ONE HEALTH FOR A BETTER FUTURE - Report 2019 Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) Indonesia - FAO
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Annual
Report 2019 Emergency Centre for Transboundary
Animal Diseases (ECTAD) Indonesia
ON E HE AL T H F O R
A BE TT E R F UT U R E
Annual
Report 2019 Emergency Centre for Transboundary
Animal Diseases (ECTAD) Indonesia
ONE HEALTH FOR
A BETTER FUTURE
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Jakarta, 2021
Citation FAO. 2021. One health for a better future - Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) Indonesia. Annual report 2019. Jakarta. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. © FAO, 2021 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons license. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) as at present in force. Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence- request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: copyright@fao.org. FAO Indonesia has verified that all maps contained in the work conform to UN maps and accepts all responsibility in the event of reputational damage to FAO or FAO Member Countries as a result of inaccurate boundaries. Cover photograph A worker feeds layer chickens using a simple technology tool in a farm, Lampung Province.© FAO/Sadewa
iii
Contents
Message from Dr. Ir. Nasrullah, M.Sc 2.7 Strengthening education through field epidemiology
on ECTAD work in Indonesia in 2019................................... v training program for veterinarians.........................12
Message from Dr. James McGrane Story from the field: Early detect and response to prevent
on ECTAD work in Indonesia in 2019................................. vii rabies in Minahasa District..................................... 13
2019 FAO ECTAD work in numbers...................................... x Chapter 3. Efforts to control avian influenza along
Chapter 1. Risk management for avian influenza, other poultry market chains and fighting antimicrobial
zoonoses and emerging infectious diseases (EID) in resistance (AMR)................................................................... 15
Indonesia................................................................................. 1 3.1 Good farming practices for healthy poultry
1.1 Strengthen surveillance systems for zoonoses and production and reduced antimicrobial use (AMU).15
EID prevention, detection and response................. 1 3.2 Poultry farmers more aware to implement best
1.2. Avian influenza surveillance system in live bird practices on farm.................................................... 15
markets is crucial to monitor the development of AI 3.3 Results of the duck study on better duck farming
viruses and support IVM Online bank data.............. 3 practices, biosecurity and management................16
1.3 Risk-based surveillance and outbreak investigation 3.4 Endemicity study to better understand AI circulation
skills become the foundation for EID detection in in endemic areas..................................................... 17
Indonesia................................................................... 4
3.5 Multi-sectoral collaboration in fighting AI along
1.4 Indonesia’s DICs on their way to meet global poultry market chains............................................. 17
standards to detect zoonoses and EID.................... 4
3.6 Multi-sectoral collaboration to develop the national
1.5 Multi-sectoral risk assessment and risk mapping action plan on AMR (2020-24)................................ 18
capacity for zoonoses and EID................................. 5
Story from the field: Lampung poultry farmers provided
Story from the field: Six Indonesian Disease Investigation healthy food for consumers................................... 20
Centers help accelerate COVID-19 testing............... 6
Chapter 4. Communications and outreach...................... 21
Chapter 2. Addressing zoonoses and EID at the animal-
human-wildlife interface through One Health.................. 7 4.1 FAO-DGLAHS engagement with the media............22
2.1 One Health capacity building for zoonoses and EID 4.3 Increasing awareness of the threat of zoonoses and
prevention and control............................................. 8 EID through television programs............................23
2.2 Increased community welfare through the use of 4.2 Showcasing animal health through the performing
village funds for zoonoses and EID.......................... 8 arts........................................................................... 23
2.3 SIZE version 2.0 integrated infectious disease 4.3 Expansion of collaborative outreach by celebrating
information sharing system...................................... 9 International Days................................................... 23
2.4 Fighting rabies in Bali.............................................. 10 4.4 Appreciating FAO-DGLAHS-USAID collaboration
through the EPT-2 project...................................... 25
2.5 Responding to African Swine Fever (ASF)............... 10
2.6 The Indonesian Association of Veterinary Faculties
(AFKHI) and Cinagara Training Center adopt OH
approaches ............................................................. 11
© FAO/Sadewa
Goverment’s animal health officers conduct interview to villagers in Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta, during training of The Field Epidemiology Training
Program for Veterinarians (FETPV) which is supported by FAO and USAID.
v
Message from Dr. Ir. Nasrullah, M.Sc
on ECTAD work in Indonesia in 2019
programs, we are expanding our Taking this opportunity, I would like
portfolio to strengthen capacities to express my appreciation and
and preparedness to prevent and gratitude to FAO ECTAD Indonesia,
respond to other zoonotic diseases which has supported the efforts
through the Emerging Pandemic of the DGLAHS in preventing and
Threats (EPT-2) program. controlling zoonoses, especially
AI and rabies, but also emerging
The DG PKH Ministry of Agriculture
infectious diseases and its
is a technical agency, which is
problems with regard to AMR. For
responsible for increasing livestock
the future, I hope we can continue
production to meet the demand
to advance this cooperation to
for animal protein from the
achieve an Indonesia that is free
Indonesian people, and also for
from the threat of animal diseases.
improving animal health to prevent
zoonoses (for example, health
threats to humans from animal
F
populations). DGLAHS receives
irstly, let us express our support and assistance from FAO
gratitude to the presence ECTAD Indonesia in preventing and
of God Almighty for the controlling animal diseases. Dr. Ir. Nasrullah, M.Sc
completion of the 2019 Annual Director General of Livestock and Animal
Report of the Directorate General The FAO ECTAD 2019 Annual Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture
of Livestock and Animal Health Report contains information related
Services, Ministry of Agriculture to the activities DGLAHS and FAO
(DGLAHS) - FAO ECTAD Indonesia. in dealing with the threat of an
The Ministry of Agriculture’s emerging pandemic, antimicrobial
Directorate General of PKH has resistance (AMR), emerging
been working with FAO ECTAD since infectious diseases and zoonoses.
