NUMSA CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND REJECTION OF THE NDP

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The National Development Plan: Mixed Bag, Or Downright Neoliberal Proposals for South Africa?

                                     NUMSA CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND REJECTION OF THE NDP

                                                              March 2013

“We have suffered more than just national humiliation. Our people are deprived of their due in the country's wealth; their skills have
been suppressed and poverty and starvation has been their life experience. The correction of these centuries-old economic injustices lies
at the very core of our national aspirations.”
(ANC, Morogoro Conference, 1969)
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                                                            5
A Few Interesting Quotes on the NDP

        “Our land reform model is the only one that has succeeded anywhere in South Africa. Indeed it is the model upon which the National Development Plan’s proposals are based”.
                                                     [State of the Province Address, Western Cape Premier Helen Zille, 22 February 2013]

 The adoption of the DA's vocabulary throughout the NDP is striking. It borrows much of the same analytical framework that underpins our own political philosophy - the ‘open, opportunity society
                                                                                           for all.'

                                                                [National Development Plan: Full DA Response, 23 November 2011]

Convenor of NPC communications, Cameron Dugmore said in an email that: “Minister [Trevor] Manuel [chairperson of the NPC and minister in the presidency] has asked me to inform you that the NPC
                                                            chooses to ignore the statement issued by DA leader, Helen Zille”.

                                                 [NPC won’t respond to DA statement on development plan, Mail & Guardian, 24 November 2011]

  After a thorough analysis, the CC came to the extremely disturbing conclusion that significant and strategic parts of the NDP were directly lifted from DA policy documents, especially its Chapters on
                                                      economic restructuring, infrastructure, role of the state, agriculture and rural development.

                                        [Statement issued by the Numsa National Office Bearers on behalf of the Central Committee (CC), March 7 2013]

                   In response to what Mr Jim is quoted as having said in the article with a rubric "ANC lifted DA Policies for NDP", the National Planning Commission responds thus:
"Whilst generally we would not respond to the musings of Mr Jim, we will make this one exception. He arrogates to himself, as a custodian of ANC policies, power much greater than the 4 500 delegates
who gathered at the ANC 53rd National Conference in Mangaung. What gives Mr Jim the right to suggest that the delegates were misled? Mr Jim suffers from an infantile disorder that manifests as
                                                                               an acute aversion to anything rational."

                                                      [Statement issued by National Planning Commission in The Presidency, March 7 2013]

  Numsa is thus puzzled that Comrade Jim is accused of suffering from infantile disorder and not Mrs Zille? Why was the National Planning Commission
 quiet when Mrs Zille arrived at the same conclusion as Mr Jim? Why did the National Planning Commission “choose to ignore the statement issued by the
                                          DA leader”, and not ignore the one issued by the leader of metalworkers?

                                                                                                    !
Focus of the Analysis
1. Background

1.1     NUMSA has always been clear about the bourgeois-orientation of the NDP. The NUMSA National Office Bearers therefore requested that a more detailed analysis of the NDP be undertaken.
1.2     On several occasions, we have made our views known that we reject the NDP (and its Diagnostic of Symptoms) on the grounds that:

        a)It leaves intact the power relations of Colonialism of a Special Type
        b)It is therefore a major rightwing deviation from the Freedom Charter and thus, it paves a path that derails a socialist-oriented NDR
        c) Ideologically, it is firmly anchored in neo-liberalism and does not even represent a shadow of the revolutionary tradition of the national liberation movement
        d)GEAR is indeed a living and growing document, it had 66 pages in 1996. It has now grown to 430 pages in the form of the NDP!
        e)We have consistently argued that there are very strong parallels between the NDP and DA policy
        f) Specifically we have argued that the NDP:

            i)     Does not have a plan on how to restructure the economy
            ii)    Does not have a plan on how to fundamentally transform ownership and control patterns of the economy
            iii)   Plans to roll-out infrastructure to further reinforce raw mineral export dependence and not broad-based industrial development
            iv)    Minimises the role of the state in the economy
            v)     Seeks to de-regulate the labour market further and to further weaken working class power, and is thus thoroughly anti-working class in its outlook
            vi)    Operates within the neo-liberal macroeconomic framework and broadly, and thus offers no hope for fundamental social and economic transformation

2. Content of the Analysis

      2.1 This is mainly a compare and contrast exercise. We compare to what extent the NDP has now paved the way to openly align state policy with DA policy
      2.2 We determine the extent to which the NDP is “Oppositionist” in its contents, i.e. Oppositionist in relation to the revolutionary tradition of the ANC-led national liberation movement.
      2.3 This compare and contrast exercise entails an analysis of the following chapters of the NDP:
          a) Chapter 3—Economy and Employment
          b) Chapter 4—Economic Infrastructure
          c) Elements of Chapter 6—Inclusive Rural Economy
          d) Elements of Chapter 15—Transforming Society and Uniting the Country
          e) Together these Chapters and Fragments constitute almost 90 pages of the 430 Magnum Opus

      2.4 Our compare and contrast exercise is structured around 7 themes
          a) The ideology of the NDP
          b) The Role of the State
          c) Ownership and Control of the Economy
          d) Macroeconomic Policy

                                                                                                       ?
e)    Industrial Policy, Trade and Economic Infrastructure Policy
         f)    Labour Market Transformation
         g)    Land Reform and Rural Development

                                                                         The Key Features of Neo-liberalism: A Recap

In 1996, we analysed the basic tenets of neo-liberal policy in South Africa as follows:

     •    Trade liberalization (Allow imports and exports to flow freely in and out of the country)
     •    Financial liberalization (Allow money to get in and out of the country freely)
     •    Labour market deregulation (make it easy to hire and fire workers, wages must fall when there is high unemployment and rise when unemployment is low)
     •    Limited role of the state (privatise state activities, enter into private public partnerships, outsource so-called non-core functions, etc.)
     •    Fiscal austerity (cut back government spending, “reprioritise expenditure”, implement cost recovery policies on basic services, apply user-pay principle as far as possible,
          including through tariffs and e-tolls in order to pay for services)
     •    Tight monetary policy (inflation should be the overriding concern of the central bank, not employment or industrial development, interest rate is the primary tool to control the
          economy, interest rate must in general be above inflation)
     •    Central bank independence (no political interference with Reserve Bank operations, democratically elected leaders cannot use the Reserve Bank as an instrument to pursue the
          developmental agenda).

