New Opportunities and Challenges in Wine Tourism.
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Jaume Salvat Salvat jaume.salvat@urv.cat Jordi Blay Boqué jordi.blay@urv.cat Grup de Recerca d’Anàlisi Territorial i Estudis Turístics Universitat Rovira i Virgili New Opportunities and Challenges in Wine Tourism. This work is the result of a research project on “New trends in wine tourism and territorial development” carried out by the Research Group “Territorial Analysis and Tourism Studies” of the Rovira i Virgili University in 2008/2009. The project developed an oversight of the current situation regarding research on wine tourism; the content of this presentation focuses on the question of how different production models can explain the recent phenomena in wine tourism. Literature review Studies and reference publications on wine tourism are scarce when compared with other disciplines. Some authors place the beginning of this study field in the early decade of the 1990s (López-Guzman, 2008). The scope of these early studies was closely associated with rural tourism and its contribution to economic diversification in rural areas (Charvet, 1995), on the one hand, and on the behavior and market segmentation of wine tourists on the other (Getz, 2000; Hall 2000). In both cases the most outstanding scientific contributions come from the Anglo-Saxon world, which stands in remarkable contrast with the historical tradition of wine production in Mediterranean countries. This situation is an inheritance of two different production models (later addressed in more depth): the European model is characterized by a large number of producers and a long history, while the model of wine production in the New World is characterized by a short historical trajectory and a highly concentrated business sector. The paradox is even more evident when we see that the scientific production in relation to wine tourism is not always grounded in places with a wine- making tradition and instead has clear connections with new production sites, especially in centers of consumption. A first approach to the study of this field confirms that European studies place a greater interest to statistical studies of wine regions and their production. We emphasize, from this research angle, the most important centers in Europe: Montpellier, Bordeaux, Dijon, Milan, San Michele all’Adige, Conegliano, Geisenheim, Geilweilerhof, among others, which are world leaders in this field. The increased demand for wine tourism paralleled with the increase of references on the subject and documented studies in Australia, Canada, Chile, Hungary, Italy, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, the United States, the United Kingdom and Spain.
From these studies it appears that is precisely in Anglo-Saxon universities (Canada, USA, Australia and New Zealand) where contributions about the phenomenon of wine tourism are more abundant. This scientific work focuses on the economics of wine regions, and on how tourism contributes to increasing sales and business of wine cellars, also dealing with the behavior and characterization of the tourists themselves. In this field the key references are Donald Getz, of University of Adelaide (currently University of Calgary, Canada) and Michael Hall, of the University of Canterbury. Globally we highlight three widely used books as the basic references for current trends in wine tourism: Wine Tourism Around the World by Michael Hall et al., 2000; Global Wine Tourism: Research, Explore Wine Tourism by Donald Getz, 2001; Management and Marketing by Jack Carlsen and Stephen Charter, 2007. The situation of Spain is the following. Recently, due to the momentum given by the establishment of "The Wine Route" by ACEVIN (Spanish Association of Wine Cities), promoted by the General Secretariat of Tourism through the Spanish Integral Plan for Tourism Quality 2000 -2006, different wine routes have been created and are presented in more or less specialized publications. The prevailing angles of such publications are of descriptive nature or focus on the expected economic effects of wine cultivation, but there is very little insight from the standpoint of tourism research. In this context, the first scientific papers in Spain are on La Rioja (Gilbert, 1992), Priorat (Arnesto Lopez Marin and Gomez, 2004), Ribera del Duero (Alvear Gonzalez et al. 2007) or Utiel Requena (Clemente Ricolfe et al. 2005), just to cite a few examples. The most interesting book about wine tourism in Spain - and very little referenced - is "El turismo del vino. Otra experiencia de Ocio" by Luis Vicente Elías Pastor, published by the University of Deusto in 2006. This author promotes wine tourism as a form of development for rural areas, and argues that the rural space “in addition to being the a productive space, based on agriculture, livestock breeding, forestry and extraction, can also a place that generates non-agricultural activities and services" (Elias, 2006). Following López and Sánchez (2008) we argue that the analysis of wine tourism proceeds from two different and complementary perspectives. The first privileges a marketing-oriented approach and the motivation of travelers/consumers. The best representation of this approach is Hall’s consideration of the wine tourism experience as visiting vineyards, getting to know wineries, attending festivals and events in which wine tasting and related experiences are the main reason of visits (Hall, 2000). The second, represented by the work of Getz and Brown (2006), assumes that wine tourism is simultaneously an object of enquiry as a form of consumer behavior, a strategy for developing a geographic area and the wine market in it, and an opportunity to promote wineries’ sales directly to consumers. There would be a third viewpoint that corresponds to the development strategies of wineries in Europe, which is related to the use of wine tourism as a tool for local development and diversification of distinctive tourist activities. Most authors presenting European case studies adopts this perspective, which may be summarized in the introduction of the European Charter of Wine Tourism, founded on such integrative vision of the wine tourism activity.