2006, right after Indonesia was hit We are also working together to
by Avian Influenza (H5N1) outbreak. increase livestock and poultry
production to ensure food security
Over the past ten years, the in Indonesia, discussing successes,
Government of Indonesia’s challenges and solutions that
comprehensive efforts have require active participation from
succeeded in reducing the number the community, especially for the
of HPAI cases significantly. Building EPT-2 program.
on the success of previous
© FAO/Sadewa
FAO ECTAD Indonesia Team Leader, Dr. James McGrane, is interviewed by journalist during the peak event of World Antibiotics
Awareness Week 2019 in Lampung.
vii
Message from Dr. James McGrane
on ECTAD work in Indonesia in 2019
environment can only be solved by the DGLAHS is raising awareness
working together across disciplines of AMR, and building greater
and sectors. government field surveillance and
laboratory detection capacity.
Under the USAID Emerging
Field studies have been conducted
Pandemic Threats 2 (EPT-2)
to quantify antimicrobial usage
program, the FAO Emergency
(AMU) in the poultry sector in an
Centre for Transboundary Animal
attempt to promote the reduced
Diseases (ECTAD), working in
and prudent use of antibiotics on
collaboration with the Directorate
poultry farms.
General of Livestock and Animal
Health Services (DGLAHS) has This year marks the final year of
strengthened the capacity of the EPT-2 program, however FAO
the Government of Indonesia to ECTAD will continue to support
prevent, detect, and respond to the DGLAHS to prevent, detect,
emerging infectious diseases and and respond to EID and priority
T
zoonoses. zoonoses under the new Global
he continuing coronavirus Health Security Programme in
Middle-East Respiratory Under the One Health umbrella,
2021.
Syndrome (MERS) outbreak the FAO ECTAD EPT-2 program
in Saudi Arabia, Ebola disease in works closely with the Ministry FAO ECTAD wishes to thank our
Africa and particularly the current of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, technical partner the Directorate
COVID-19 global pandemic remind Ministry of Environment and General of Livestock and Animal
us of the importance of improving Forestry, local government services, Health Services, and our donor
Governments’ capacity to detect private sector partners, and civil the US Agency for International
and respond to emerging infectious society organizations to prevent, Development for their continuing
diseases (EID) and priority detect and respond to zoonoses support. The guidance and
zoonoses. and emerging infectious diseases, support of the FAO Representative
such as COVID-19. in Indonesia is also gratefully
With rapid population growth, acknowledged.
globalization, and environmental This cross-sectoral collaboration
degradation, health threats have demonstrates the comprehensive
become more complex and cannot technical, multi-disciplinary, and
be solved by one sector alone. The proactive approach needed to
One Health approach leverages address the other major global
and expands the hypothesis that health threat of our time –
antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Dr. James J. McGrane
problems impacting the health
of humans, animals, and the FAO ECTAD, in collaboration with FAO ECTAD Indonesia Team Leader
viii Annual Report 2019
One Health for a better future - Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Disease Indonesia
SURVEILLANCE LABORATORY
FAO ECTAD AI live bird market (LBM) All animal health laboratories
milestone
surveillance is adopted and achieved the global standard
implemented in all Disease for biosafety & biosecurity
Investigation Centers
POULTRY PRODUCTION
AND VALUE CHAIN
2019
14 layer farms in Lampung Province and one layer farm in
Central Java province get food hygiene and sanitary (NKV)
certificate from the government as an achievements of the
implementation 3-zone biosecurity practices on farm
ANTIMICROBIAL
SURVEILLANCE
RESISTANCE
2018 National AMR surveillance for
broiler poultry established
and adopted by government
AI LBM surveillance is funded
by the government
ANTIMICROBIAL
SURVEILLANCE
RESISTANCE
2017 Multi-sectoral National Action AI live bird market (LBM)
Plan of AMR 2017 – 2019 surveillance is adopted and
developed including implemented in all Disease
interventions for the livestock Investigation Centers
and animal health sector.
POULTRY PRODUCTION
SURVEILLANCE
AND VALUE CHAIN
2016 3-zone biosecurity became one of the
requirements to receive government
food hygiene and sanitary (NKV)
Surveillance expanded to
swine and whistling
ducks for Influenza and
certification as a guarantee of food Emerging Infectious
safety from poultry products Diseases in kept deer
SURVEILLANCE
2015 Triangulated surveillance launched in North Sulawesi which has
a close interface between wildlife (bats), livestock, and humanix
LABORATORY FIELD EPIDEMIOLOGY ONE HEALTH
IVM Online is fully funded and Nineteen animal health The Government of Indonesia has officially adopted SIZE
operated by the government officers graduated as the 2.0 and acknowledged the platform as a national flagship
first cohort of FETPV and innovative research priority in its 2020-2024
intermediate level course. medium-term development plan, to be implemented at
the national, provincial and district levels.
POULTRY PRODUCTION ANTIMICROBIAL ANTIMICROBIAL
AND VALUE CHAIN RESISTANCE RESISTANCE
Nine local governments in the The implementation of multi sectoral Based on FAO’s survey on antimicrobial usage in
Greater Jakarta area adopted market National Action Plan of AMR 2017 – broilers, DGLAHS MoA issued a regulation to
biosecurity intervention and healthy 2019 evaluated and developed a prohibit the use of the antibiotic colistin to
chicken meat campaign in the multi sectoral National Action Plan of reduce the development of colistin antimicrobial
poultry market chain AMR for 2020 – 2024. resistance in the livestock sector
LABORATORY ONE HEALTH ONE HEALTH
New Avian Influenza challenge The village fund program from Ministry of Eleven Indonesian Faculties of Veterinary
strains for local Avian Influenza Village added the OH capacity building on Medicine adopted One Health teaching
vaccine production identified community empowerment to increase early materials into their lectures. The Cinagara
through the Influenza Virus report and early detection for OH EID & animal health training center adopted One
Monitoring (IVM) zoonoses into the government budget. Health modules for animal health officers.
FIELD EPIDEMIOLOGY ONE HEALTH
DGLAHS MoA established A wildlife health information system
Indonesia’s first Field (www.sehatsatli.menlhk.go.id)
Epidemiology Training developed as a platform for data
Programme for collection on wildlife surveillance in
Veterinarians (FETPV). national and local governments.
