DASHBOARD 2021 The Western Australian Alliance to End Homelessness Outcomes Measurement Framework: Centre for Social Impact
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
The Western Australian Alliance
to End Homelessness Outcomes
Measurement Framework:
DASHBOARD 2021
VERSION 3.0
July 2021
Paul Flatau, Leanne Lester, Jenny Fairthorne, Kiara Minto, Katherine Mok, Zoe Callis
Centre for Social Impact The University of Western Australia
Western Australian Alliance
to End HomelessnessAuthors
Paul Flatau, Leanne Lester, Jenny Fairthorne, Kiara Minto, Katherine Mok, Zoe Callis
Authors of previous versions of the Dashboard include Catherine Bock, Jacob Baron, Ali Mollinger-Sahba, and Zoe Callis
Centre for Social Impact The University of Western Australia (CSI UWA)
Key words Homelessness; Ending Homelessness; Australia; Western Australia; Outcomes Framework;
Outcomes Measurement; Evaluation
Publisher Centre for Social Impact, Business School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
DOI https://doi.org/10.25916/mvjd-mt92
Format Printed; PDF online only
URL www.csi.edu.au/research/project/ending-homelessness-outcomes-framework-dashboard
Recommended citation Flatau, P., Lester, L., Fairthorne, J., Minto, K., Mok, K., and Callis, Z. (2021). The Western Australian
Alliance to End Homelessness Outcomes Measurement and Evaluation Framework: Dashboard.
Version 3.0 July 2021. Perth: The University of Western Australia, Centre for Social Impact.
Address for correspondence
Professor Paul Flatau
Director, Centre for Social Impact The University of Western Australia
The Business School
The University of Western Australia
35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009 Australia
paul.flatau@uwa.edu.au
The Western Australian Alliance to End Homelessness (WAAEH)
The WA Alliance to End Homelessness is comprised of a group of individuals and organisations that have come together
to end homelessness in Western Australia.
Project Funding: Lotterywest
Acknowledgement
The original development of the Outcomes Framework and the accompanying Data Dictionary, Dashboard and Homelessness
in Western Australia report was supported by a Lotterywest grant to Shelter WA. Version 2 of the Dashboard was financed by
the CSI UWA while version 3 was funded by Lotterywest.
Disclaimer
The opinions in this report reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Western Australian
Alliance to End Homelessness or any of its organisations.CONTENTS
Contents�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������i
Figures���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ii
Tables��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� iii
1. Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4
1.1 Background��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4
1.2 The broader context����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6
1.3 The purpose of the Dashboard���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6
2. The WAAEH 10-Year Strategy to End Homelessness Targets������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 7
3. Responding to Homelessness in Western Australia������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9
3.1 Reducing the overall rate of homelessness���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9
3.2 Reducing Aboriginal homelessness�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18
3.3 Reducing regional homelessness������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 23
3.4 Reducing chronic homelessness������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 28
3.5 Addressing the needs of those experiencing homelessness����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 30
4. Preventing Homelessness�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32
4.1 Housing affordability���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32
4.2 Housing Supply�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39
4.3 Poverty and unemployment��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41
4.4 Young people in custody and out-of-home care�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 43
4.5 Physical and mental health ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 45
4.6 Alcohol and drug use��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 49
4.7 Domestic violence ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������53
5. Future Developments in the Dashboard������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 54
6. References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 56