In any case the literature considered in this research study points to the fact that the contemporary diffusion of tourism and mobility to every aspects of life has converted wine tourism in an integrative tool for sector policies, tourist and rural. It assumes that wine tourism can be revisioned as an activity that involves new development opportunities and is driven from within the wine sector, from the tourist sector in the quest to diversify supply, and from the government through various support programs. The different forms and intensities of development of wine tourism around the world indicate that different models of wine tourism may be determined by structural factors. This means that the characteristics of the market and wine production areas, along with the historical conditions, have shaped the New World wine tourism and the Old Continent models, and therefore they are the result of a causal relationship. The traditional producers and new producers In this section we explain how the distinct characteristics of the wine production system may explain the differences found between the Old Continent wine tourism model and what we have could be called the new production areas. Sometimes these differences are very clear, but others not, as globalization led to an increasing convergence of conditions in different territories. We use some data to sustain this thesis, though no in- depth empirical investigation was carried out, as the main intention of this work is to analyze the general characteristics of the major regional groups. Commonly, there is talk of two models in production and marketing of wine, and hence in the formulation of the wine tourism. These two models associated with the Old and New World presented a too simplistic division (Elias, 2008) because in the current globalised world successful experiences are immediately copied and adopted. In Europe some tourism activities centered on wine have been developed in traditional production areas, also involving a tangible heritage of high artistic and cultural value that nearly obliged its owners to facilitate its knowledge. The later urbanization of Europe produced a certain nostalgia of rural products and value authenticity, which is supported by the rural development policies and the promotion of denominations of origin. All this generated an increase in direct sales by producers, either on site or through the production agro-boutiques. Tradition, knowledge, innovation and experience of a tourism model distinctively centered on cities and the coast have established very particular forms of development of wine tourism, in most cases to be seen as a complement to other tourism models. In the U.S., with little tradition of wine culture in education (Silverstein & Fiske, 2002, Sáez, 2007), the situation was different. There was also a very large and wealthy potential consumer demand, which was mainly focused on products from old Europe. Our research question is whether we can establish a relationship between production models and the ways in which wine tourism has been developed. In fact we are facing an unprecedented situation of the wine industry. The world surface dedicated to wine cultivation increases and consumption changes, decreasing in more traditional areas and increasing in others, especially in more developed countries, for several reasons.
Winemakers and wine tourism producers
Understanding the mechanisms that drive the wine industry and the tourism industry is a
very complex task (Carlsen & Charters, 2007), but it is no coincidence that wine
tourism is developing in a time when it is necessary to increase demand and open new
markets.
Figure 1 illustrates per capita consumption in 2005 and qualitative trends in the
evolution of such consumption from 1996 to 2005. The data are drawn from a 2005
International Organization of Wine (OIV) report on the global wine sector conducted by
FAO. We chose to focus on this period because that is when wine tourism activities
underwent a major boost.
What is most interesting for these authors is the highlighted trend, rather than the exact
values. Thus we see how in traditional wine-producing countries the levels of per capita
consumption still remain higher, far above other countries. France, where most wine is
consumed and the most prestigious repository of wine is located, stands out by far.
Following are Portugal and Italy, also with a consumption above that of any other
country, whether traditional producer or not.