The core elements of the integrated [GEAR] strategy were:

     •    A renewed focus on budget reform to strengthen the redistributive thrust of expenditure; [This was fiscal austerity, cutting back expenditure, shutting down teacher and nursing
          colleges, including FET’s, neglect of school infrastructure and basic municipal infrastructure, etc.]
     •    A faster fiscal deficit reduction programme to contain debt service obligations, counter inflation and free resources for investment; [See above]
     •    An exchange rate policy to keep the real effective rate stable at a competitive level; [Flexible exchange rate supported by the removal of exchange controls]
     •    Consistent monetary policy to prevent a resurgence of inflation; [Inflation targeting maintained at all costs, including cases where unemployment is rising and industrial development
          grinds to a halt]
     •    A further step in the gradual relaxation of exchange controls; [This is to ensure profits can be easily repatriated out of the country, supports flexible exchange rates]
     •    A reduction in tariffs to contain input prices and facilitate industrial restructuring, compensating partially for the exchange rate depreciation; [This means cheap imports are essential to keep
          inflation down, even if it means de-industrialisation and massive job-losses].
     •    Tax incentives to stimulate new investment in competitive and labour absorbing projects; [These are tax breaks that were given to companies but companies did not invest, instead they
          repatriated profits out of the country because of removal of exchange controls, and now tax breaks come in the form of a youth wage subsidy].
     •     Speeding up the restructuring of state assets to optimise investment resources; [This is privatisation and corporatisation, making SOE’s to operate as if they are private sector profit-
          maximising companies, it also involves unbundling e.g. the destruction of ISCOR, and partial privatisation such as happened in Telkom, private public partnerships as has
          happened with the toll roads, etc.]

                                                                                                     @
•    An expansionary infrastructure programme to address service deficiencies and backlogs; [But this is private-sector led through private public partnerships and tenders]
     •    An appropriately structured flexibility within the collective bargaining system; [To ease the hiring and firing, and not to extend collective bargaining agreements to “non-parties”,
          exclusion of new entrants into bargaining agreements and extension of probationary periods]

                                                                           The Ideology of the NDP and that of the DA

“The adoption of the DA's vocabulary throughout the NDP is striking. It borrows much of the same analytical framework that underpins our own political philosophy - the ‘open, opportunity society
                                                                                          for all.'

  “We believe the NDP points to a growing consensus amongst a growing number of people at the non-racial, moderate centre of South African politics. This emerging consensus on the fundamental
                                                         issues facing South Africa today is an exciting and significant development.”

                              “Many of the NDP proposals will, however, face stiff internal opposition from factions in the ruling party, its youth wing and its alliance partners.”

                                                                  [National Development Plan: Full DA Response, 23 November 2011]

Convenor of NPC communications, Cameron Dugmore said in an email that: “Minister [Trevor] Manuel [chairperson of the NPC and minister in the presidency] has asked me to inform you that the NPC
                                                            chooses to ignore the statement issued by DA leader, Helen Zille”.

                                                  [NPC won’t respond to DA statement on development plan, Mail & Guardian, 24 November 2011]

   “We urge government to take heed of this plan, which dovetails in large measure with the National Development Plan. There is a clear basis on which to take the discussions forward and build the
                                                                             moderate centre of South African politics...”

                                             [The DA’s Plan for Growth and Jobs: Working For Change, Working For Jobs, Foreword, p.3, 28 July 2012]

    “The DA believes not in a more equal society, but in an EQUAL OPPORTUNITY SOCIETY…and that is a very, very different matter indeed. If you don’t believe me, have a look at the DA’s official
website. Click on the Icon “Our Policies”, and then scroll down to “The Opportunity Society”. This is how the “Opportunity Society” is described on the website: “In an opportunity society…your path in life
 is not determined by the circumstances of your birth, including your material [they don’t like to use the word ‘wealth’] and ‘demographic’ [they don’t like to use the word ‘race’] circumstances, but rather
by your [individual] talents and your [individual] efforts...There you have it. The “opportunity” society. It’s a kind of B-grade version of Oprah Winfrey’s world outlook – “if you want it bad enough, you can
                                                      get it.” A myopic, self-satisfied and ultimately cruel illusory outlook for the majority of South Africans”.

                           [Address by J. Cronin, MP, Deputy Minister of Transport, On the Occasion of the Debate of State of the Nation Address, 15 February 2012].

                                                                                                        /
The Ideology of the NDP and that of the DA, versus COSATU

                       Democratic Alliance                                                    National Development Plan                                                      COSATU

1. The system of apartheid, which involved the legislated denial        1. The social, psychological and geographic elements of apartheid;
   of opportunity to black South Africans – to assets, jobs,               continue to shape the lives and outlook of many South Africans, even
   proper education, and even citizenship – left an economic               though apartheid no longer exists on the statute books. This
   legacy of racially determined disenfranchisement,                       systemic racism must be confronted by society as otherwise it will be
   marginalisation, and exclusion, which confined our nation’s             reproduced and reinforce itself across generations. It is this
   talent and wounded our psyche. [Working for Change, p.85].              inherited psyche of racial prejudice, breakdown in values,
                                                                           inequality of opportunity and massive poverty, as well as
                                                                           competition for scarce resources, which helps fuel racism and, more
                                                                           recently, xenophobia.[NDP-Our Future, p.459].

2. South Africa’s insider/outsider economy is no                        2. South Africa’s labour market is highly segmented, with a core             COSATU is a class-oriented trade-union federation whose
   accident...The transition to democracy in 1994 brought with it          (especially public servants and well-organised sectors), a larger             strategic objective is to achieve socialism through the
   the promise of redress, reconciliation, and a better life for all.      periphery of vulnerable unorganised and low-paid workers in the           National Democratic Revolution. The minimum programme
   However, the policies pursued by successive national                    formal and informal sectors, and a marginalised group of                  of the National Democratic Revolution, a programme that is
   administrations have not fixed the legacy of poverty and                unemployed [Diagnostic, p.12].                                               the basis of ANC-led Alliance, is the Freedom Charter.
   inequalities left by apartheid. Instead, they have created new
   barriers and new inequalities that protect established
   insiders in both the private and public sectors at the
   expense of poor South Africans who continue to lack access
   to economic opportunities. [Working for Growth, p.11]