#ENDHOMELESSNESSWA | iFIGURES Figure 1.1 Summary of WAAEH Outputs�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Figure 3.1 The rate of homelessness among persons aged 15 years and over in Western Australia (Census)�������10 Figure 3.2 The rate of homelessness based on Specialist Homelessness Service clients in Western Australia (SHSC)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 Figure 3.3 Number of clients accessing Specialist Homelessness Services in Western Australia who were homeless on entry to support (SHSC)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11 Figure 3.4 Proportion of all Western Australian Specialist Homelessness Service clients who were homeless on entry to support (SHSC)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 Figure 3.5 Number of clients accessing Specialist Homelessness Services in Western Australia who were at risk of homelessness on entry to support (SHSC)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 Figure 3.6 Proportion of all Western Australian Specialist Homelessness Service clients who were at risk of homelessness on entry to support (SHSC)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 Figure 3.7 Rate of homelessness for persons aged 15 years and over experiencing various forms of homelessness in Western Australia (Census)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14 Figure 3.8 Housing tenure outcome for clients with closed support periods who were experiencing homelessness at the start of support in Western Australia, 2019–20 (SHSC)���������������������������������������������������������������� 16 Figure 3.9 Housing tenure outcomes for clients with closed support periods who were at risk of homelessness at the start of support in Western Australia, 2019–20 (SHSC)�����������������������������������������������������������������17 Figure 3.10 The overall rate of Aboriginal persons aged 15 years and over across all homeless categories in Western Australia (Census)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 19 Figure 3.11 Rate of Aboriginal persons aged 15 years and over living in improvised dwellings, tents, or sleeping out in Western Australia (Census)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 19 Figure 3.12 The proportion of those living in various forms of homelessness in Western Australia aged 15 years and over that identify as Aboriginal (Census)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 Figure 3.13 Number of clients who are Aboriginal accessing Specialist Homelessness Services (WA) (SHSC)��� 22 Figure 3.14 Percentage of clients who are Aboriginal accessing Specialist Homelessness Services (WA) (SHSC) 23 Figure 3.15 The proportion of Specialist Homelessness Services clients that live in regional Western Australia (SHSC)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24 Figure 3.16 The overall rate of persons aged 15 years and over across all homeless categories in regional Western Australia (Census)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25 Figure 3.17 Structure of homelessness across Western Australia, by remoteness (Census)������������������������������������� 26 Figure 3.18 Number of homeless persons by statistical area level 4 (SA4) (Census)���������������������������������������������������27 Figure 3.19 Proportion of Vulnerability Index-Service Prioritisation Decision Assistance Tool respondents that are chronically homeless (WA Advance to Zero)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29 Figure 3.20 The proportion of Western Australian Specialist Homelessness Services clients that end their support periods with their immediate case management needs met/case management goals achieved (SHSC)������������� 31 ii | #ENDHOMELESSNESSWA
Figure 4.1 Proportion of Vulnerability Index-Service Prioritisation Decision Assistance Tool respondents
chronically homeless (WA Advance to Zero)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32
Figure 4.2 Proportion of low-income rental households spending more than 30 per cent of their
gross income on housing costs (rental stress) (%), by location, 2007–08 to 2017–18 (WA) (ABS)���������������������������33
Figure 4.3 Proportion of low income households remaining in housing stress from one year to the
next (%), by family type, 2001–04 to 2013–16 (Australia) (HILDA)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34
Figure 4.4 Housing affordability: housing costs as a proportion of household income, by tenure
and landlord type, 1994–1995 to 2017–18 (WA) (ABS)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35
Figure 4.5 Home ownership: Households by tenure type (%), 1994–95 to 2017–18 (WA) (ABS)����������������������������� 36
Figure 4.6 Rental Market: Rental Affordability Index, WA, 2012 to 2020, Quarterly (SGS Economics
and Planning)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37
Figure 4.7 Number of social housing dwellings, all areas, at 30 June 2006 to 30 June 2019 (WA) (AIHW)�������� 39
Figure 4.8 Total number of applicants on waiting list (excluding applicants for transfer), by social
housing program, at 30 June 2014 to 2018 (Western Australia, AIHW)�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39
Figure 4.9 Waiting time to secure public housing accommodation, from 2012 to 2017 (WA)
(WA Housing Authority)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40
Figure 4.10 Western Australian poverty rates, 50% and 60% of median income (ACOSS/UNSW)����������������������� 41
Figure 4.11 Unemployment rate, youth and general population (WA) (ABS)���������������������������������������������������������������� 42
Figure 4.12 Youth detainees in custody by Aboriginal cultural identity (WA) (WA Corrective Services)����������� 43
Figure 4.13 Children in out-of-home care by Aboriginal cultural identity, number per 1,000 (WA) (AIHW)���� 44
Figure 4.14 People that report their health status as fair/poor (WA) (ABS)�������������������������������������������������������������������46