Figure 1: Per capita consumption of wine and tendency
Consum de vi Consum de vi
per càpita per càpita
litres tendència litres tendència
França 55,40 ↓ Rússia 7,30 ↑
productors tradicionals
Portugal 46,70 ↓ Hongria 34,70 ↑
↓
principals consumidors
Itàlia 46,50 Romania 11,00 ↓
Espanya 31,80 ↓ Ucraïna 4,10 ↑
Grècia 32,20 ↑ Regne Unit 20,00 ↑
Europa Alemanya 24,00 ↔ Europa Holanda 21,30 ↑
Suïssa 39,30 ↔ Suècia 17,00 ↑
Àustria 29,30 ↓ Dinamarca 28,40 ↑
Irlanda 16,40 ↑
Noruega 13,20 ↑
Finlàndia 9,40 ↑
EU 8,40 ↑ Austràlia 22,40 ↑
Oceania
Canadà 11,50 ↑ Nova Zelanda 20,30 ↑
Amèrica Xile 16,20 ↔ Àfrica Sudàfrica 7,30 ↓
Argentina 28,30 ↓
Àsia Xina 1,00 ↑
Brasil 2,00 ↑
Source: own calculations based on data from FAO. 2005
Spain still shows a high consumption rate but it is increasingly closer to other non-
producing countries. This decrease in consumption is a serious matter of concern for
authorities and sector representatives, and interrogates the relationship between this
situation and interest in the development of wine tourism in our country.
Where per capita consumption is increasing more is in new producing countries and
those in developed countries in Europe where wine has become recognized as a
distinctive ingredient of the “Mediterranean diet”. In particular, in countries like the US,
Canada, Australia and New Zealand per capita consumption has increased very rapidly.20.3 liters per person per year in New Zealand may seem a moderate amount, but we
estimate that it doubles the figure of six years ago.
Further elements of pressure in this sense are represented by the production structures
and by the greater worldwide competition between expanding markets in the New
World and hegemonic markets in Europe.
The table below illustrates the production structures, in terms of cultivated surfaces and
yields. As in the previous case we highlight specific data above the trend, but absolute
values are important because trends do not have the same impact in a country with few
resources and in those who have more. Clearly we haven’t included all countries where
there are vineyards, but for simplicity we have focused on the 22 most representative
ones. Two things are worth noting: first, the concentration of the surface in Europe,
specifically in Spain, France and Italy, but with slight tendency to decrease, a trend that
is lower as production is a bit more accentuated. Secondly, outside of these traditionally
producer countries there is a clear trend of increasing surfaces and production.
Figure 2: Surface area of vineyards and wine production, 2005. General Trends
Superfície Producció
Milers d'ha ranking tendència Milers d'hl ranking tendència
Espanya 1180 1 ↓ 36158 3 ↓
França 894 2 ↔ 52105 2 ↓
Itàlia 842 3 ↓ 54021 1 ↓
Portugal 248 6 ↔ 7266 11 ↔
Romania 217 8 ↓ 2602 16 ↔
Grècia 113 12 ↑ 4027 13 ↔
Europa Alemanya 102 13 ↔ 9153 8 ↓
Ucraïna 87 14 ↓ 2300 17 ↔
Hongria 83 15 ↓ 3567 14 ↔
Rússia 75 17 ↔ 5035 12 ↑
Àustria 52 18 ↔ 2264 18 ↔
Suïssa 15 20 ↔ 1001 20 ↓
Regne Unit 1 22 ↑ 17 22 ↔
EU 399 5 ↑ 22888 4 ↑
Argentina 219 7 ↑ 15222 5 ↑
Amèrica Xile 193 9 ↑ 7886 10 ↑
Canadà 11 21 ↑ 504 21 ↔
Brasil 79 16 ↑ 3199 15 ↑
Oceania
Austràlia 167 10 ↑ 14301 6 ↑
Nova Zelanda 25 19 ↑ 1021 19 ↑
Àfrica Sudàfrica 134 11 ↑ 8406 9 ↓
Àsia Xina 485 4 ↑ 12000 7 ↑
Source: own calculations based on FAO data
There are a whole range of other factors to consider in this exercise and try to reproduce
them in the summary table below.The production range of the primary sector is very fragmented across Europe, with the
dominance of small farms and a significant presence of the cooperative sector. This is
remarkably slow in adapting to global changes, which makes it difficult to make steps
towards tertiary activities. Yet there are many examples that might contradict this view,
as is the case of cooperative of Capçanes in Priorat, the wine tourism initiatives of
French farm unions, or the generalization of direct sales by Italian cooperatives (Elias,
2006). In any case, the average size of farms in the US is 17 times larger than the
average size of French farms and, consequently, small French producers have a
dimension that can not be compared to the small American producers. In general this
situation is recurrent among the countries in the rest of the Old Continent.