3. ...this policy document seeks to do by accelerating economic         3. In addition to the historical inequities that reduced opportunities for
   growth by breaking down the insider-outsider structure of our           black people, the way in which the labour market has evolved,
   economy to help outsiders participate in the economy. These             locking out new entrants, adds to the lack of opportunities. [NDP-
   outsiders include unemployed South Africans locked out of               Our Future, p.459]
   the labour market by Cosatu’s influence on our labour
   policies, and small businesses denied access to markets by
   private and public monopolies and cartels. [Working for Jobs,
   p.53]

4. Vested interests that seek to monopolise access to                   4. South Africa’s labourA market is often characterised by
   opportunity for the privileged few at the expense of the                contestation between profitable firms and reasonably well-paid
   majority – whether in the form of closed business networks,             employees. Outcomes determined in bargaining processes leave
patronage politics, or protected employment for members of               little room for new entrants to enter the workplace. To address high
    labour union COSATU and its affiliates –needs to be met                  levels of unemployment, particularly among youth, extraordinary
    with bold and decisive action. [Working for Growth, p.85].               measures will be required....[NDP 2030-Our Future, p.58]

5. Economic growth is a prerequisite for overcoming the                   5. The longer-term solution to skewed ownership and control of the
   inequalities inherited from our past and opening up                       economy is to grow the economy rapidly enough and focus on
   opportunities for all, but it needs to be inclusive if it is to make      spreading opportunities for black people as it grows [NDP-Vision
   a difference to peoples’ lives. [Working for Growth, p.49]                2030, p.102].

6. Our Vision- the opportunity society: In an opportunity                 6. Creating equal opportunity: Equal opportunity is about nullifying
   society, your path in life is not determined by the                       factors such as gender, ethnicity, place of birth, and family
   circumstances of your birth, including both your material                 background, so that these do not influence life chances. Success in
   and “demographic” circumstances, but rather by your                       life should depend on people’s choices, effort and talents, not their
   talents and by your efforts. That is why, in an opportunity               circumstances at birth. The discrimination suffered by black people
   society, a child born in poverty should nevertheless be able to           crucially influences their life chances. [NDP-Vision 2030, p.415]
   become a brain surgeon, provided he or she has the talent and
   puts in the effort required to succeed. [DA Website, Our Vision,
   “Creating Economic Opportunities For All”—DA Policy
   Document, 2009].

7. If we are to open up opportunities for all and create a                7. Only by reducing poverty and inequality through broadening
   prosperous, inclusive society, the ‘pie’ needs get bigger so              opportunity can the country achieve real unity...The country has
   there is more to share [DA Diagnosis, p.11].                              much more to gain if a win-lose debate shifts to a win-win debate,
                                                                             focusing simultaneously on growing the cake and redistributing
                                                                             it. [NDP-Vision 2030, p.416].

                                                         [The ideology of the NDP is exactly the same ideology as that of the DA]
Some Gibberish Formulations, Platitudes or Cryptic Language in the NDP!
Examples:

1. It is essential to lower the cost of living for poor households. Some elements of the plan will have a cost-raising effect on the economy. In particular, modernising infrastructure after decades of
   underinvestment may require higher tariffs. To offset these increases, policy should focus on increasing competitiveness and investing in new infrastructure in areas that directly affect the poor such
   as the food value chain, public transport, education and health, and telecommunications. Greater public-sector efficiency will also lead to a lower cost structure for the economy. (Electronic version,
   p.40).

2. “Selecting good quality black and female candidates would be easier if the education system is producing ever greater numbers of skilled black and female work entrants” (p.417).
3.
4. “Intensified stimulation of local and foreign markets will be needed, as well as strengthening conditions to promote labour-absorbing activities” (p.**)

5. “Strengthening the capabilities of the workforce, ensuring that earnings are responsive to industrial demands, but also sufficient to ensure a minimum standard of living, and stabilising the
   environment for bargaining and labour relations in way that is conducive to investment but also to human rights as discussed in this chapter” (p.97).

6. “The majority of new employment will arise in activities that are domestically-oriented, where global competition is less intense and there is high labour component...Examples include: housing
   construction, retail, personal services such as hairdressing or cleaning, business services such as office cleaning or repair.” (p.108).

                                                                                                     .
On the Role of the State

   “The withdrawal of the state from the provision of basic goods to a large extent explains the persistence of unemployment, the rise of structural unemployment and the increase in the Lazarus-
layers of the working class in South Africa. The privatisation of infrastructure provision and the supply of other basic goods meant that labour-intensity was subordinated to the dictates of profit-making.”

                                                                                          [COSATU Growth Path, p.19]

“The break out from national markets also saw attempts to roll back welfarism, to break national social accords between, say, Swedish capital and Swedish workers/small farmers/middle strata, and
                                  to privatise key infrastructural service utilities that lay at the heart of the welfare state (water, transport, electricity, housing utilities).”

                                                                [J. Cronin, On Neo-liberalism, Reformism, Populism and Ultra-leftism].

                       Democratic Alliance—GEAR                                             National Development Plan Proposals                                               COSATU Proposals

 1. Providing an environment conducive to growth, including the           1.          Provide appropriate public infrastructure and services          1. Decisively intervene in the economy to redistribute resources
    provision of critical infrastructure; [Working for Change,                 and help in lowering the transaction costs across the economy            in order to address: divisions resulting from our Apartheid past,
    p.13, p.29]                                                                [NDP-Vision 2030, p.134].                                                unemployment, inequality and poverty, and the rural-urban
                                                                                                                                                        development divide. [Growth Path, p.30].

 2. A DA government will apply a policy framework that ensures            2.         The state not only has a role in setting the appropriate         2.
    macroeconomic stability, policy continuity and the pursuit of              macroeconomic framework, it must also provide the right
    appropriate microeconomic interventions.[Creating Equal                    microeconomic conditions...[NDP-Vision 2030, p.134]
    Opportunities, p.5]

 3. Correcting market failures; [Working for Change, Working for          3.             Identify and resolve market failures [NDP-Vision 2030,       3. Take direct responsibility and must rely less on the private
    Jobs, p.13, p.29]                                                          p.134].                                                                  sector and market forces through: nationalization of strategic
                                                                                                                                                        sectors and ownership of productive resources...[Growth Path,
                                                                                                                                                        p.30].

 4. Ensuring fairness by promoting broad-based ownership and                                                                                          4. The popular classes cannot simply rely on regulation,
    participation;                                                        4.           The state must enhance regulation of market                      because the probability of failure and evasion always exists
                                                                               participation [NDP-Vision 2030, p.134]                                   [Growth Path, p.112].