Figure 4.15 Proportion of persons with High/Very High psychological distress (WA) (ABS)�����������������������������������47
Figure 4.16 Age-standardised hospitalisation rates for a principal diagnosis of mental health
related condition, 2004–05 to 2016–17 by Aboriginal cultural identity (WA) (AIHW)�������������������������������������������� 48
Figure 4.17 Alcohol Consumption, people aged 14 years or older, 2007 to 2019 (WA) (AIHW)�������������������������������� 49
Figure 4.18 Alcohol lifetime risk status, people aged 14 years or older, 2007 to 2019 (WA) (AIHW)��������������������� 50
Figure 4.19 Illicit Drug use (WA) (AIHW)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 51
Figure 4.20 Family violence offences, 2010–11 to 2019–20 (WA Police Force)�������������������������������������������������������������53
Figure 5.1 The multi-level, nested indicators of the WAAEH Framework����������������������������������������������������������������������55
TABLES
Table 2.1 The WAAEH Strategy Targets��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7
Table 3.1 Number of clients by housing situation for clients with closed support periods in
Western Australia 2019–20 (SHSC)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10
#ENDHOMELESSNESSWA | iii1. INTRODUCTION This report presents the 2021 update to the Western Australian Alliance to End Homelessness Outcomes Measurement Framework: Dashboard (the Dashboard), which was first released in August 2019, and updated in February 2020. The Dashboard is an evolving, accessible, and visual platform designed to present and report on outcomes relevant to the key targets of the Western Australian Alliance to End Homelessness (WAAEH). The Dashboard aims to answer the following question: Are we are ‘on track’ to end homelessness in Western Australia? 1.1 Background In July 2018, the WAAEH published the Strategy to End Homelessness (the Strategy). The Strategy articulates a 10-year plan to end homelessness in Western Australia, invoking a whole-of-society response. The Strategy comprises nine broad targets across the following areas: reducing and ending homelessness; preventing homelessness through addressing ‘structural’ and ‘individual’ drivers of homelessness; improving policy and practice within the service sector; and, improving measurement, accountability, collaboration, and governance mechanisms. Those targets relating to reducing, ending and preventing homelessness, which have been operationalised and for which data exists, form the backbone of the present version of the Dashboard. The Dashboard sits alongside both the Strategy and The Western Australian Alliance to End Homelessness Outcomes Measurement and Evaluation Framework (the Framework). The WAAEH, via Shelter WA, received funding from Lotterywest to develop the Framework to measure and monitor progress towards ending homelessness. The Centre for Social Impact at The University of Western Australia (CSI UWA), a founding member of the WAAEH, undertook the task of developing the Framework. The Framework applies a complexity science approach to theorising systems of social change. This manifests itself in (a) the focus on a web of domains beyond simply the core homelessness targets; and, (b) the multi-level structure of the Framework—causal factors are identified across micro (individuals), meso (organisational, program and service indicators) and macro (population-level) levels of society. The complexity approach provides the rich platform to build the evidence base required to undertake effective practice and policymaking. The Framework is organised into seven domains, which are broad, conceptual ‘buckets’ into which one or more outcomes can fit. The seven domains that form the backbone of the Framework are: (1) The State of Homelessness; (2) Structural Factors; (3) Individual Factors; (4) Representation, Voice and Advocacy; (5) Resources; (6) Collaborative Efficacy; and (7) The Social Services Sector. Each domain is then divided into outcomes (such as Outcome 1.1 ‘Homelessness is decreased’) and further into specific indicators (e.g. Indicator 1.1.1 ‘Rates of overall homelessness’) and then into precise measures (e.g. 1.1.1.1 ‘The overall rate of persons aged 15 years and over across all homeless categories in Western Australia’). A comprehensive Framework needs to account for and assess the state of homelessness itself (e.g., the overall rate of homelessness, rates of rough sleeping or rates of chronic homelessness), the drivers into and exit out of homelessness and the efficacy of the homelessness service system response. At this juncture, we have focused on the state of homelessness itself and the drivers of homelessness. We hope to address the measurement of other components of the Framework, namely, policy and practice within the service sector; and, improving measurement, accountability, and governance mechanisms, soon. The Framework is accompanied by two documents; the Dashboard (Western Australian Alliance to End Homelessness Outcomes Measurement Framework: Dashboard) and the Data Dictionary (Western Australian Alliance to End Homelessness Outcomes Measurement and Evaluation Framework: Data Dictionary). 4 | #ENDHOMELESSNESSWA
Where we currently have data available, the Dashboard presents key measures related to the nine targets.