ONE HEALTH
Three ministries (MoH, MoEF, and
Kemenko PMK) signed the Bogor
Declaration on capacity building and PREVENT
information sharing for the prevention
and control of zoonoses and EIDs.
DETECT
RESPONDx Annual Report 2019
One Health for a better future - Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Disease Indonesia
2019 FAO ECTAD work in numbers
Activities
North West Kalimantan
Sumatera
Riau
Central Kalimantan
N
South Kalimantan North Sulawesi
West
Sumatera
South
Sumatera
Lampung
Bangka Belitung
Maluku
Banten
DKI Jakarta East
Central Java Nusa Tenggara
West Java
DI Yogyakarta Bali
East Java
Maps: https://freevectormaps.com/indonesia, 2020
Output activities (shown by colors)
Output A Output C Output E
Laboratory and surveillance Reduction of HPAI persistence One Health (OH) workforce
and spread in poultry industry development
Output B
One Health (OH) EID and zoonoses Output D Output F
prevention and control Quality improvement of marketing Emergency preparedness
processes to reduce pathogen and response
spill over events
Magnitude of activitiesxi
Type of Meeting (89)
Farmer Training (4)
activities Mentoring (7)
Seminar (21)
in 2019 Workshop (30)
Field Visit (37)
Training (43)
Others (79)
310 activities in total
during 2019
Number of A Laboratory 395
participants A Surveillance 123
One Health (OH) EID and zoonoses
B prevention and control 485
Reduction of HPAI persistence
C and spread in poultry industry 320
Quality improvement of marketing processes
D to reduce pathogen spill over events 143
Antibicrobial resistance/usage
D (AMR/AMU) 195
E One Health (OH) workforce development 41
F Emergency preparedness and response 64 Male Female© FAO/Sadewa
Deers at captive breeding in Taman Hutan Rakyat, Lampung.
T
he prevention and control of Zoonosis and EID’s Targeted surveillance of high-risk environments and
rely on the early detection of the causal agent of animals at high risk of contracting zoonoses, and EIDs,
the disease. Early detection of these pathogens including livestock, farmed wildlife and migratory birds,
plays an important role in the policy making for disease is one of the pillars in achieving rapid detection of the
prevention, especially for control and mitigation. diseases.
Therefore, having well equipped laboratories with the
capacity to detect Zoonosis and EID’s in a timely manner
is pivotal for disease risk management in Indonesia.1
Risk management for avian influenza,
other zoonoses and emerging infectious
diseases (EID) in Indonesia
1.1 Strengthen surveillance namely North Sulawesi, Gorontalo, Influenza, corona and paramyxo
systems for zoonoses West Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, and viruses were detected using the
Southeast Sulawesi. PREDICT PCR Protocols from livestock
and EID prevention,
samples at high-risk interface areas.
detection and response Since 2017, livestock triangulated Further characterization using genetic
surveillance samples have been sequencing was commenced in 2019
An integrated and strengthened
tested for five potential emerging to confirm whether the detected
surveillance system and laboratory
virus families (corona virus, paramyxo viruses are members of the three
capacity are essential for the early
virus, influenza virus, flavi virus and virus families (influenza, corona and
detection of EID that might spread from
filo virus) at three animal health paramyxo) investigated. To date, the
wildlife to livestock or from wildlife to
diagnostic laboratories (DIC Maros, analyses are still continuing.
humans.
DIC Denpasar, and DIC Lampung).
Indonesia, as a country with rapid
population growth, high globalization,
and rich biodiversity is regarded
as one of the emerging infectious
disease (EID) hotspots in Asia. The
government is now moving forward
to increase surveillance capacity to
detect potential EID in high risk areas
that have close interface between
wildlife, livestock and humans.
Bats populations are widespread
in Indonesia, especially in Sulawesi
Island, which is home to an exotic
array of wildlife species. Many
people in Sulawesi hunt and eat fruit
bats to be served as exotic food,
or use bats in traditional medicine.
However, bats are recognized as
an important reservoir of zoonotic
viruses of different families. This has
brought FAO, the Directorate General
of Livestock and Animal Health
Services (DGLAHS), DIC Maros and
the PREDICT2 project together to
develop and implement triangulated
surveillance in five high risk provinces, Chain of disease transmission originating in bats.2 Annual Report 2019
One Health for a better future - Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Disease Indonesia
Wild birds are recognized as and domestic poultry, livestock and natural habitat but also at high-risk
reservoirs of many influenza viruses. humans in the wetlands, poultry interfaces with domestic poultry.
Hulu Sungai Utara district, South markets and duck collecting areas. However, results showed that the
Kalimantan Province is a stopover viruses carried by the wild birds
In 2019, FAO and DIC Banjarbaru
area for one wild bird species, were not highly pathogenic viruses.
conducted joint risk analyses to
whistling duck (Dendrocygna arcuate These findings provided a better
support whistling duck surveillance
/ Belibis). Whistling duck have understanding of the ecology of
and assess the risk of avian
economic value for the communities AI and guided stakeholders to
influenza (AI) in the whistling duck
in Hulu Sungai Utara, where it is sold develop risk assessments and
population. Initial results revealed
as duck meat. This behaviour leads surveillance systems for AI in wild
that AI virus was detected in duck
to close contact between wild birds bird population.
populations, not only in their
Deer surveillance
Box 1.1
In some parts of Lampung – southern part of Sumatra Island, people keep deer in captive breeding farms
along with their livestock. This unique interface may have the potential to transfer diseases from wild
deer to livestock and humans. Lampung has numerous wildlife conservation areas with large livestock
production farms close by. With growing deforestation, interfaces between wildlife and domestic livestock
will only increase.
Deer surveillance was conducted with multi-sectoral partners from the animal and wildlife sectors at local and national
level, including the Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture, the Directorate
General Biodiversity, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Lampung Disease Investigation Center (DIC), Lampung
Biodiversity Conservation Agency, the Indonesia Institute of Sciences (LIPI), and Lampung University.