 5. Speed up the process needed to approve private public                                                                                             5. Eliminate the profit motive from the delivery of
    partnerships...The DA will look urgently at the constraints           5.          Urgently address constraints to public-private                    infrastructure, by directly delivering infrastructure, basic goods
    affecting PPPs and take specific steps to resolve them.                    partnerships—including institutional arrangements for regulation         and services to the economy and communities—this means
(Creating Equal Opportunities, p.19).                                       and execution of such partnerships as well as relevant capacity in        building internal skills...[Growth Path, p.36]; In the expansion and
                                                                                 government departments and spheres [NDP-Vision 2030, p.133].              upgrading of infrastructure, the state should minimize and where
                                                                                                                                                           possible eliminate the profit motive, build internal capacity and
                                                                                                                                                           should reverse reliance on Private-Public Partnerships [Growth
                                                                                                                                                           Path, p.90].

6. Government is committed to the application of public private                                                                                       6. The privatisation of infrastructure provision and the supply of
   sector partnerships based on cost recovery pricing where this            6.          Private sector partnerships (primarily with Transnet and        other basic goods meant that labour-intensity was subordinated to
   can practically and fairly be effected [GEAR, p.17].                          SANRAL) are essential to upgrade corridors. Where SOEs are             the dictates of profit-making...This meant that private-sector-
                                                                                 unable to meet demand for freight services, the state should           driven infrastructure delivery could not deliver as many jobs
                                                                                 vigorously encourage private sector involvement.                       as anticipated, let alone the requirements of skills development
7.                                                                                                                                                      and decent wages. Without a state-driven infrastructure
                                                                            7.           Given the amount of investment needed, as well as              programme, it will be impossible to dent structural
                                                                                 Eskom’s stressed balance sheet—and limited fiscal resources—           unemployment whilst increasing the skills base of the labour
                                                                                 private investment will need to be accelerated                         force. [Growth Path, p.20]

                                                                                                                                                      7.

8. Across the world, governments are giving concessions to                                                                                            8.     The state should minimize and where possible eliminate the
   private sector port operators to manage their harbours. We               8.          The National Ports Act (2005), which stipulates that all           profit motive, build internal capacity and should reverse reliance
   should do the same.                                                         new developments should be concessioned, needs to be                        on Private-Public Partnerships [Growth Path, p.90].
                                                                               stringently enforced so that all operators (public and private)
9. Rationalise State Owned Enterprises: Begin a process of                     perform or are replaced
   rationalising South Africa’s portfolio of state-owned enterprises        9.         See p.393—398 for more details, NDP-Vision 2030.
   (SOEs). This will begin with a comprehensive review of their                Mandates of SOEs must be reviewed periodically, how it is fulfilling
   core mandates, strategic importance, corporate structure,                   the public interest mandate, renewal, refinement or revocation of
   current financial position, and commercial viability. Based on              public interest mandate will enable a clear consensus about what
   this assessment, an SOE consolidation programme will be                     constitutes success...new enterprises may need to be created to
   rolled out that will see either:                                            attend to unmet public interests...

     (i) The full or partial sale of SOE assets to interested
           investors;
     (ii) The listing of SOE assets on the JSE; or
     (iii) The retention of state ownership where this is deemed
           strategically desirable or in the public interest. In the case
           of scenarios (i) and (ii) the sale of these assets will assist
           with deficit reduction;...[Working for Change, p.74].
The Role of the State and Institutional Capability or Building a Capable State According to the NDP: More Questions than Answers!

1.   Strengthening the role of the state as service provider, as the core provider of public goods (such as infrastructure and other public services), as an economic regulator, as a consumer, and as a
     critical player in giving leadership to economic development and addressing market failures. [Strengthen how?]
2.   Creating a clear system of hierarchy and decision-making across economic line-function departments and spheres of government. The Presidency will act as the strategic centre of power to
     resolve key points of disagreement and ensure policy alignment.[What about other line functions?]
3.   Responsiveness on the part of the state to anticipate possible crises and respond to them rapidly and appropriately. [How is this a proposal?]
4.   Establishing significant consequences for not reaching targets, whether in social or economic areas of delivery.
5.   Measuring performance in economic services departments on the basis of success, or otherwise in facilitating investment and building partnerships among the economic actors. [What about
     other departments?]
6.   Improving trust between the public and private sectors. The government must treat private actors as partners in policy design and implementation, and the private sector in turn must respond to
     and facilitate the realisation of national objectives.[How to improve trust? Is trust, not power relations, really the factor?]
7.   Urgently addressing constraints to public-private partnerships – including the institutional arrangements for regulating and executing such partnerships as well as relevant capacity in government
     departments and spheres.[How?]
8.   Any direct state involvement in productive sectors should be informed by the “balance of evidence” in relation to stimulating economic growth and competitiveness, creating jobs and reducing
     inequality, as well as availability and optimal deployment of public resources.[Why is “balance of evidence” applied in the case where “direct state involvement” is concerned and not in
     the case where “lack of direct state involvement in productive sectors” prevails?]

On Restructuring State-Owned Enterprises

Pages 394—398 of the NDP dovetail closely in their recommendations with the DA’s Policy Outcome on “Enhanced Performance by SOEs” (p.62) and proposals for “Effective Resource Allocation"
(p.74).

                                                                                                   5
On Ownership and Control of the South African Economy

                “In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement against the existing social and political order of things. In all these movements, they bring to
                                   the front, as the leading question in each, the property question, no matter what its degree of development at the time....”

                                                                     [Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, The Communist Manifesto]

              “The leadership that must lead an ANC rooted amongst our people and led by the working class must have an unquestionable commitment to this mass-based NDR. It must not have an
                 ambivalent commitment to all the demands of the Freedom Charter including its call for nationalisation, redistribution of wealth and land, and free and compulsory education.”

                                                                              [COSATU Paper on the Leadership Challenge, 2007]

The Freedom Charter says:

“The People Shall Share in the Country's Wealth!

1. The national wealth of our country, the heritage of South Africans, shall be restored to the people;
2. The mineral wealth beneath the soil, the Banks and monopoly industry shall be transferred to the ownership of the people as a whole.”