This concentration of supply in new producer countries is even more significant with
regard to companies that dominate the sector. The largest turnovers are in the hands of
a few firms (which, it is worth noting, are sometimes participated by European
companies) which try to consolidate their brand freeing it from the territorial
boundaries. All these factors have a direct consequence: the challenge is to increase the
internal and “proximity” market and through this to gain a position in the international
market.
According to FAO data, wine production is slightly higher than consumption
worldwide; this generates surpluses that push prices down and force various countries to
compete in foreign markets.
Figure 3: cyclical factors in the wine sector.
Percentatge
de Creixement
Consum
l'exportació anual de les
Oferta per Repte sector Orientació
sobre la exportacion
càpita
producció s
total
Molt 144.000 explotacions 845 Mantenir el consum intern i el VOCACIÓ
França 28,54% -0,01% 55,4
atomitzada cooperatives lideratge de les exportacions EXPORTADORA NETA
Molt 300.000 exlotacions 800 Mantenir el consum intenr i VOCACIÓ
Itàlia 30,27% 0,16% 46,5
atomitzada cooperatives incrementar les exportacions EXPORTADORA NETA
Molt Incrementar el consum intern i les VOCACIÓ
Espanya 174.000 explotacions 32,64% 7,39% 31,8
atomitzada exportacions EXPORTADORA NETA
Els 3 més grans produeixen el
94% de la producció de vins
genèrics. La mida de les Incrementar el consum intern i les
Estats Units Concentrada 15,81% 14,00% 8,4 IMPORTADOR NET
explotacions és 17 vegades exportacions
més gran q ue la mitjana
francesa
Les 3 prmeres empreses
VOCACIÓ
produeixen el 90% del vi, el
Nova Zelanda Concentrada 38,71% 23,50% 22,4 Incrementar la qualitat EXPORTADORA
85% de les vendes i el 65%
DETERMINANT
de les exportacions
Les tres primeres empreses
Pla estratègic 2020 del sector del vi
fan el 56% de la producció i el VOCACIÓ
per convertir-se en el primer
Autràlia Concentrada 74% de les exportacions. 43,49% 32,00% 20,3 EXPORTADORA
exportador mundial. Increment del
Creixement extern amb DETERMINANT
consum intern.
compra de vinyes
10 operadors el 80% de les PRINCIPAL MERCAT
Argentina Atomitzada 10,59% 10,00% 28,3 Incrementar les exportacions
vendes INTERN CONSOLIDAT
Les 4 primeres empreses fan VOCACIÓ
Xile Concentrada el 40% de les vendes locals i 61,42% 15,00% 16,2 Incrementar el consum interior EXPORTADORA
el 50% de les exportacions DETERMINANT
70 cooperatives recullen el
VOCACIÓ
85% de la producció. 6 El 40% dels vins són produïts sota
Sud-Àfrica Concentrada 29,40% 19,00% 7,3 EXPORTADORA
operadors comercialitzen el una Denominació d'Origen
DETERMINANT
90% de la producció
Source ownThis leads to growing competition for foreign markets, until recently a monopoly of European countries. But wine tourism in the New World has been a promotional banner in the domestic markets that also helped to generate an image of product quality and challenge the markets of developed countries and traditional producing countries. These, who had a safe market position, have seen as a decrease in consumption add up to the entry of high quality wines at competitive prices coming from new producer countries. Thus they started to elaborate strategies to maintain their market leadership in internal market and exports. In fact, the traditional producer countries can no longer increase internal consumption, and so growth opportunities are only is outside national borders. Global consumption increased by 1% annually, but this is a cake they all want. As the clearest example, Australia developed an ambitious strategic plan to become the first world exporter of wine, thus having to both increase the inside cultures and buy vineyards outside of the country (Playà et al. 2003). The other issue to consider is why the models of wine tourism are so different in the New and in the Old World. Most of the research considered uses case studies to describe and test the characteristics of the models. Emphasis is placed on the effects of the conditions of wineries on local development, on the contribution to direct sales, even on the profitability of tourism, and on how to develop customer loyalty and understanding (Cambourne & Macionis, 2000, Mitchell, Hall & McIntosh, 2000; Dodd, 2000; Skinner, 2000, Hall and Johnson & Mitchell, 2000, O'Neill & Charters, 2007; Sparks & Malady, 2007). Here we present some very general data that illustrate, at least in part, the various wine tourism development models. This analysis will have to be conducted in greater detail in further research projects. Wine tourism always has a territorial component. Tourism is displacement, and therefore, the territory is a distinctive and differentiating factor. In Europe, these concepts are traditionally reflected in two elements, cultural heritage and monuments on the one hand as the main territorial brands, and denominations of origin as a form of guarantee of the genuineness of territorial resources on the other. Wine culture has its main raison d'être in localities. Therefore the quality of wines has much to do with the place of origin, and this should be a sufficient guarantee of quality. Figure 4: Characteristics differentiating the definition of wine tourism generated from the definitions in the Old Continent and the Anglo