In 2019, deer samples were tested at DIC Lampung for five target emerging virus families (Herpes, Paramyxo, Corona,
Bunya, and Rhabdo) using the PREDICT Protocols for infectious disease detection, as well as testing for the presence of
antibody against tuberculosis and paratuberculosis through ELISA serological testing. The final results were still pending
in July 2020. This surveillance demonstrated concrete One Health action and built multisectoral partnerships to jointly
understand the potential risks of pathogen spill-over from wildlife (deer) to livestock and humans
© FAO/Sadewa
© FAO/Sadewa
Anesthetized deer had their blood samples taken by veterinary officers from DIC Lampung (left). Spotted deer (Axis axis) .
Spotted deer in a captive cage (right)3
1.2. Avian influenza
surveillance system
in live bird markets
Chapter 1
is crucial to monitor
the development of AI
viruses and support
IVM Online bank data
From 2005 until the present, avian
infectious diseases (eid) in indonesia
Risk management for avian influenza, other zoonoses and emerging
influenza (AI) viruses have continued
to evolve and change their genetic and
antigenic characteristics; this should be
a reminder to Indonesia to stay alert
for emerging influenza viruses.
FAO and DGLAHS-MoA have been
conducting surveillance in Live Bird
Markets (LBM) in high-risk areas
in Indonesia since 2009. LBM
surveillance allows the DGLAHS to
© FAO/Sadewa
© FAO/Sadewa
monitor the evolutionary dynamics
of AI viruses, improve early detection
of AI HxNx virus subtypes and
monitor overall highly pathogenic
avian influenza (HPAI) control in
the country. AI epidemiological risk
Belibis (left) and swine (right) surveillance activities.
assessment information gathered at
LBMs has guided Government and
Swine, also play an important role market stakeholders to mitigate the
in the ecology of influenza viruses potential risk of HPAI through an
because they are susceptible LBM risk reduction program and a
Findings on H1N1 strengthened layer flock vaccination
to viruses of both the avian and viruses in pigs
mammalian lineages and may serve program in upstream poultry
prompted stakeholders production areas.
as a ‘‘mixing vessel’’ for different to recognise the
influenza viruses leading to re- importance of SIV In 2019, DGLAHS-MoA fully adopted
assortment and host adaptation. surveillance, to the LBM AI surveillance system,
In 2019, FAO together with DIC understand the potential which was developed and promoted
Medan further supported the risk of SIV among pig by FAO, in Greater Jakarta, North
sustainability of the swine influenza populations, and its co- Sumatra, East Java, Central Java,
virus surveillance program, by circulation with human South Sulawesi, Lampung and
further developing both SIV viruses so that potential DIY Yogyakarta. Those provinces
surveillance and SIV isolation re-assortment events are now conduct routine surveillance
capacity. Activities were based on the rapidly identified including sample collection and
initial results of SIV surveillance in shipment, and laboratory diagnosis.
2017, which showed the detection of LBM surveillance also supports
influenza A (H1N1) in pig populations the databank of Influenza Virus
in North Sumatra. Monitoring (IVM) Online – a platform4 Annual Report 2019
One Health for a better future - Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Disease Indonesia
that enhances the capacity of government in developing standardized In 2019, FAO supported the DGLAHS-
DICs to monitor and characterize RBS designs with appropriate MoA to improve laboratory quality
circulating H5N1 HPAI viruses. The epidemiological approaches. assurance by developing and
IVM Online platform continues to documenting 48 disease diagnosis
In August 2019, FAO and DGLAHS,
advance in tracking the evolution standard operating procedures (SOP)
together with FAO HQ Rome and
of influenza viruses in Indonesia, and 14 quality control SOP. These SOP
FAO RAP Bangkok, formed a joint
matching vaccine seed strains to are used to guide quality control at
team to evaluate Indonesian
currently circulating viruses, and DICs to detect animal diseases. These
animal disease epidemiology and
recommending effective actions to SOP enabled four DICs (Bukittinggi,
surveillance capacities using the
key stakeholders in producing local Lampung, Wates, and Banjarbaru) to
FAO Surveillance Evaluation Tool
vaccines to control AI in poultry. allocate 2020 budget to pursue ISO
(SET) and the Epidemiology Mapping
17043 international accreditation that
1.3 Risk-based surveillance Tool (EMT). These tools identified
guarantees the quality of proficiency
and outbreak strengths, areas for improvement
testing.
and made recommendations to
investigation skills build better capacity in Indonesia. DIC Wates, as the IVM Online focal
become the foundation Currently, DGLAHS MoA has taken point in Indonesia has allocated
for EID detection in up some of the recommendations IDR 900 million (USD 6 ,000) for the
Indonesia to improve their surveillance and continuation and maintenance of the
epidemiology capacity in 2020 and IVM Online platform in 2020. Through
In 2019, FAO together with MoA
2021. FAO advocacy, the budget will be
conducted training on risk-based
used to sustain IVM-related activities,
surveillance (RBS) and produced 1.4 Indonesia’s DICs on such as server maintenance, some
practical RBS guidelines with DIC their way to meet IVM Network meetings, and limited
Lampung, DIC Banjarbaru, DIC
global standards to reagent supply. With improved
Subang and DIC Denpasar. These
activities helped strengthen animal detect zoonoses and capacity to diagnose animal
EID diseases, the DIC Wates laboratory
health officers’ skills and data
is preparing for an international
analysis capacities and to support the
assessment as a potential ASEAN
reference laboratory for avian
influenzas.