The Dashboard, while still in early stages of development, has been expanded significantly since the first
version of the prototype published in 2019. As compared with Version 1 of the Dashboard, the nine targets
have been categorised into two overarching ending homelessness targets: (1) responding to homelessness
targets, and (2) preventing homelessness targets. Responding to homelessness targets, detailed in section 3,
examine the trends of the individuals experiencing homelessness and those accessing homelessness services
to monitor the prevalence and response to homelessness in Western Australia. Preventing homelessness
targets, in section 4, presents data on key drivers of homelessness (which relate to Target 4), indicating trends
across housing, health, economic, labour market and social measures, with explanatory notes about the
implication of this data for homelessness outcomes in Western Australia.
The second related document the Data Dictionary, which operationalises the Framework by detailing the
rationale, methodologies, targets and data for each measure of the Framework. The Data Dictionary is a
comprehensive measurement tool and will be updated as the homelessness landscape in Western Australia
evolves alongside policy, practice, and research.
The Dashboard provides trends in key targets and brief comment on these trends. The Ending Homelessness
in Western Australia 2021 Report (the Report) provides further commentary on these trends as well as
providing a review of the initiatives, programs, and policies in Western Australia. The 2021 Report will be
released in August 2021. Figure 1.1 summarises the interrelationships between the Strategy, the Framework,
the Data Dictionary, the Dashboard, and the Report.
FIGURE 1.1 Summary of WAAEH Outputs
WAAEH Outcomes
Measurement Framework:
Data Dictionary
(the Data Dictionary)
WAAEH Outcomes
WAAEH Strategy to
Measurement and
End Homelessness
Evaluation Framework
(the Strategy)
(the Framework)
WAAEH Outcomes
Measurement Framework:
Dashboard
(the Dashboard)
Ending homelessness The Ending
in Western Australia Homelessness in Western
An update on initiatives, Australia 2021 Report
programs and evidence (the Report)
#ENDHOMELESSNESSWA | 51.2 The broader context The Strategy and Framework are not operating in a vacuum. There are common threads between this project and other community and government initiatives. The Western Australian Government’s Our Priorities: Sharing Prosperity (2019a) report highlights key goals of the Western Australian Government across a range of sectors—including the economy, environment, education, community safety, Aboriginal wellbeing, and regional prosperity—which overlap with many of the population-level outcomes adopted in the Framework. The Our Priorities: Sharing Prosperity whole-of- government targets program was deferred indefinitely when the WA Government focused attention on the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the WA Outcomes Measurement Framework presents a whole-of-sector approach to community outcomes in an interconnected, hierarchical wheel; this is in keeping with the approach of the WAAEH Framework which emphasises the interrelated nature of the drivers of homelessness and homelessness responses. Similarly, the WA Government’s Budget papers apply an Outcomes Framework to expenditures and policy directions that, in practical terms, will also contribute to achieving the WAAEH targets (Western Australian Government, 2020). Most importantly, since the publication of the WAAEH Strategy to End Homelessness and the publication of Version 1 of the Framework and Dashboard, the Western Australian Government has released All Paths Lead to a Home: Western Australia’s 10-Year Strategy on Homelessness 2020–2030 (Western Australian Government, 2019b). The WA Government Homelessness Strategy is largely consistent with the WAAEH’s own homelessness strategy and includes a commitment to ending rough sleeping and chronic homelessness. All Paths Lead to a Home also includes a commitment to developing an Outcomes Measurement Framework “to make sure the Strategy is achieving its intended goals and to enable progress to be measured against outcomes”. It notes that “integration points will also be established with the Western Australian Alliance to End Homelessness Outcomes Measurement Framework and Evaluation Framework developed by the Centre for Social Impact at the University of Western Australia” (Western Australian Government, 2019b, p.12). As the WA Government further implements its Strategy and develops its Outcomes Measurement Framework, we will further develop the Dashboard measures. 1.3 The purpose of the Dashboard The Dashboard is a powerful tool for visualising and analysing diverse evidence relevant to the WAAEH Strategy. The purpose of the Dashboard is to communicate findings to the WAAEH and its affiliates, to policy makers, to the homelessness sector, and to the broader community with an interest in ending homelessness in a way that is clear, timely and useful. The Dashboard functions as a reference point to see where current efforts are producing results and where there is need for renewed focus for future initiatives. For the broader Western Australian community, the Dashboard will help to generate interest and deepen understanding of the state of homelessness in Western Australia. The 2021 Dashboard will be accompanied by a developmental evaluation report The Western Australian Alliance to End Homelessness: Ending Homelessness in Western Australia Report (The Report), which brings together key findings from the Dashboard, detailed analysis of the WA Advance to Zero homelessness data and an examination of programs and initiatives in Western Australia to understand where we are at in the journey to end homelessness in Western Australia by 2028. Together with the complementary publications the Framework, Data Dictionary, and the Report, the Dashboard provides the information needed to inform effective, adaptive action towards ending homelessness in Western Australia. 6 | #ENDHOMELESSNESSWA
2. THE WAAEH 10-YEAR STRATEGY TO END
HOMELESSNESS TARGETS
The WAAEH Strategy to End Homelessness articulated nine targets to be achieved in the 10-year timeframe.