                   Democratic Alliance—GEAR                                         National Development Plan Proposals                                             COSATU Proposals

1.             Growth creates wealth, and with more wealth,           1.              The longer-term solution to skewed ownership and       1. Collective and public forms of ownership: Our society
     there is more to share: enough, for all, forever [Working for         control of the economy is to grow the economy rapidly                suffers from a history of dispossession...The new growth path
     Change, p.18].                                                        enough and focus on spreading opportunities for black people         will progressively support the emergence and expansion of
                                                                           as it grows[NDP-Vision 2030, p.102].                                 collective forms of ownership. Some strategic inputs to
                                                                                                                                                industrial development e.g. the mines, steel production and
                                                                                                                                                petro-chemicals should be in the hands of the state in order
                                                                                                                                                to build state power to direct industrialisation... Such an
                                                                                                                                                initiative will lead to redistribution of power in the economy and
                                                                                                                                                break the stranglehold of a few conglomerates [Growth Path,
                                                                                                                                                p.24, see also p.110].

                                                                      2.              BEE is flawed largely because black people in          2. Congress notes the promotion of privatization of state
2.              Providing redress by assisting poor South                  general lack capital which raises the cost of capital for other      assets as a way to promote black enterprise…and resolves
     Africans to access capital is a high priority for the DA.             participants thereby undermining investment in capacity and          to strengthen the role of the state to resolve the historic
     Proposals include financial incentives to enhance Broad-Based         production, policy has to remain true to its intent to broaden       marginalization of the majority and to reverse the

                                                                                                     !
BEE, and changes to the tax code to encourage wealthy South           ownership and control of production to black people and                privatization of state assets, which is being justified in the
     Africans to give more (p.15).                                         women without undermining overall levels of investment                 name of black economic empowerment”, [Growth Path,
                                                                           (p.418).                                                               p.31, Footnote 44].

                                                                                                                                             3. In relation to the growth path, the concept of redistribution of
3.             A pragmatic view, ensuring transparency and            3.               Address uncertainties over ownership, tax                power and resources was linked to building workers’ power:
     enforcement of ownership rights, creating a stable and                treatment and allocation of mineral rights (p.30), ensure            which is made up of worker control and democracy, and
     predictable regulatory environment (p.29).                            certainty in respect of property rights, pass amendments to the      social ownership, of which nationalization is seen as a
                                                                           MPRDA to ensure predictable competitive and stable                   component. [Growth Path, p.111].
                                                                           mining regulatory framework (p.126).

4.             Introduce tax deductions to create strong incentives   4.                Transforming the economy also means changing         4.
     for the creation of employee share ownership schemes                  patterns of ownership and control. To date, efforts to transfer
     (p.15)                                                                ownership of productive assets have not yielded the desired
                                                                           results, with employee share ownership schemes playing a
                                                                           less significant role.

                                                  What Conclusions Can Be Drawn on Ownership and Control of the Economy?

1.      State-ownership or nationalisation is not part of the NDP, this means the Freedom Charter’s call that “the mineral wealth beneath the soil, the banks and monopoly industries shall be transferred
        to the ownership of the people as a whole” will not be realised at least, until 2030.

        The 9th Congress of COSATU resolved the following:

        a) We must bring back the fundamental thrust of the Freedom Charter and the RDP on nationalisation of key and strategic industries.
        b) Government must return to the Freedom Charter demands for the nationalisation of monopoly industries like mines and the banks
        c) To campaign within the Alliance and society at large for the nationalisation of economic assets in key economic sectors such as minerals, telecommunications, petrochemical, etc.

        The 10th Congress of COSATU further noted that “the Freedom Charter propagates state ownership of the commanding heights of the economy and control of the private sector for the benefit of
        the people”.

                                                                                                     ?
The NDP therefore neither advances the objectives of the Freedom Charter nor does it advance working class perspective on ownership and control of the economy.
     .
2.   The NDP:

     a) Says nothing about ownership and control of well-known strategic monopoly industries such as SASOL, Arcelor-Mittal, the Banks, the Mines and others.
     b) Says nothing about the following:

                               a.   State Bank
                               b.   State pharmaceutical company
                               c.   Private ownership of the South African Reserve Bank
                               d.   State Mining Company

3.   In the NDP, BEE remains the primary vehicle to deracialise and democratise ownership and control, no plan to broaden ownership and control, and no plan to change the class character of
     ownership and control of the economy.

     This means that the continued concentration and centralisation of economic power in the hands of a few people, and the concentration of
     unemployment, poverty and negative effects of extreme inequality among the majority, which have been the characteristic economic features of
     colonialism of a special type, must continues well after 2030!

                                                                                                @
Macroeconomic Policy in the DA and the NDP and COSATU
                    Democratic Alliance—GEAR                                                 National Development Plan Proposals                                                 COSATU Proposals

1.              On Monetary Policy: The DA supports the inflation-         1.               On Monetary Policy: Macroeconomic policy ensures              1.Employment will be the primary target of monetary policy,
     targeting framework implemented by a strong, independent                   relative stability in prices and critical variables such as interest        whilst price stability plays a subordinate role. Monetary policy
     Reserve Bank operating a flexible exchange rate regime. In                 rates and the exchange rate (p.120).                                        will support industrial development. [Growth Path, p.79]
     considering the official task of the Reserve Bank, we believe that
     it should be responsible for maintaining macroeconomic stability,
     with the primary objective being price stability.[Working for
     Growth, p.37].
                                                                                                                                                          2.The Reserve Bank must resist pressures on the real
2.               On Exchange Rate Management: The bank should              2.                On Exchange Rate Management: A stable and                      exchange rate to appreciate. It must follow a strategy that
     act in a flexible exchange rate regime, with active participation          enabling macroeconomic will underpin sustainable growth and                 imposes capital controls to manage sharp depreciations,
     in currency markets only to build the country’s foreign exchange           employment creation. Within a framework of a floating exchange              accumulate foreign exchange reserves more aggressively,
     reserves, with no objective of influencing exchange rates (p.37).          rate, approaches to protecting firms from Rand volatility will be           administer a tax on capital flows and impose frictions on
                                                                                explored (p.120). The present approach of a floating exchange rate          foreign exchange transactions. [Growth Path, 80]
                                                                                is the most sensible instrument to protect the economy from external
                                                                                shocks (p.121).