The quality improvement of outbreak investigation In July 2019, FAO, in collaboration
with the Australian Animal Health
Laboratory (AAHL) conducted a
17% 22% training course on tissue culture
technology for virus isolation and
Knowledge training diagnosis in DIC Medan, North
and skills outcomes Sumatra. Thirteen laboratory staff of
enhanced DIC Bukittinggi, DIC Medan and AAHL
participated in a pre-training session,
81% while 17 other laboratory staff from
eight DICs, Pusvetma, BPMSPH and
of the trained Air Langga University participated in
participants conducted the diagnostic training delivered by
disease outbreak
AAHL scientists. The training course
investigations since they
completed the training improved DIC laboratory diagnostic
capacity for viral diseases, especially
viral diseases of swine.5
Four DICs now have
Chapter 1
better tissue culture
facilities, with the ability
to grow and detect
H1N1 influenza virus,
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea
(BVD), Infectious Bovine
Rhinotracheitis (IBR),
infectious diseases (eid) in indonesia
Risk management for avian influenza, other zoonoses and emerging
Classical Swine Fever Low Med High Very
(CSF) and African Swine High
Fever (ASF)
1.5 Multi-sectoral risk
assessment and risk
mapping capacity for
zoonoses and EID
Multiple ministries and universities Very Low Med High Very
produced risk maps that can be used Low High
to effectively communicate disease
Risk maps on Leptospirosis (above) and Nipah (below) that combines data from the human,
emergence risk. animal and environmental health sectors. (source: FAO, MoA, MoH, MoEF. 2019)
To strengthen disease emergency
preparedness and management These trainings produced risk maps North Sumatra. The AHRA revealed
systems at different levels of on Leptospirosis, Nipah, Swine that ASF had most likely already
government services in Indonesia, Influenza, and Rabies. Two risk maps been introduced into North Sumatra
a series of training workshops were (Leptospirosis and Nipah) have since August 2019 via swill feeding
conducted in 2019, in conjunction already been updated with national practices on pig farms in the Medan
with the Coordinating Ministry for level data. This informed policy and area, close to the international
Human Development and Cultural strategic decision makers on how seaport of Belawan, from where
Affairs, Ministry of Agriculture, to safeguard human, animal and ships’ garbage is regularly collected
Ministry of Health, Ministry of environment health. In addition, to feed pigs.
Environment and Forestry, Ministry the technical and spatial analysis
of Home Affairs, Indonesia’s National skills have been adopted to support The AHRA results helped to improve
Disaster Management Agency, GoI report development. Now, this stakeholder’s understanding and
Geospatial Information Agency, process is being continued for other critical thinking on the risk of ASF
Agency for the Assessment and priority animal diseases. outbreaks occurring in the area. It
Application of Technology (BPPT), also provided scientific evidence
and Melbourne University, to To put their skills into practice, to be used by decision makers to
develop and implement zoonoses a scenario-based workshop and formulate actions and a programme
and EIDs risk mapping in the most qualitative animal health risk to mitigate the risk of ASF spread in
effective way. assessment (AHRA) was conducted Indonesia as part of strengthening
to respond to the emergence of disease emergency preparedness
African Swine Fever (ASF) in Medan, and management.6 Annual Report 2019
One Health for a better future - Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Disease Indonesia
Story from the Field
Six Indonesian Disease Investigation solutions. With previous experience
in the control of avian influenza
Centers help accelerate COVID-19 testing outbreaks in 2006, DICs are able to
support public health laboratories
to meet the massive demand for
As the COVID-19 epidemic rages Ministry of Health (MoH) referral COVID-19 testing.
on in Indonesia, the government laboratories by preparing six out of “Since 2006, I have participated
eventually increased the number eight Disease Investigation Centers in Avian Influenza bio-risk
of laboratories allowed to test for (DICs) to test human samples for management training from FAO.
the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the cause COVID-19. With that capability and some fast
of Coronavirus disease. DGLAHS- adjustments in the laboratory,
To minimize the impact of this
MoA has stepped up its One myself and 6 other staff in DIC
rapidly spreading virus, a One
Health collaboration to support Bukittinggi received authorization
Health approach is one of the
from the MoH to test for COVID-19
and became the second laboratory
in West Sumatera to conduct 100
COVID-19 samples per day,” said
Drh. Yuli Miswati, M.Si, Intermediate
Veterinary Medicine DIC Bukittinggi.
FAO ECTAD assistance, funded by
the USAID over the past fourteen
years has strengthened the capacity
and capability of DICs to detect
zoonotic and infectious diseases in
animals, through comprehensive
training on laboratory biosafety
and biosecurity, quality assurance,
risk mitigation, and procedures
standardization.
FAO ECTAD and USAID continue
to work with DGLAHS MoA and
DICs to provide technical advice
and guidance on harmonization
of test protocols and bio-risk
management (biosafety and
biosecurity). This support aims to
assist with validation of test results
© MoA
and to minimize the danger to
laboratory workers, and maintain
the biosecurity of the specimens
MoA DIC Bukittinggi laboratory staff testing human samples for COVID-19 tested.2
Addressing zoonoses and EID at the animal-
human-wildlife interface through One Health
© FAO/Sadewa
A group of stray dogs roaming the Lakey beach, Dompu, West Nusa Tenggara.
Z
oonoses and EID control globally is moving This program is in line with Presidential Instruction
towards full adoption of the One Health approach. No. 4/2019 on improving Government coordination
One Health is a collaborative effort of health and communication at national, provincial, district
practitioners (veterinarians, medical doctors, public and village level to prevent, detect and respond to
health officers, epidemiologists, ecologists, toxicologists, disease outbreaks and Ministry of Internal Affairs (MoIA)
environmentalists and others) to protect public health, Regulation No. 101/2018 on non-natural disaster
animal health, and the environment from emerging and minimum service standards (SPM) for districts/cities in
re-emerging diseases. Indonesia.
The FAO Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Guidelines, integrated protocols, and a strategy for One
Diseases (ECTAD) Indonesia has paved the way for Health implementations in Indonesia are being drafted
One Health capacity development across the different to provide a strong foundation for the sustainability of
sectors working at the human, animal and environment the One Health approach.
health interfaces.8 Annual Report 2019
One Health for a better future - Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Disease Indonesia
2.1 One Health capacity
building for zoonoses
and EID prevention and
control
In 2019, twenty-nine districts in West
Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara,
and Bali provinces have been trained on
© FAO/Sadewa
One Health approach as preparedness
against zoonoses and EID threats.
One Health capacity building has
become a crucial part of responding
to zoonoses and EID threats.