ENOTURISME VELL CONTINENT
CONDICIONS OBJECTIU ESTRATÈGIA
SUPORT MATERIAL I CULTURAL VISIÓ PATRIMONIAL
TERRITORI
PATRIMONI
MANTENIMENT I
CULTURA VI LOCAL ADAPTATIVA
CONSERVACIÓ
DO's
TERRITORI
VI CULTURA FORMACIÓ CREATIVA
SUPORT MATERIAL VISIÓ RECREATIVA
CONDICIONS OBJECTIU ESTRATÈGIA
ENOTURISME NOU MÓN
Source: own
In the New World countries, that produce wine as a legacy of European colonization,
the territory is only the material substrate for agricultural production of wine. The wine
culture was a European attribute until it was discovered that quality is not an attribute of
the land, but a condition that can be acquired with the appropriate techniques. In this
context, this had to be taught from a recreational perspective as they did in other areas
of tourism and training. This is how the transition to producing quality wines has
accompanied the development of recreational facilities designed to educate the public
to, and ultimately sell the product.
Thus, the strategy in the New World has an added component of creativity: they needed
to invent wine culture, a heritage, and the ways to communicating it. This is its great
virtue and keeps on the lookout, for its good results, the Old Continent.
In contrast, Europe remains much more attached to traditional heritage, which in fact is
what distinguishes its production model. Wine tourism activities and events are not so
much aimed at the creation of new markets and the attraction of new consumers (as
domestic consumption was the highest in the world by far), but at the maintenance of
heritage, whether the cellars, their surroundings or even the whole cultural landscape of
a wine making region, landscape, in an overall idea of preserving what is in danger of
disappearing, either the products, the buildings there are produced, or the customs
associated with wine and wine landscape. In Europe new consumers cannot be found,
and the challenge is to maintain high consumption levels and customer loyalty
increasingly tempted by offers of wines from other sources. Therefore, the
communication strategies of the traditional wineries are maintained and they try to
integrate those that have had such success in the New World, but always with a strong
orientation to the territory.
The wine tourism model
In the present context of economic tension, wine tourism emerges as a tool by which the
wine sector may take advantage from a sector that continues to grow steadily, tourism.
The way it links to it depend on the conditions we have described in the previous
paragraphs and are summarized in the table below, where we propose an explanation,
attempting at defining causal relations, between the situation of the wine industry and
the wine tourism development model.First, we highlight that wine tourism is used to generate an internal and external image.
The external image refers to activities related to wine tourism which have great room
for expansion, even when they are only of intentions and are generalized in an array of
images that are cloned globally.
The internal image is more important. The largest shares of visitors are domestic
tourists. Only 15%, at best, are experts win tourists (Elias, 2008, Sáez 2007, Hall et alt,
2000, Getz 2000, Carlsen & Charters, 2005). Therefore, most users come from nearby
sites, especially large cities at a distance of less than two hours by car.
According to Sáez (2007) the wineries benefit most from wine tourism in California are
the small producers, as the percentage of direct sales is much higher than those of large
farms. Therefore, the development of wine tourism is always very important
redistributive social effects, but the model in the New World is distinctively more
oriented to the brands than to the territory. If the Old Continent there is a rising tension
between the territorial ties and the promotion of brands, in the new world this tension
goes the opposite way (Sáez, 2007; Skinner, 2000).
Once all these sector considerations are collected, we can define more specific insights
as to the differences between the model of the New World and European wine tourism.