The Dashboard is organised around these nine WAAEH Strategy targets and examines trends in targets in two
main fields (see Table 2.1 below):
– Responding to homelessness; and,
– Preventing homelessness.
Section 3 covers the Responding to Homelessness Targets while section 4 covers the Preventing Homelessness
Targets. There are several targets for which we don’t yet have reliable data. We hope to include these targets in
future editions of the Dashboard.
TABLE 2.1 The WAAEH Strategy Targets
Ending Homelessness in Western Australia by 2028
Responding to Homelessness Targets Preventing Homelessness Targets
Target 1: Western Australia will have ended all forms of chronic Target 4: The underlying causes that
homelessness including chronic rough sleeping. result in people becoming homeless
Target 2: No individual or family in Western Australia will sleep have been met head-on, resulting in
rough or stay in supported accommodation for longer than five a reduction by more than half in the
nights before moving into an affordable, safe, decent, permanent inflow of people and families into
home with the support required to sustain it. homelessness in any one year.
Target 3: The Western Australian rate of homelessness (including Target 8: A strong, collaborative and
couch surfing and insecure tenure) will have been halved from its adaptive network of services and
2016 level. responses across the community
services, health, mental health,
Target 5: The current very large gap between the rate of Aboriginal justice, and education sectors
homelessness and non-Aboriginal homelessness in Western will exist working collectively to
Australia will be eliminated so that the rate of Aboriginal address the underlying causes of
homelessness is no higher than the rate of non-Aboriginal homelessness and meeting the needs
homelessness. of those who become homeless.
Target 6: Those experiencing homelessness and those exiting Target 9: Measurement,
homelessness with physical health, mental health, and alcohol and accountability and governance
other drug use dependence needs will have their needs addressed. mechanisms that are robust,
This will result in a halving of mortality rates among those who transparent and open to external
have experienced homelessness and a halving in public hospital review will be operating, providing
costs one year on for those exiting homelessness. an on-going means for assessing
Target 7: Those experiencing homelessness and those exiting progress in meeting the goals of
homelessness will be supported to strengthen their economic, Ending Homelessness in Western
social, family and community connections leading to stronger Australia in 10 years.
well-being and quality of life outcomes. Employment among those
experiencing homelessness will be significantly increased. Over
half of those exiting homelessness will be employed within three
years of moving into housing. Well-being and quality of life will
equal those of the general population in the same timeframe.
Source: WAAEH Strategy to End Homelessness (2018).
