Practice
Account 200
10.3.3. The Methodological Background of Early Culturalism
Debates 202
10.3.4. The Practice Account as a Methodological Alternative
to Culturalism 203
10.4. A Reassessment of the Value of Cultural Belonging 204
10.5. Pluriculturalism: A Liberal-democratic Proposal 206
10.6. A Final Thought 210
Bibliography 212
Name Index 223
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