Outbreak investigation, information A group of participants practice outbreak investigation as a task in One Health training.
sharing, response and emergency
preparedness are important to At district level, the Boyolali District range of activities as long as they are
prevent, detect and respond to Health and Livestock Service in line with village needs.
emerging threats. Offices also allocated local budget
The DGLAHS and FAO coordinated
to continue the OH program. This
Since the beginning of the with the Ministry of Villages,
was followed by local government
emerging pandemic threats (EPT-2) Disadvantaged Regions and
in Serang District implementing
programme, DGLAHS and FAO have Transmigration (MoVDRT) to
similar capacity building, using avian
implemented a series of capacity use village funds to support
influenza and rabies as training
building activities on the One Health the development of field officer
models.
approach. These training events capacities to prevent and control of
have strengthened the competencies One Health implementation zoonoses and EID in four pilot One
of field veterinary service officers, guidelines to prevent and control Health implementation districts in
surveillance officers and wildlife zoonoses and EID were endorsed Indonesia.
personnel across the three sectors – and launched by the coordinating
The use of village funds is prioritized
agriculture, health and environment ministry and technical ministries in
to finance the implementation of
& forestry. September 2019. This document is
programs and activities in village
used as a One Health reference at
In 2019, DGLAHS-MoA conducted development, village community
provincial and district level.
capacity building in three provinces: empowerment, cross-sectoral
West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa 2.2 Increased community priority activities, and to improve
Tenggara, and Bali provinces. This welfare through the public services. In 2019, FAO, MoA
year (2020), the Ministry of Health and MoVDRT completed practical
use of village funds for guidelines to guide animal health
allocated state budget to support OH zoonoses and EID
capacity building in the catchment officers on village fund usage and
areas of Makassar, Semarang, Local government and village step by step work with village
Denpasar, and Bogor. FAO provided authorities unite to use village funds to communities in four districts. These
technical inputs and facilitators in combat zoonoses and EID. guidelines support the existing
each of these locations. In addition, guideline from the Ministry of Health
DGLAHS and FAO have notedd that to convince village authorities to
the MoEF committed state budget
not all districts governments have utilize village funds to improve
to cover training on zoonoses
sufficient budget to sustain zoonoses zoonoses prevention and control
and EID surveillance in wildlife at
and EID prevention and control in public health and animal health
national parks and natural resource
programs, however, funds are centers.
conservation centers in Sumatra
available at village level to support a
and Java.9
Twelve village governments in (BPPT), the Coordinating Ministry for using individual ministry databases
Boyolali and Minahasa districts Human Development and Culture (iSIKHNAS-MoA, SKDR-MoH and
have allocated IDR 10 million from (Kemenko PMK), MoA, MoH, and SehatSatli-MoEF). A survey in four OH
Chapter 2
their village budgets to educate MoEF developed an integrated pilot areas has shown that less than
and support cadres to provide early OH information sharing platform, 10% of zoonoses cases were ever
detection, early reporting, response called SIZE Ver 2.0 “Sistem Informasi reported and that response times
and public awareness of zoonoses Zoonoses dan EID versi 2.0”. were more protracted averaging
and EID. about 14 days prior to SIZE 2.0
SIZE 2.0 is a platform that facilitates
implementation.
2.3 SIZE version 2.0 data sharing and communication
through One Health
Addressing zoonoses and EID at the animal-human-wildlife interface
integrated infectious amongst surveillance/information Over the past year, FAO, BPPT,
systems of the public health, Kemenko PMK, MoA, MoH, and
disease information animal health and wildlife health MoEF improved the capacity of
sharing system sectors. This platform also supports 219 field officers and 32 master
SIZE 2.0 improves coordination and related ministries to analyse data trainers from the three sectors by
collaboration between different sectors, and produce information rapidly conducting serial training on SIZE
shortens response times to zoonoses and accurately to make decisions application and a field trial in four
cases, and increases the effectiveness of to prevent and control targeted One Health districts in Indonesia,
information and data sharing between zoonoses and EID. namely Minahasa in North Sulawesi,
sectors. Ketapang in West Kalimantan,
Before this platform was developed,
Boyolali in Central Java and Bengkalis
Under the umbrella of Presidential field officers of the three sectors
in Riau.
Instruction “Inpres” No. 4/2019, shared zoonoses data and
FAO, the Agency for the Assessment information informally and manually The Government of Indonesia
and Application of Technology (via WhatsApp Groups and logbooks) has officially adopted SIZE Ver 2.0
and acknowledged the
platform as a national
Conventional Reporting SIZE 2.0 Reporting flagship and innovative
research priority in its
2020-2024 medium-term
development plan (RPJMN),
SKDR to be implemented at the
Android
national, provincial and
2.0
Web district levels.
Integrated reporting
Report recipients (Information sharing Based on the survey, SIZE
(Officers and between officers and
officials in ministries) officials in ministries) 2.0 improved field health
officers’ coordination and
SKDR communication capacity to
report zoonoses by more
than 80% in four pilot
areas. Field health officers
Zoonoses effectively responded to
suspected
Field case Field zoonoses cases, within
officers officers short response windows
(on average less than two
Case datas Whatsapp group Marks: days) and in real-time.
(Information sharing apps based reporting public health sector
(manually
inter-sectoral officers) ceonventional reporting animal health sector
compile)
environment health sector10 Annual Report 2019
One Health for a better future - Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Disease Indonesia
2.4 Fighting rabies in Bali rabies hotspots and resulted in A rabies awareness campaign was
the selection of priority villages for also conducted for elementary
Bali has been endemic for rabies since sweeping vaccination. school students, dog-owning
2008. Collaboration of veterinarians communities, and maize farmers.
and human health doctors and In 2019, almost 2,500 dogs were
DGLAHS-FAO also supported
paramedics is needed to respond to vaccinated in sweeping vaccination
technical facilitation of a MoH /
rabies cases using the One Health exercises in six key districts in Bali.
