Morphogenic Interfaces - Dr. Vishnu Sundaresan Program Manager, Defense Sciences Office If there is any discrepancy between what is presented ...
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Morphogenic Interfaces Dr. Vishnu Sundaresan Program Manager, Defense Sciences Office If there is any discrepancy between what is presented today and the BAA, the BAA takes precedence MINT Proposers Day Briefing July 9, 2021 Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 1
Outline Slide • Motivation and Goal • Problem Scope and MINT Challenge • Program Vision • Program Structure • Focus Areas, Metrics, and Deliverables • Program Timeline • Key Upcoming Dates Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 2
Electrochemical Systems are critical to DoD Hardware Nett Warrior eVTOL JTARV USS Stout USS Reagan 30 lbs battery Range
Persistence of Electrochemical Systems Persistence is defined as the lifespan (time, number of cycles, etc.) during which hardware maintains its performance at its design specification Solid-state batteries Corrosion resistant coatings/alloys (solid/solid charge transfer interfaces) (Solid/liquid, solid/vapor interfaces) Cathode Solid electrolyte U.S. Navy Photo Anode By Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Zachary Wheeler Nature Energy, 5(4), 299-308. Fatigue load in corrosive environment 88% drop Number of alternating Capacity of Number of load cycles in a solid-state 95% drop charge/discharge corrosive environment batteries cycles while retaining 1 while retaining >70% 107 Cycle 90% of its initial of its inert environment Cycle 1 Cycle 50 capacity tensile strength High-performance electrochemical systems have limited persistence Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 4
Electrochemical Interfaces – Problem Scope Evolution of interface morphology Spatiotemporal dynamics of electrochemical interfaces – Lim itations Electron transport through the external conductor • 3D evolution of interface morphology • Temporal dynamics – ultrafast/ultraslow • Spatial range/resolution Charge transport changes interface • Geometrical presentation of evolving morphologies morphology • Evolution of localized energy gradients • Irreversible degradation of materials at the interface Interfaces in • Batteries must maximize charge transport • Effect on persistence • Corrosion protection coatings must minimize charge transport Limited knowledge to control/regulate spatiotemporal evolution of interface morphology Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 5
MINT Challenge Spatiotemporal dynamics of electrochemical Performance vs. Persistence interfaces – Challenges • 3D evolution of interface morphology • Temporal dynamics – ultrafast/ultraslow Performance* • Spatial range/resolution Morphology changes affect persistence in • Geometrical presentation of evolving morphologies high performance • Evolution of localized energy gradients systems Can w e predict evolution of 3D m orphology and gradients? Designers tradeoff performance to • Irreversible degradation of materials at the interface achieve persistence Can w e develop interface m aterials that self-regulate 100 101 102 103 m orphology using local gradients and preserve function? #cycles (or) time • Effect on persistence (Persistence) Can these breakthroughs lead to higher persistence? * Specific energy (kWh/kg), specific power (W/kg), corrosion fatigue Design self-regulating electrochemical interfaces that lead to persistent high-performance electrochemical systems Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 6
MINT Program Vision – Morphogenesis Chemical basis of morphogenesis* A mathematical framework to describe the evolution of form due to local and global energy gradients in biology Morphogenesis models can be extended & applied to model the evolution of structural features in any system Morphogenesis Art: Cellular forms can be controlled by local interactions between cells Andy Lomas, Cellular Forms: An Artistic Exploration of Morphogenesis, 2014, https://vimeo.com/93056665 Extend morphogenesis models to predict evolution of morphology and gradients in electrochemical interfaces *Turing, A. M. (1952). The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Bulletin of mathematical biology, 52(1), 153-197. Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 7
MINT Program Vision – Closed-loop regulation of morphology and function Δ ( ) Energy Current Can we exploit local gradients + conversion (Δ ) to regulate morphology (charge/mass transport) - and function Morphology Deposition/ Localized Dissolution + Aggregation ( ) - ΔV : Electrochemical gradient Δ : Localized gradients Morphogenic feedback Can closed-loop regulation at a material level restore interface morphology and function? MINT vision requires design/discovery of novel interface materials that can exploit local gradients to self-regulate morphology Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 8
MINT Program Vision as Technical Areas Develop novel materials or interface architectures that can exploit local gradients Demonstrate persistence improvements from closed- loop regulation of Model the evolution of morphology in interface morphology and • solid/solid interfaces in local gradients in 3D solid-state batteries • solid/liquid and solid/vapor interfaces for corrosion resistance of structural materials Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 9