3.               On Capital Controls: A DA government would fully          3.                On Capital Controls: No proposals, current trajectory        3. A critical element of the financial policies in this growth path is
     dismantle South Africa’s out-dated exchange control regime in              of gradual dismantling of capital controls remains.                         to reverse the relaxation of capital controls...Foreign exchange
     order to eliminate the many restrictions and administrative                                                                                            control measures will be an essential part of monetary policy.
     burdens it imposes.                                                                                                                                    [Growth path, p.67, p.79]

4.                Fiscal Policy Stance: A DA government would hold         4.                Countercyclical Fiscal Policy Stance: Government             4.Stabilize employment over the business cycle, and increase
     the fiscal line in the face of populist pressure and run a counter-        needs to build in macro-policy cushions to enable South Africa to           employment over the long term, influence changes in income
     cyclical fiscal policy to lessen the impact of downturns. The              counteract the effect of the global crisis. Continued fiscal discipline     distribution over the business cycle, and set target share of
     long term objective will be two-fold: First, to reduce the                 is important, though a more expansionary stance might be                    workers in national income over the long term, influence the
     participation of the state in the economy and to ensure that               necessary if the EU contracts (p.101).                                      structure of the economy through activist tax and expenditure
     fiscal spending does not affect price levels, or crowd-out                                                                                             policies, in line with the requirements of the new growth path... In
     household and corporate expenditure....Second...we would                                                                                               an employment-based fiscal policy framework, it is the cycle in
     entrench limits on fiscal expansion, using mechanisms such                                                                                             employment that takes precedence. Fiscal policy is directed
     as the Swiss and German constitutional limitations on                                                                                                  towards stabilizing the employment cycle. This means that,
     structural deficits, which link the government’s ability to expand                                                                                     even if the goods market may rapidly recover, it is the

                                                                                                          /
expenditure with key debt-to-output measures [Working for                                                                                              recovery in the labour market that should inform the fiscal
     Growth, p.36].                                                                                                                                         policy stance. [Growth path, p.71, 73—74]

                                                                           5.               On Tax Policy: No proposals on tax policy, status quo         5.Redistributive tax interventions can be implemented through
5.               Reduce corporate tax rate: Reduce the corporate                remains. A number of tax incentives are mentioned: skills                   a progressive tax system, with an introduction of a tax category
     tax rate to 27% with a view to reducing it to 25% in the medium            development tax incentive, youth wage tax incentive, export tax on          of the “super-rich”, solidarity tax, whose aim is to cap the
     term. By making South Africa a more attractive place for both              minerals could be considered, carbon taxes.                                 growth of earnings of the top 10% and to accelerate the earnings
     local and international businesses, this proposal aims to make is                                                                                      of the bottom 10%, tax on both domestically produced and
     cheaper and easier for people to start run successful enterprises,                                                                                     imported luxury items...Transformative taxes must be used to
     and ultimately stimulate private sector growth, both of which are                                                                                      support industrial development...closing the apartheid wage
     central to job creation [Working for Growth, p.62].                                                                                                    gap...[Growth Path, 72—73].

                                                                           6.               On financing infrastructure: Public infrastructure            6. Reverse relaxation of capital controls, prescribed assets,
6.             On financing infrastructure: Increase infrastructure              investment at 10 percent of gross domestic product (GDP),                  redistributive and transformative taxes, asset-based
     investment to 10% of GDP... Financing the infrastructure                    financed through tariffs, public-private partnerships, taxes and           requirements on commercial banks, etc...[Growth Path p.67—
     development programme will require a mix of (i) direct state                loans and focused on transport, energy and water [Electronic               74]
     expenditure; (ii) listing SOEs themselves and/ or selling existing          version, p.34].
     SOE assets; and (iii) private investment.

                                                                What Conclusions Can Be Drawn on Macroeconomic Policy of the NDP?

                     1.   Inflation-targeting remains the macroeconomic policy framework.
                     2.   Exchange controls will continue to be gradually dismantled.
                     3.   Existing tax policy framework will largely remain in place, no progressive taxation, tax on financial transactions, speculative capital inflows, etc.
                     4.   Financing of infrastructure development will be through tariffs and mainly through PPPs (or partial privatisation)
                     5.   Fiscal framework remains constrained by the inflation target
                     6.   Employment is not the direct primary focus of macroeconomic policy

                                               In the main, the macroeconomic framework of the NDP remains identical as that of GEAR and the DA.

                                                                                                         A
On Industrial, Trade and Economic Infrastructure Policies
                                                     All other industry and trade shall be controlled to assist the wellbeing of the people—Freedom Charter.

                        Democratic Alliance—GEAR                                                   National Development Plan Proposals                                                 COSATU Proposals