#ENDHOMELESSNESSWA | 7Where data is available and publicly accessible for a key measure, we have constructed a figure or table illustrating the current trend in the data and included a brief explanatory note about the implication for homelessness. For the measures relating to the core Domain 1 of the The State of Homelessness in Western Australian Alliance to End Homelessness Outcomes Measurement Framework and Evaluation Framework, we have also indicated a projected trend line that is theoretically required to be achieved in order to meet the 2028 target. Future data will be added to the graph, and the distance from these points to the trendline could provide a visual indication of whether we are making consistent progress towards the target. The trendline is indicative only, and fluctuations on and off the trendline are to be expected. Examples of data points have been added at future data release time points (e.g. the 2021 Census) for illustrative purposes only. Although these example data points have been arranged in a trend towards the 10-year target, they are not intended to serve as milestones. Measures relating to the drivers of homelessness (WAAEH Outcomes Measurement and Evaluation Framework Domains 2 and 3) and thus relate to the prevention of homelessness do not have an associated target, but we presented the recent trends in the data. It is important to note that the Dashboard does not contain the comprehensive set of measures relating to the nine Strategy targets. Rather, the Dashboard visualises key measures for which data is available that can provide a broad overview of the domains and communicate trends across the complex system of homelessness. For a comprehensive list and operationalisation of measures, refer to the WAAEH Outcomes Measurement and Evaluation Framework (the Framework) and the WAAEH Outcomes Measurement and Evaluation Framework: Data Dictionary (the Data Dictionary). Throughout the Dashboard the term Aboriginal is used in recognition of the fact that Aboriginal people are the original inhabitants of Western Australia. Data retrieved from national sources may have originally used the terms ‘Indigenous’ or ‘Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander’ people. However, the statistics referred to relate to Western Australia and not Australia more generally and the term is that which is preferred in Western Australia by Aboriginal people. 8 | #ENDHOMELESSNESSWA
3. RESPONDING TO HOMELESSNESS IN
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
3.1 Reducing the overall rate of homelessness
The Western Australian rate of homelessness (including couch surfing and insecure tenure) will have
been halved from its 2016 level
TARGET 3
There are two key sources of data on rates of homelessness in Western Australia: The Australian Bureau of
Statistics Census Data (ABS, 2016) and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Specialist Homelessness
Services Collection (SHSC); (AIHW, 2020a). The data from the two sources differs due to different definitions
of homelessness utilised. For specific information and limitation of data sources, refer to the Framework.
In the Census, ‘homelessness’ refers not only to rough sleeping, which is often the most visible form of
homelessness in society, but also to a variety of unstable housing situations, such as couch surfing (staying
temporarily with other households), living in boarding houses, being housed in supported accommodation
and living in ‘severely crowded’ dwellings (ABS, 2016).
In the SHSC, the rate of homelessness is determined by calculating the number of clients of specialist
homelessness services who are homeless on entry into specialist homelessness service support at the
beginning of their first support period for the year, and then dividing this number by the total Western
Australia population. Homelessness, as defined by the SHSC, includes having no shelter or residing in an
improvised/inadequate dwelling, staying in short-term temporary accommodation, or being without tenure
while housed (AIHW, 2020a). The SHSC definition of homelessness does not include a component for severely
overcrowded dwellings which is included in the Census definition.
The focus of Domain 1: The State of Homelessness of the Framework is to halve the 2016 rate of homelessness
in Western Australia by 2028. This target has been broken down into a set of measures within the domain,
encompassing the overall rate of homelessness, homelessness in various categories, the rates of Aboriginal
homelessness and the economic barriers that prevent a sustained exit from homelessness. Some key
measures and associated graphs are represented below.
Figures 3.1 and 3.2 demonstrate the overall state of homelessness in Western Australia using two data sources:
the ABS Census of Population and Housing and the SHSC. Figure 3.1 depicts the persons per 10,000 identified
as homeless, across all homeless operational groups in the 2016 Census. In 2016, 36.4 per 10,000 Western
Australians were homeless according to the Census. To achieve the target of halving the rate of homelessness
by 2028, this rate will need to decrease to 18.2 persons per 10,000. Example future data as well as a trendline
and confidence intervals are displayed to demonstrate the trajectory needed to achieve this target.
Figure 3.2, similarly, depicts the persons per 10,000 identified as homeless in the SHSC from 2015/16 onwards.
In 2016/17, 34.3 Western Australians per 10,000 were homeless. As described in the Framework (p. 24), the
SHSC only collects information from those individuals that access services, which, together with the different
definitions of homelessness adopted helps to explain why this number is lower than the Census figure of 36.4
persons per 10,000. In 2017/18 and 2018/19 the rate decreased slightly to 32.5 and 32.6 respectively, before
increasing to 34.8 in 2019/20, above the trajectory for the target of 17.2 persons per 10,000 by 2028.
#ENDHOMELESSNESSWA | 92018/19 the rate decreased slightly to 32.5 and 32.6 respectively, before increasing to 34.8 in
2019/20, above the trajectory for the target of 17.2 persons per 10,000 by 2028.
why this number is lower than the Census figure of 36.4 pe
why this number is lower than the Census figure of 36.4 persons
2018/19 per 10,000.
the rate In 2017/18
slightlyand
whythis
why thisnumber
number
2018/19
Figure isisThe
the
3.1 lower
lower
rate than
than theCensus
the
decreased
rate Census
slightly
of homelessness figure
figure ofof36.4
to 32.5
among 36.432.6
and
personspersons
persons per
per 10,000.