Program Structure MINT is a two-phase, four-year program Focus Area 1 Focus Area 2 Technical Areas Solid/solid charge transfer interfaces Solid/liquid and solid/vapor interfaces for solid-state battery for corrosion resistant coatings 1. Interface Modeling and Predict evolution of morphology and local Predict evolution of compositional change Characterization gradients and ionic gradients 2. Design and Discovery of Identify novel interfacial materials that Discover novel materials that stabilizes the Materials maintains stable morphology and maximize interface and bulk composition to minimize ionic current corrosion current 3. Closed-loop Regulation of Demonstrate solid/solid morphogenic Demonstrate higher corrosion fatigue Morphology and Function interfaces in solid-state battery test samples strength in corrosive environment over untreated samples Proposals will be accepted to a focus area bringing together expertise in all three technical areas Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 10
Technical Area 1 Interface modeling and characterization Objective: Proposals should: Develop validated mathematical models informed by • Predictive models for 3D morphology emerging characterization techniques and local gradients Molecular Morphology • Use initial morphologies of interfaces Interfacial changes & local Crack/void System level interactions transport energy gradients formation function from fabricated prototypes • Identify improvements to SOA Multiphysics Lengthscales 1nm 10nm 100nm 1µm 10µm 100µm 1000µm Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC), Morphogenesis models FEM, Thermodynamic & Density functional theory (DFT), Continuum models Coarse grained MD Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 11
Technical Area 2 Morphogenic interface materials design and discovery Objective: Proposals should: Design/develop morphogenic interface materials to maintain optimal • Outline approach to design/discover charge transport function over their design operational lifetime morphogenic interface materials • Explain scientific basis for kinetics of morphology regulation • Discuss feasibility to fabricate interfaces/interface materials • Address risks/mitigation strategies Traditional materials design Materials informatics driven design/discovery Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 12
Technical Area 3 System level demonstration Objective: Proposals should: Closed-loop regulation of interface morphology and • Discuss system design attributes function in test samples • Provide sufficient detail to explain FA1 Demonstration in solid-state battery spatiotemporal kinetics (SSB) • Discuss concepts behind exploiting one, few or all of the local gradients FA2 Demonstration as corrosion resistant coatings/alloys Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 13
Focus Area 1 Solid/solid charge transfer interfaces for solid-state batteries Goal: Development and application of novel solid-state charge transfer interfaces and demonstrate an increase in discharge/recharge cycles of high-specific energy solid-state batteries FA1 proposals can be based on: • Any rechargeable solid-state battery chemistry that can meet program metrics • Any solid-state battery architecture (anodeless, metal anode) FA1 proposals should: • Provide the feasibility to fabricate laboratory scale test pouch cells • Provide a clear description of anticipated test samples Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 14
FA1 Program Metrics Demonstration in solid-state batteries will be evaluated to measure and validate progress TA Phase 1 Phase 2 TA1 - Interface Modeling and Model interfacial processes over 10nm- Improve models to span 1nm-1000µm with Characterization 100µm with 80% accuracy † 90% accuracy† Discover morphogenic solid/solid interface TA2 - Morphogenic Interface Materials Improve interface materials to maintain ionic materials to maintain ionic conductivity of 5 - Design and discovery conductivity of 10 mS/cm mS/cm Achieve 500 discharge/recharge cycles at Improve to 1000 discharge/recharge cycles TA3 - System Level Demonstration 0.5C in a 300 Wh/kg* SSB pouch cell at with at 1C in a 400 Wh/kg* SSB pouch cell with 90% retention of initial capacity 90% retention of initial capacity †Accuracy of mathematical models is obtained from comparing model results with appropriate experimental data. *Energy density calculations will include packaging and are calculated from charge/discharge tests performed at room temperature without any external pressurization device. Liquid/gel electrolytes not allowed. Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 15
Focus Area 2 Solid/liquid and solid/vapor interfaces for surface protection coatings Goal: Enable the development of alloys and surface protection coatings with superior corrosion resistant properties FA2 proposals can be based on: • Solid/liquid and solid/vapor where liquid and vapor phase could be 3.5% NaCl or other equivalent environment. • Proposers can choose one or more principal element(s) for the alloy FA2 proposals should: • Detail technical progress in each of the technical areas that lead to fatigue testing • Clearly explain the mechanism of self-passivation that exploits the ionic gradients at the liquid/vapor interface. • Provide a clear description of the alloy composition, anticipated mechanical properties, and outline fabrication methods for samples • Identify characterization methods to establish that the composition of the alloy resulting from design/discovery matches the fabricated sample Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 16