Figure 5: Model Terms of wine tourism
Producció
Superficie
Ranking
Consum
Oferta Orientació Model enoturistic
per càpita
VOCACIÓ EXPORTADORA
França 1 ↔ ↓ Molt atomitzada 55,4 ↓ NETA
VOCACIÓ EXPORTADORA MODEL ENOTURISTIC
Itàlia 2 ↓ ↓ Molt atomitzada 46,5 ↓ NETA PATRIMONIAL
VOCACIÓ EXPORTADORA
Espanya 3 ↓ ↓ Molt atomitzada 31,8 ↓ NETA
Estats Units 4 ↑ ↑ Concentrada 8,4 ↑ IMPORTADOR NET
LIDERATGE EN EL MODEL
VOCACIÓ EXPORTADORA
Nova Zelanda 19 ↑ ↑ Concentrada 22,4 ↑ DETERMINANT
ENOTURISTIC RECREATIU I
FORMATIU
VOCACIÓ EXPORTADORA
Autràlia 6 ↑ ↑ Concentrada 20,3 ↑ DETERMINANT
PRINCIPAL MERCAT
Argentina 5 ↑ ↑ Atomitzada 28,3 ↓ INTERN CONSOLIDAT SEGUIDORS DEL MODEL
VOCACIÓ EXPORTADORA ENOTURISTIC
Xile 10 ↑ ↑ Concentrada 16,2 ↔ DETERMINANT DESENVOLUPAT PELS
LIDERS
VOCACIÓ EXPORTADORA
Sud-Àfrica 9 ↑ ↓ Concentrada 7,3 ↓ DETERMINANT
Source: own
• Heritage wine tourism model: it is defined as the European model closely linked
to tradition, to the monuments and cultural landscape. Since this concerns
countries with a strong wine export tradition, tourism generates external image
in conjunction to heritage, landscape, culture and architecture. It generates
internal image so as to maintain high consumption levels and protection from
interference from abroad. It encourages links with the region even when brands
are imposed. It is closely linked to local development and promotes theparticipation of small producers to enhance the authenticity of the product. It is
promoted by regional institutions, and relies on local networks for its promotion.
The model has to adapt the traditional productive sector to the wine tourism
initiatives.
• Leadership in the training and recreation model. The model of the New World
was created to generate new customers, and it better adapted to wine tourism
because it was developed in parallel with the creation of new markets. The
production structure of higher dimensions facilitates the supply of wine based
products for large contingents. The main challenge is how to incorporate
territorial authenticity in a model dominated by brands. The territory is linked to
protected natural areas to provide value to its own material substrate. The larger
concentration and business promotion activities allow establishing intense and
ambitious proposals for wine tourism.
• Followers of the model developed by leading wine tourism countries. The
conditions are very uneven. For example Argentina tries to import the European
model, especially the French, as certain conditions are similar: high tradition in
the consumption and a fragmentation of the productive sector. Other countries,
with a more concentrated production sector and a weaker domestic consumption,
try to follow the experiences of Anglo-Saxon countries and their wine tourism
model.
In any case the economic capacity and the volume of domestic consumption is
conditional to the development of a specific model of wine tourism.
Bibliography
Alvear, A, Aparicio, S, Landaluce, MI. 2007. Una primera exploración del mercado
enoturístico real de la Ribera del Duero. Logronyo: Actas del XVII Jornadas Hispano-
Lusas de Gestión, 2052-2066.
Anton Clavé, Salvador; González Reverté, Francesc. 2008. “De la turismofobia a la
cosntruccions social del espacio turístico”. A proposito del turismo. La construcción
social del espacio turístico. Editorial UOC. Barcelona. 11-34.
Anton Clavé, Salvador; Fernández Tabales, Alfonso; González Reverté, Francesc. 2008.
“Los lugares turísticos”. A proposito del turismo. La construcción social del espacio
turístico. Editorial UOC. Barcelona. 103-206
Anton Clavé, S. y López Monné, R. 1996. “Turismo rural, desarrollo local y
preservación del ambiente. Elementos para un desarrollo sostenible del turismo en la
zona de montaña Prades-Montsant, Cataluña”, Eria. Revista de Geografía 41: 227-238.