WHO risk assessment in five districts
approach. The local government together with
on Sumbawa Island, NTB – Bima
DGLAHS and FAO also developed
Bali has a large dog population City, Dompu, Sumbawa, Bima, and
risk maps and trained 12 local
that lives closely alongside local Sumbawa Barat.
mentors, who will supervise the 2020
communities and are welcomed Bali mass dog vaccination campaign. 2.5 Responding to African
and integrated into daily activities
on the island. However, this close DGLAHS and FAO assisted the Swine Fever (ASF)
interaction with dogs can cause Dompu District local government, During current animal health
disease transfer to humans, Sumbawa Island, West Nusa emergencies in Indonesia, emergency
particularly rabies. Tenggara (NTB) where a new preparedness and response to
incursion of rabies occurred in 2019. zoonoses and EID has to be improved
In a bid to optimize the rabies Rabies has now become endemic
eradication program, DGLAHS and significantly.
in many districts of the island.
FAO provided technical support DGLAHS-FAO responded to the African Swine Fever (ASF) is a
and developed a strategy for rabies outbreak by conducting training on contagious viral disease that affects
control in Bali. DGLAHS-FAO working dog vaccination and rapid response pigs and wild boars with a near 100
closely with local government including integrated bite case percent fatality rate. Even though
analyzed data on rabies cases and management for veterinarians and ASF is not transmissible to humans,
vaccination levels, which identified human health staff in NTB. this alarming disease has negatively
© FAO/Sadewa
© FAO/Fakhri
Mass dogs vaccination in Bali (left) and East Nusa Tenggara (right).11
impacted the Indonesian economy
and the livelihoods of pig producers
and traders along the food chain.
Chapter 2
DGLAHS-FAO conducted a scenario-
based workshop and qualitative
Animal Health Risk Assessment
(AHRA) of ASF in Medan, North
Sumatra, where the disease had
most likely already been introduced
through One Health
Addressing zoonoses and EID at the animal-human-wildlife interface
in August 2019 via swill feeding
practices on pig farms close to
Belawan international seaport.
These initial AHRA results provided
scientific evidence to be used by
decision makers to formulate actions
© FAO/Sadewa
and a program to mitigate the risk of
ASF as part of strengthening disease
emergency preparedness and
management.
Recognizing the threat of ASF in
Indonesia, in December 2019 An animal health officer take care of blood sampels while the others take it from a pig. The activity
is part of training on disease control in swine.
FAO sent a Discussion Paper on
“Approaches to Minimizing the Risks
and Impacts of African Swine Fever training of 45 animal health officers of training modules and teaching
in Indonesia”. FAO also contributed from all districts in Timor Island – materials. The modules and
to the development of DGLAHS ASF East Nusa Tenggara. materials involve OH master trainers
strategic prevention and control to deliver the training.
plans and policies and identification 2.6 The Indonesian
of provinces with large pig Association of AFKHI and the Cinagara training
populations, which had a high risk of center have committed to continuing
Veterinary Faculties the One Health capacity building
ASF introduction.
(AFKHI) and Cinagara program as part of their own
After participating in the training Training Center adopt programs.
on ASF control, 46 district animal OH approaches
health service officers from Timor In 2019, 11 Indonesian Faculties of
Island, part of East Nusa Tenggara Eleven Indonesian Faculties of Veterinary Medicine incorporated
province that shares land border Veterinary Medicine, members of AFKHI the teaching materials (Antimicrobial
with Timor Leste, have improved adopted One Health teaching materials Usage / Resistance (AMR/AMU) and
their knowledge and skill on ASF into their lectures. The DGLAHS BBPKH- poultry health improvement using
prevention, detection and response. Cinagara animal health training center the OH approach) into lectures to
adopted One Health modules for enrich their curricula. The Cinagara
In November 2019, DGLAHS, FAO animal health officers. training center has internalized the
and the Animal Health Expert materials and started implementing
commission developed ASF Control A sustainable capacity building
thematic training on zoonoses and
Guidelines “Kesiagaan Darurat program on prevention and control
EID using the OH approach. So far, it
Veteriner Indonesia – KIAT VETINDO: of zoonoses and EID using the
has been implemented in Minahasa.
ASF”. In the following month, One Health approach has driven
DGLAHS-FAO completed ASF control DGLAHS-FAO to produce a portfolio12 Annual Report 2019
One Health for a better future - Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Disease Indonesia
2.7 Strengthening
education through
field epidemiology
training program for
veterinarians
The MoA has established Indonesia’s
first Field Epidemiology Training
Programme for Veterinarians course
and an associated Master’s program in
Field Epidemiology
Field epidemiology is an important
skill to upgrade the government’s
capacity to prevent, detect,
and control disease in animal
populations. The Field Epidemiology
© FAO
Training Program for Veterinarians
(FETPV) in Indonesia, locally known
as Program Epidemiologi Lapangan
Veteriner Indonesia - PELVI, was Director of Animal Health of DGLAHS MoA hand over certificates to goverment veterinarians at a
established with two different graduation of FETPV students in Yogyakarta.
training levels: a 1-year short course
(intermediate level) and a 2-year Regional Symposium on Research
Master’s degree program (advanced into Smallholder Pig Production,
level). Health and Pork Safety in Vietnam on
The first cohort of the intermediate 27-29 March 2019.” (insert photo Dr.
level training consisted of 19 Ardiana)
government veterinarians from Before starting the Intermediate
central and provincial governments, Level FETPV second cohort in
Disease Investigation Centers (DIC), February 2020, several workshops
the national laboratory for animal were completed to improve the
product quality and certification training modules based on results of
(BPMSPH), and the Cinagara animal the first cohort evaluation.
health training center graduated in
June 2019. In parallel, the first cohort of
advanced level Master’s Degree
Fourteen of 19 intermediate level program is being conducted at the
graduates conducted 16 in-house Veterinary Faculty of Gadjah Mada
© FAO/Sadewa
trainings using FETPV modules for University (FKH UGM), consisting
their colleagues and other animal of five selected veterinarians from
health officers in their work areas. central government and DICs.