FA2 Program Metrics Demonstration via fatigue loading in corrosive environment will be evaluated to measure and validate progress TA Phase 1 Phase 2 TA1 - Interface Modeling and Model interfacial processes over 10nm- Improve models to span 1nm-1000µm with Characterization 100µm with 80% accuracy 90% accuracy Design/discover morphogenic solid/liquid, TA2 - Morphogenic Interface Materials Improve interface materials to maintain solid/vapor interface materials that maintain - Design and discovery corrosion current 1V corrosion current 0.5V Achieve 107 cycles at 10 Hz with a retention Achieve 107 cycles at 10 Hz with a retention TA3 - System Level Demonstration of 50% fatigue load in a corrosive of 70% of fatigue load in a corrosive environment relative to inert environment environment relative to inert environment FA2 proposals that target a different reducing or oxidizing environment than 3.5% NaCl should clearly identify current SOA and equivalent Phase 1 and 2 metrics for TA2 and TA3. Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 17
IV&V Deliverables for each FA organized by TA FA 1 FA 2 TA Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 1 Phase 2 TA1 - Interface Validated mathematical models supported by Validated mathematical models supported by Modeling and characterization techniques characterization techniques Characterization 3 test samples measuring 10 test samples TA2 - Morphogenic Novel materials composition, fabrication methods, test 1cm x 1cm with measuring 5cm x 5cm with Interface Materials - protocols, and samples that demonstrate standalone composition, fabrication composition, fabrication Design and Discovery regulation of morphology and ion transport function methods and test protocol methods and test protocol 3 tensile test specimens 5 tensile test specimens TA3 - System Level 5 pouch cells with a 10 pouch cells with a measuring at least 1mm at measuring at least 3mm at Demonstration capacity of 0.1 to 0.5 Ah capacity of 2.0 Ah the narrowest section the narrowest section External pressurization device, heating source and alloy or base metal with morphogenic interface coating liquid electrolyte/gels are not allowed Refer to the BAA for a complete list of deliverables and metrics required to me for both focus areas Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 18
Independent Verification and Validation (IV&V) Government personnel will serve as technical advisors and IV&V partners throughout the program, providing DARPA an assessment of performer capabilities and also validating experimental data and/or system performance • Performers will be expected to work with the Government IV&V teams through out the program • Performers will be required to provide details of their systems, including but not limited to engineering drawings, operating methods and instructions, software, datasets and samples, to DARPA and/or any designated Government IV&V member • Proposals should include a task to reflect interaction with Government teams and delivery of requested information, data hardware, software and materials Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 19
MINT Timeline MINT will be a two-phase program with each phase running for a duration of 2 years. The last quarter in each phase will include a testing and evaluation period for IV&V. 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 ‘26 FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 FY2024 FY2025 FY2026 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 BAA Proposals Due Phase 1 Phase 2 FA1 FA2 T&E T&E IV&V Partners Focus Area 1: Army Focus Area 2: Navy, Air Force Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 20
Key MINT Requirements – Summary To be successful, all proposals should MINT is not interested in: Clearly outline the approach to Approaches that do not self-regulate interface morphology via closed-loop feedback control • bridge lengthscales via mathematical models informed by a combination of characterization FA1 approaches that use external pressurization devices, techniques thermal devices, gel, or liquid electrolyte • the concept central to your approach to design FA2 approaches that are limited to coatings without morphogenic interface materials including a structural material substrate • exploit one or more dominant gradients that will lead to self-regulation of interface morphology Proposals that combine FA1 and FA2 into a single effort Identify innovation in each of the TAs Identify the relationship between activities in the three TAs Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 21
Important Dates BAA Posting Date: July 1, 2021 Proposers Day: July 9, 2021. See Section VIII.A Abstract Due Date: July 23, 2021, 4:00 p.m. FAQ Submission Deadline: August 23, 2021, 4:00 p.m. See Section VIII.B Full Proposal Due Date: September 2, 2021, 4:00 p.m. Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 22
Questions Please submit questions via email to MINT@darpa.mil For more information please visit the MINT Resource Page: www.darpa.mil/work-with-us/mint/home Answers to all questions will be published as part of the official MINT FAQs located at: www.darpa.mil/work-with-us/mint/faq Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 23
www.darpa.mil Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited) 24
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