Arnesto López, XA_; Gómez Martín, B. 2004. “Productos agroalimentarios de calidad,
turismo i desarrollo local: el caso del Priorat”. Cuadernos Geogràficos, Universidad de
Granada. 34, 83-94.Cambourne, B, Macionis, N, 2000. Meeting the winw-maker: winw tourism development in an emerging winw region. A CM Hall, L Sharples, B Cambourne and N. Macionis. Wine tourism around the World.. Elsevier. 81-101 Carlsen, J.; Charters, S. 2007. Global Wine Tourism: Research, Management and Marketing. CABI publishing. Charvet, N. 1995. Tourisme et vin: réflexion autour du concept de tourisme viti- vinicole. Centre National de Ressouces du Tourisme en Espace Rural. Dossier de synthese. 18. Clemente, J.S., García, G. Molló, E., Miguel, L., Roig, B. 2005. “El cooperativismo agrario de interior y su competitividad”. A Salinas, F, Herranz de la Casa, JM. i Albarrán, C. Aportaciones de la economía social al desarrollo rural en Iberoamérica y España. Ávila. Ed. Servício de Publicaciones de la Universidad Católica de Ávila. Cohen, E. 1988 “Authenticity and commodifications in tourism” Annals of Tourism Research, 15, 371-386 Dodd, TH. 2000. Influences on cellar door sales and determinants of winw tourism success: results from Texas wineries. A CM Hall, L Sharples, B Cambourne and N. Macionis. Wine tourism around the WorldElsevier. 136-149. Dubrele, Paul. 2007. “L’Oenoturisme: Une valorisation des produits et du patrimone vitivinicoles”. E-lettre, La Lettre de Vitisphère, 239. Elías Pastor, Luís Vicente. 2008. “Paisaje del viñedo: patrimonio i recurso”. Pasos. Revista de Turismo i patrimonio cultural. Número Especial: Turismo gastronòmico y enoturismo. Vol.6, 2, 137-158. Elías Pastor, Luís Vicente. 2007. “De la bodega al Museo: La investigación en el mundo de la cultura del vino. Bodegas R. López de Heredia Viña Tondonia”. La investigación en los museos del vino. Ideas y Objetos. Actas del V Congreso de Museos del Vino de España. Aranda de Duero. 21-38. Elias Pastor, Luís Vicente. 2006. El turismo del vino. Otra experiencia de ocio. Documentos de Estudios de Ocio. Universidad de Deusto. Bilbao. 30 Getz, Donald. 2000. Explore Wine Tourism, management, developement and destinations. Cognizant Communication Corporation. Nova York. Getz, D i Brown G 2006 “Critical success factors for wine tourism regions: a demand analysis”, Tourism Management, 27: 146:158 Hall, C. Michael; Sharples, Liz; Cambourne, Brok; Macionis, Niki. 2000. Wine Tourism around the world: development management and market. Elsevier. Oxford. Hall, C. Michael; Johnson, Gary; Mitchell, Richard. 2000. Wine tourism and regional developement. A CM Hall, L Sharples, B Cambourne and N. Macionis. Wine tourism around the World. Elsevier. 196-225.
López Guzman, Tomàs J; Sánchez Canizares, Sandra M. 2008. “La Creación de productos turísticos utilizando rutas enológicas”. Pasos. Revista de Turismo i patrimonio Cultural Número Especial: Turismo gastronòmico y ecoturismo. Vol.6 2, 159-171. Mitchell, R. 2007. “Influence on Post-visit Wine Purchase (and non-purchase) by New Zealand Winery Visitors”. A Carlsen, J; Charters, S. Global Wine Tourism: Research, Management and Marketing. CABI publishing. 95-109. Mitchell, R; Hall, CM; McIntosh, A. 2000; Wine Tourism and consumer behaviour.A CM Hall, L Sharples, B Cambourne and N. Macionis. Wine tourism around the World. Elsevier. 115-135. O’Neill, M.; Charters, S. 2007. Survey Timing and Visitor Perceptions of Cellar Door Quality. A Carlsen, J; Charters, S. Global Wine Tourism: Research, Management and Marketing. CABI Publishing. 161-176. Playà, C; Esteve, E; Sàbat F.; Rigau, I. 2003. “Un viaje por el mercado australiano del vino”. ACE Revista de Enologia. Associació Catalana d’Enòlegs. Eduició electrònica. 33 Sáez, Maite. 2007 El enoturismo en California. Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Los Ángeles. Notas sectoriales. Silverstein, Michael J. Fiske, Neil. 2002.La seducción del lujo, porqué los consumidores quieren productos de nuevo lujo i cómo los crean las empresas Ediciones Deusto. Skinner, AM. 2000. “Napa Valley, California: a model of wine region development”. A CM Hall, L Sharples, B., Cambourne and N., Macionis. Wine tourism around the World. Elsevier. 283-296. Sparks, B; Malady, J. 2007. “Emerging Wine Tourisme Regions:Lessons for Development”. A Carlsen, J, Charters, S. Global Wine Tourism: Research, Management and Marketing. CABI publishing. 67-79
You can also read