10,000.
respectively,
aged 15 years InIndecreased
before
and 2017/18
2017/18
over in and
and
increasing
Western to 34.8
to 32.5 and 32.6 respecti
in
Australia
2018/19
2018/19the
therate
ratedecreased
decreased slightly
slightly to
to32.5
32.5and
and 32.6
32.6 respectively, 2019/20,
respectively, before
before above the
increasing
increasing trajectory
toto
34.8
34.8ininfor the target of 17.2 persons p
2019/20,
(Census) above the trajectory for the target of 17.2 persons per 10,000 by 2028.
2019/20,
2019/20,above
abovethethetrajectory
trajectoryfor forthe
thetarget
targetofof17.2
17.2persons
personsperper10,000
10,000byby2028.
2028.
Figure 3.1 The rate of homelessness among persons aged 15 ye
Figure 3.1 The rate of homelessness among persons aged 15 years and over in Western Australia
(Census)
Figure FIGURE
Figure3.13.1The
Therate
rate
(Census) 3.1
50 The rate of homelessness
ofofhomelessness
homelessness among among
amongpersons
persons persons
aged
aged aged
1515years
yearsand15over
and years &Western
overinin over in Western
Western Australia (Census)
Australia
Australia
(Census)
(Census)
41.0
50
50
40 36.4
5050 41.0
41.0
41.0
41.0 40 36.4
40 36.4
4040 30 36.4
36.4
per 10,000
30
30 18.2
3030 20
Persons, per 10,000
per 10,000
20
Persons, per 10,000
Persons, per 10,000
18.2
20 18.2
18.2
Persons,
2020 10
10
Persons,
10
1010 0
2011 2016 2021 0 2026
0 2011 2016 2021
00 2011 2016 Year 2021 2026
2011
2011 2016Census data + 2028 Target
2016
2011/16 2021Year Example future
2021 2026
2026
data Year
Year
Year 2011/16 Census data + 2028 Target Exam
2011/16 Census data
10% Confidence + 2028
Interval Target Example future data
2011/16
2011/16Census
Censusdata
data+ +2028
2028Target
Target Example
Examplefuture
futuredata
data 10% Confidence Interval
10% Confidence Interval
Source: ABS10%
10%Confidence
Confidence
2049.0 Interval
– Census Interval
of Population and Housing: Estimating homelessness.
Source: ABS 2049.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Estimating h
Source: ABS 2049.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Estimating homelessness.
https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/2049.0
Source : ABS 2049.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Estimating
https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/2049.0 why this number is lower than the Census figure of 36.4
homelessness.
https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/2049.0
Source
Source : ABS
: ABS2049.0
2049.0––Census
CensusofofPopulation
Populationand andHousing:
Housing:Estimating
https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/2049.0 Estimatinghomelessness.
homelessness. 2018/19 the rate decreased slightly to 32.5 and 32.6 respe
https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/2049.0
https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/2049.0 2019/20, above the trajectory for the target of 17.2 person
FIGURE
Figure 3.23.2TheTherate
rateofofhomelessness
homelessnessbased basedon onSpecialist
Specialist Homelessness
Homelessness
Figure 3.2 The rate Service
Service clientsininWestern
clients
of homelessness Western
based on Specialist Home
Figure 3.2
Australia
Australia The
(SHSC)rate
(SHSC) of homelessness based on Specialist Homelessness
Australia Figure
(SHSC) Service
3.1 The rate clients
of in Western
homelessness among persons aged 15
Figure
Figure3.2
3.2Australia
The
Therate
rateof(SHSC)
ofhomelessness
homelessness based
why this numberbased ononSpecialist
is lower Specialist
than Homelessness
Homelessness
the Census figure of 36.4Service
Service
persons clients
clients
per
(Census) ininIn
10,000. Western
Western
2017/18 and
Australia
Australia(SHSC)
(SHSC) 2018/19 the rate decreased slightly to 32.5 and 32.6 respectively, before increasing to 34.8 in
2019/20, above the trajectory for the target of 17.2 persons
50 per 10,000 by 2028.