Dr. Ardiana, an FETPV intermediate The curriculum was specifically
level graduate from Denpasar adjusted to contain more content
DIC successfully delivered an oral on field epidemiology. The students Dr. Ardiana, an FETPV intermediate level
are expected to graduate in July graduate from Denpasar DIC receive a token
presentation on the current situation of appreciation from FAO Representative
of Classical Swine Fever in East Nusa 2020 as the first Masters in Field during Appreciation of EPT2 Partnership
Tenggara Province, Indonesia at the Epidemiology in Indonesia. Event in Jakarta.13
Story from the Field
Chapter 2
Early detect and response to prevent “By using SIZE 2.0, the animal
health officers have rapid
rabies in Minahasa District collaboration in responding to
rabies accurately, effectively and
in short time (less than in two
days). The animal health officers
through One Health
Addressing zoonoses and EID at the animal-human-wildlife interface
Rabies has become an endemic surveillance/information systems of observed a specific animal (dog)
zoonosis in Minahasa District with human health, animal health, and who bites human within 14 days
an average of 85 people being wildlife sectors, thus enabling early and human health officers took
bitten by dogs every month. In disease detection and response. care of human who got bite. They
July – August 2019, DGLAHS- knew the update of cases through
Herman Rundengan who works
FAO ECTAD conducted SIZE 2.0 SIZE 2.0.” he said.
as an animal health officer at
training to the local animal and
West Lawongan Sub-district of The situation was very different
human health officers in the area.
Minahasa joined the training before SIZE 2.0 transferred to field
SIZE 2.0 is a data sharing and
and implemented SIZE 2.0 up to officers in Minahasa. The response
communication platform amongst
present. to rabies is very slow (more than
two weeks) and each sector
worked separately. The animal
health officers did not intensively
observe the animal (dog) who bites
the human and the human health
officer just gave VAR to patients
without knowing it was positive
or negative of rabies. The human
health officer also did not know
how to treat the patient in the first
step of rabies.
The use of SIZE 2.0 has improved
referral system on rabies at
Community Health Center in
West Lawongan Sub-district of
Minahasa. During July-December
2019, they have responded 52
cases of dog bites. Out of 52
cases, 2 cases were positive, 44
cases were negative of rabies, and
© MoA
6 cases were unknown (lost dog).
SIZE 2.0 continued to be used by
the Community Health Center in
Animal Health Officer of West Lawongan Sub-district of Minahasa, Herman Rundengan Minahasa District.
reporting GHPR case into SIZE 2.0© FAO/Sadewa
A farmer herds his ducks to the fields. Purbalingga, Central Java.
T
he risk of pathogen amplification, including avian Asia is one of the epicentres of global antimicrobial
influenza viruses, and spill-over to humans can be resistance (AMR). Extensive antimicrobial use (AMU) in
reduced by improving effective biosecurity and good livestock production is one of the main factors fuelling
poultry farm management practices. These include flock AMR in Asia. The Global Health Security Agenda strongly
vaccination, especially on sector-3 commercial poultry encourages countries to combat AMR by controlling
farms and biosecurity interventions along the poultry antimicrobial use in livestock, especially in poultry.
market chain.
To support the Indonesian Government in tracking AMR
Interventions should be applied at every stage from the trends and AMU in livestock, AMR surveillance and AMU
production farms to the collector yards, to live bird markets surveys were initiated in Indonesia along with an AMR
and slaughtering sites, some of the places with the highest awareness campaign #BeAntibioticSmart for poultry
risks of pathogen spill-over. farmers, local community, students vet faculty, and private
animal health services.
Evidence-based studies are needed to convince poultry
farmers, other poultry industry stakeholders, and policy
makers to reform their poultry production and marketing
practices along the poultry value chain.3
Efforts to control avian influenza along
poultry market chains and fighting
antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
3.1 Good farming practices poultry farmers to improve their farm (GFP) on their farms. The GFP tool
for healthy poultry profitability. focuses on improved disease control,
reducing the use of antibiotics and
production and reduced In the past four years, following
disinfectants, and most importantly
antimicrobial use (AMU) a series of training seminars and
producing safe animal-origin products
workshops for 1 375 commercial
Not only assisting poultry farmers to for human consumption.
poultry farmers, 62 poultry farms
implement Good Farming Practices in 16 HPAI high risk districts have Through close collaboration between
in their areas, VSOs are now able to improved their farm management local government, the private poultry
conduct AMR/AMU monitoring and by practicing 3-zone biosecurity, sector and universities, fourteen
surveillance. appropriate flock vaccination, and layer farms in Lampung who had
Since the avian influenza outbreak better hygiene and sanitation. implemented 3-zone biosecurity were
back in 2006, FAO has always awarded Government food hygiene
A key province for FAO-DGLAHS
supported the government to and sanitary certificates (NKV –
intervention was Lampung, where
increase the capacity of VSOs in high- Veterinary Control Number).
the Lampung branch of the national
risk areas to assist poultry farmers association of layer famers (Pinsar
– as they play an important role to Improving poultry
Peternak Nasional - PPN) committed farming practices and
implement good farming practices to implement Good Farming Practices
through our guidelines. following FAO-DGLAHS
guidelines will leverage
In 2019, besides training on good existing farm product
farming practices, FAO-DGLAHS certification schemes
encouraged VSOs to conduct a pilot which provide an
project on AMR and AMU surveillance FAO
NKV
Government, opportunity
70 for poultry
to measure the on-farm use of and University MoA farmers to sell their
60
antibiotics and capture the patterns Support and Dinas
products
50
14 farms
to higher
(supported value
by FAO)
of antimicrobial resistance in layer Food retail outlets, such as
40
farms. Two districts (Kendal and Safety supermarkets, which
30
Blitar) participated in the pilot project provides
s
faan additional
Technical
GFP 20 rm
which included trainings and sample Assistance 45
economic
10 incentive.
collection. 0
05 18 019
20 20
3.2 Poultry farmers more Private Sector, 2
Poultry farmers
aware to implement and Entrepreneurs
The NKV is a government certificate
best practices on farm of compliance with sanitation and
hygiene requirements as a guarantee
Implementing good farming practices The role of experts, government, and business of food safety for foods of animal
and providing opportunities for actors in realizing food safety.
origin. Along with this certification,You can also read