1.                   Replace the current Industrial Policy Action Plan             1. Public and private procurement will be leveraged to promote                1.              Industrial policy interventions must necessarily
     (IPAP2) with a simpler, streamlined Industrial Development and                   localisation and industrial diversification, R&D support for product                  include:
     Growth Strategy (IDGS), the twin aims of which will be to correct                development, innovation and commercialisation will be intensified,              •     Regulation of exports of:
     market failures resulting from information constraints and coordination          approaches to buffering manufacturers from the effects of currency                    o raw mineral, including agricultural raw produce
     constraints.                                                                     volatility will be explored, strengthening network infrastructure skills                   and unprocessed wood
                                                                                      supply and bringing administered prices under control;                                o metals
                                                                                                                                                                            o petro-chemicals
                                                                                   2. Special intervention areas. These areas require particular forms of             •     Ban the export of scrap metal, and encourage local
2.                     Establish Jobs Zones: Establish Jobs Zones in close            state support for specified periods. They include Job Intervention                    recycling
     proximity to each of South Africa’s ports and airports to attract and            Zones, Growth Management Zones, and Green Economy Zones                         •     Promote targeted industrial financing at generous
     retain investment in key labour-absorbing industries in order to                 [NDP-Vision 2030, p.250].                                                             terms
     stimulate employment creation in these job-rich sectors [Working for                                                                                             •     Promote state investment in the capacity of the
     Growth, p.41].                                                                                                                                                         targeted sectors
a)   Generous exemptions from labour legislation.                                                                                                                     •     Link state support with local procurement and job
b)   All investors operating in Jobs Zones will be exempt from restrictive         The institutional arrangements for supporting these zones need further                   creation
     aspects of South African labour legislation in order to enhance               consideration, and may involve public-private partnerships and support             •     The wholesale and retail sector must carry at least
     flexibility, productivity and competitiveness with regard to labour input     from national government....                                                             75% local content
     costs.                                                                                                                                                           •     Develop codes and targets for SMME and co-
c)   Amendments to the Basic Conditions of Employment Act and the                                                                                                           operative support and procurement that apply
     Labour Relations Act will be made accordingly;                                                                                                                         throughout the economy, not just the public sector
d)   Strong tax and trade incentives for investors operating in Jobs Zones.
                                                                                                                                                                      •
e)   Prioritise Jobs Zone investors for preferential loans through the
                                                                                                                                                                 2.              The Competition Commission will be focusing
     Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) to fund and support
                                                                                                                                                                      on:
     industrial development projects.
                                                                                   3.       Institute far-reaching review of current infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                      •     Pricing of certain strategic inputs in manufacturing
3.              Conduct a comprehensive analytical review of the                        regulators to clarify roles, strengthen accountability, update
                                                                                                                                                                            and other productive processes, making these inputs
     current state of South Africa’s independent infrastructure regulators.             legislation and regulations, and reform institutional design,
                                                                                                                                                                            affordable to downstream industries. This will include
     The review process will (i) clarify their respective roles; (ii) strengthen        establish a unit in the Presidency (Monitoring and Evaluation) to
                                                                                                                                                                            combating import-parity pricing in the economy as
     accountability; (iii) update relevant legislation and regulations; and (iv)        undertake periodic regulatory impact reviews, and to provide
                                                                                                                                                                            a whole
     make recommendations regarding institutional design reform. The                    advice and support to regulatory authorities [NDP-Vision 2030,
Regulatory Impact Assessment Unit, located in the Presidency (see             p.139].                                                             •      Pricing of wage goods and other products
     previous chapter) will conduct regular reviews of the impact of the                                                                                      purchased largely by poor and working class
     independent regulators on economic growth, while also providing                                                                                          households
     advice and support to these bodies [Working for Change, p.74].
                                                                                                                                                       •      Cost-effectiveness of the public infrastructure
4.               Renew Freight Rail Fleet: Initiate a process of renewing     4. Renew the commuter rail fleet, with a region-by-region shift to              programme
     the country’s entire freight rail fleet to expand capacity and enhance      current generation high-capacity rolling stock, supported by
     the efficiency, reliability and competitiveness of transporting goods       station upgrades and improved facilities to enhance links with        •      Furthermore, we propose that the Commission must
     around the country and to our trading partners abroad. This will take       road-based services [NDP-Vision 2030, p.169].                                balance the need for competition with the need
     the form of a region-by-region shift (beginning in areas facing                                                                                          for decent work and employment protection.
     immediate capacity constraints) to new generation high-capacity
     rolling stock, and will be augmented by station upgrades and                                                                                          We further propose criminalization, beyond fines,
     improved facilities to enhance the interface between rail and road-                                                                                   should be taken against CEO’s whose companies are
     based services [Working for Change, p.75].                                                                                                            found to be guilty of anti-competitive behaviour.
                                                                                                                                                              [See Growth Path for more details, p.37—57]
5.              Decentralise power production: Move Eskom’s current           5.                  The Independent System and Market Operator Act
     system operator, planning, power procurement, power                           will be passed, following which, Eskom’s system operator,
     purchasing and power contracting functions to an independent                  planning, power procurement, purchasing and contracting
     system and market operator. Eskom’s transmission assets may,                  functions will be transferred to an independent SOE. Plans will
     over time, also be transferred to this separate entity, while capacity        be established to transfer Eskom’s transmission assets into this
     will be enhanced through the development of dynamic, frequently               entity. Capacity will be built to support the development of
     updated indicative power and transmission plans and the expedited             dynamic, frequently updated, indicative power and transmission
     procurement from and contracting of independent power producers               expansion plans and the effective procurement and contracting of
     (IPPs) [Working for Change, p.82].                                            independent power producers (including those able to provide
                                                                                   renewable energy technologies) [NDP-Vision 2030, p.152].

6.                Develop a National Coal Strategy: Develop a long-term       6.                   Develop a national coal policy and investment
     coal policy and country investment strategy based on a thorough               strategy based on a thorough scientific assessment of South
     scientific assessment of South Africa’s coal reserves, the sustainable        Africa’s coal reserves, the sustainable supply of domestic coal
     supply of domestic coal needs to power high rates of economic growth          needs to power high rates of economic growth and rapid industrial
     and rapid industrial development, and the sustainable expansion of            development, and the sustainable expansion of coal export
     coal export markets with the intention of gradually reducing carbon           markets within the context of diminishing carbon intensity [NDP-
     intensity in the long-term [Working for Change, p.82].                        Vision 2030, p.151].

7.                Revise National Electrification Plan: Revise the national
     electrification plan to ensure 95% coverage by 2020 and 100%             7.                     Develop a new and sustainable national
     coverage by 2030 through an appropriate combination of on-grid and            electrification plan (NDP-Vision 2030, p.152]...Revise national
     off-grid technologies.[Working for Change, p.82].                             electrification plan and ensure 90 percent grid access by 2030
                                                                                   (with balance met through off-grid technologies). [NDP-Our

                                                                                                     .
8.            Ring-fence the electricity distribution businesses of the             Future, p.66].
   12 largest municipalities, resolve maintenance and refurbishment
   backlogs and develop a financing plan, with a complimentary                8.                   Ring-fence      the    electricity     distribution
   programme investing in human capital in the energy sector. [Working            businesses of the 12 largest municipalities (which account for
   for Change, p.82].                                                             80 percent of supply), resolve maintenance and refurbishment
9.            Conduct a feasibility study for a large-scale                       backlogs and develop a financing plan, alongside investment in
   desalination plant to augment the water needs of the City of Cape              human capital. [NDP-Our Future, p.66].
   Town, which currently stands at 511 million cubic meters per year. The     9.                   Investigate water reuse and desalination. There
   terms of reference will include all projected costs, the plant’s broader       is already extensive indirect reuse of water in inland areas, where
   environmental impact, its estimated water supply capability as well its        municipal and industrial wastewater is reintroduced into rivers after
   energy needs. Wastewater purification alternatives will also be                treatment. However, there is considerable scope for further water
   considered.                                                                    reuse. Many municipalities lack the technical capacity to build and
                                                                                  manage their wastewater treatment systems. As a result, a
                                                                                  regional approach to wastewater management may be required in
10.               Develop a National Water Resources Management Plan              certain areas. [NDP-Our Future, p.180]
      (NWRMP) that will identify and guide the implementation of              10.                  The national water resource strategy should be
      interventions to identify and prioritise the reconciliation of water        reviewed by mid-2012, and approved as a roadmap to guide the
      requirements with available water resources across South Africa.            development of the sector. It should then be reviewed, along with
      This will include a detailed investment programme for water resource        the water resource investment programme...[NDP-Vision 2030,
      development (including alternative sources such desalinated                 p.160]. Future institutional arrangements for water resource
      seawater and purified wastewater), bulk water supply, and wastewater        management must be defined by the end of 2012, with
      management. The plan will, in addition, provide details on:                 implementation by 2015 at the latest...The institutional
                                                                                  arrangements could include:
      (i) A National Water Resource Infrastructure Agency (NWRIA)
          [which] will be established to provide assistance to the relevant         (i) A national water-resource infrastructure agency that will
          authorities by helping to plan, develop and manage large-scale                  develop and manage large economic infrastructure systems.
          water infrastructure systems.                                                   Catchment management agencies to undertake resource
                                                                                          management on a decentralised basis, with the involvement of
      (ii) A programme to develop water resource management, research                     local stakeholders.
            and technical capacity; and                                             (ii) National capacity to support research, development and
      (iii) A dedicated conservation and demand-management                                operation of water reuse and desalination facilities.
            programme,       with    sub-programmes       focussed     on           (iii) A dedicated national water-conservation and demand-
            municipalities, industry and agriculture. [Working for Change,                management programme, with clear national and local
            p.81].                                                                        targets for 2017 and 2022, and sub-programmes focused on
                                                                                          municipalities, industry and agriculture. [NDP-Our Future,
11.                                                                                       p.183, NDP-Vision 2030, p.160].

                                                                              11.       Expanding capacity of the coal, iron-ore and Manganese lines,
                                                                                    with considerations given to concessioning parts of this network
[NDP-Vision 2030, p.32].

                                                                          12.        Expand capacity for mineral exports through targeted focus on
                                                                                metal ores and coal, and strategic freight corridors for Southern
                                                                                African and international trade. Strengthen rail infrastructure for the
                                                                                central coal basin and the coal line to Richards Bay. Government
                                                                                will broker a partnership between Transnet and the private
                                                                                sector for these projects (NDP-Our Future, p.175]

                                                                          13. Policy and planning priorities need to be informed by actual
                                                                              experience and the performance of Transnet’s capacity expansion
                                                                              programmes, which have failed to deliver capacity...a new
                                                                              approach is required to co-ordinate the efforts and interests of
                                                                              multiple role-players. Essentially, this means building
                                                                              partnerships between the public and private sector [NDP-
                                                                              Vision 2030, p.166].

                                                                          14.       Develop, deepen and enhance linkages with other sections of
                                                                                the economy. This includes; linkages with both manufacturers of
                                                                                inputs (capital goods and consumables) and suppliers of mining
                                                                                related services; downstream producers, especially for Platinum
                                                                                Group Metals and Chrome Ore. In this regard, an export tax
                                                                                could be considered. [NDP-Vision 2030, p.126].

                                               What Conclusion Can Be Drawn on Industrial, Trade and Infrastructure Policy?

                      The Sectors and Clusters of the NDP: A case of National Development Planning Without an Industrial Plan, a Wish-List!

1. No Plan for Manufacturing!

The NDP proposes to stimulate manufacturing through, amongst others [NDP-2030 Vision, p.127]:

1.1    Ensuring a growing share of products that are dynamic, and have potential for domestic linkages. [How?]
1.2    Leveraging public and private procurement to promote localisation and industrial diversification.
1.3    Intensifying research and development support for product development, innovation and commercialisation. [How?]
1.4    Exploring approaches to buffering manufacturers from the effects of currency volatility. [How?]
1.5    Strengthening network infrastructure and skills supply, and bringing administered prices under control. [How?]

       [The NDP makes a passing reference to beneficiation, but no set of minerals is identified as strategic for local beneficiation].

       [Domestic industries that will create jobs are housing construction, retail, personal services such as hairdressing or cleaning, business services such as office cleaning or repair]. Not serious
       commitment to broad-based industrial development and manufacturing].

2. No Plan for Construction/Infrastructure Sector! [NDP-Vision 2030, p.128]

2.1   Address government's ability to spend its infrastructure budget, particularly with regard to project-management capacity, long-term planning, and monitoring and evaluation of both expenditure
       patterns and construction work.[How?]
2.2    Support the civil construction and the supplier industries in their export efforts – with the establishment of a Financial Centre for Africa, and more support in commercial diplomatic
       relations.[How?]
2.3    Intensify support to supplier industries such as building supplies, steel, glass and cement.[How?]
2.4    Create conditions for a less cyclically volatile industry by emphasising numerous, smaller scale, regionally dispersed projects to address backlogs, which are more accessible to smaller firms
       and new entrants.[How?]
2.5    Expand public funding for alternative types of low-income housing that would generate more demand directly and in supplier industries.[How?]
2.6    Promote a simultaneous focus on more energy-efficient buildings and building techniques to reduce demands on electricity supply in the longer term. Home insulation and the installation of solar
       water heaters are labour-intensive activities that have strong backward linkages to supplier industries.

3.     No Plan to Transform the Financial Sector! [NDP-Vision 2030, p.130]

3.1    Continuously broaden access to banking services to poorer people and lowering costs through a combination of competitive pressures and reducing other infrastructure costs. [What are these
       competitive pressures?]
3.2    Strengthen credit extension to productive investments, especially small and expanding firms, and for working capital. Government and the private sector have to work together to find ways of
       increasing business lending. [Ways such as what?]
3.3    Provide small-business advisory and support services, financed partly by the state. [How?]
3.4    Conclude discussions to identify and deploy investable capital to increase production in labour-absorbing sectors. [Where are these discussions taking place?]
3.5    Encourage private firms, such as construction firms, to partner with South African banks in providing project finance for contracts on the continent. [Encourage how?]

       In the NDP, there is no mention of the ownership of the financial sector, no mention of the State Bank, no mention of how “the banks shall be
       transferred to the ownership of the people as a whole"!
4.     No Plan to Transform the Retail Sector!

In support of employment and growth, the following will be pursued in the plan [NDP-Vision 2030, p.131]:

                                                                                                       5
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