50
50 50
5050 Figure 3.1 The rate of homelessness among persons aged 15 years and over in Western Australia
(Census) 41.0
40 34.836.4
40
40 34.8 33.4 40 34.3
33.4
33.4 34.3
34.3 34.8 32.5 32.6
4040 32.5
50 32.5 32.6
34.832.6
34.8
33.4 34.3
33.4 34.3
32.5 32.6
32.5 32.6 30
Persons, per 10,000
41.0
30
30 30
10,000
per10,000
3030 40 36.4
Persons, per 10,000
Persons, per 10,000
Persons, per 10,000
20 17.2
20 17.2
Persons,per
20 30 20 17.2
17.2
2020
Persons,
Persons, per 10,000
10 18.2
10 20 10
1010 10
10 0
0 2015 2016 0 2017 2015/16,
2018 2019 2020 20212018/19,
2022 2019/2
2023
00 02015 2016 2017 2015/16, 2018 2019 2016/17,2020 20212018/19,
2017/18, 2022 2019/20
2023 SHS 2024data2025
+ 2028
2011 2026
Target2027 2016/17,
20282016 2017/18,
2029 20
2015 2016
2015 20162015 2017
2017 2016 2018
2018 2017 2019
2019 2018 2020
2020 20192021
2021 20202022
2022 20212023
2023 2022 2024
2024 20232025
2025 20242026
2026 2025 202720262028202720292028 data
2029 Year
2015 2016
2015/16,2017
2015/16, 2018
02016/17,
2016/17,
2015/16, 2019
2017/18,
2017/18, 2020
2018/19,
2016/17,2018/19,2021
2019/20
2017/18, 2022
2019/20SHS
SHS
2018/19,
Year 2023
data
data
2019/20 2024
+ +2028
2028
SHS Target+2027
2025
Target
data 2028 2028
2026 2029
2027
Example
Target 2028
future 2029
Year
2011Example future data Year
Year
2016 Year 2021 2026
Example
Examplefuture
future data
Exampledatafuture data Year 10% Confidence
2011/16 Interval
Census data + 2028 Target E
10% Confidence Interval Year
10%
10%
2015/16, 2016/17, Confidence
Confidence
2017/18, Interval
Interval
2018/19,
10%
2011/16
2019/20Census
Confidence
data++2028
SHS data
Interval
2028Target
Target Examplefuture
Example futuredata
data 10%Confidence
10% Confidence Interval
Interval
10%Services
ConfidenceCollection,
Interval
Source: AIHW Specialist Homelessness Services Collection, 2019-20
Source: AIHW Specialist Homelessness 2019-20
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-h
Source:AIHW
Source: AIHW Specialist
Specialist
Source: Homelessness
Homelessness
AIHW Specialist Services
Services
Homelessness Collection,
Collection,
Services 2019-20
2019-20 Source: ABS 2049.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Estimatin
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-annual-
Collection, 2019–20
Source: AIHW Specialist Homelessness Services Collection, report/contents/summary
2019-20
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-annual-
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-annual- https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/2049.0
Source: ABS 2049.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Estimating homelessness.
report/contents/summary
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-annual-report/contents/summary
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-annual-
report/contents/summary
report/contents/summary https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/2049.0
report/contents/summary
Figures 3.3 and 3.4 plot raw numbers of homeless and at-ri
Figures 3.3 andFigure 3.4 plot
3.2
raw
The
numbers
rate of
of homeless
homelessness based on
andthe
at-risk
Specialist
ofofhomelessness
Figure
share all3.2clients
Homelessness The rate
Service whoofclients
clients are
in
as wellbased
homelessness
homeless
Western
as on Specialist
(as opposed to atHor
Figures3.3
Figures 3.3
the and
andshare 3.4plot
3.4 ofplot raw
allraw numbers
numbers
clients who
Australia (SHSC)
of
areof homeless
homeless
homeless and
and
(as at-risk
at-risk
opposed ofof homelessness
homelessness
to at risk of clients
clients
homelessness)
Australia (SHSC) as
as well
well asas
accessing SHS in
the
theshare Figures
shareof 3.3 and
ofallallclients
clients who
who 3.4 plot
are
are raw numbers
homeless
homeless (as of homeless
(asopposed
opposed andofof
totoatatrisk
risk at-risk of homelessness
homelessness)
homelessness) accessing
accessing clients
SHS
SHSinas
inwell as
the share of all clients 50
who are homeless (as opposed to at risk of#ENDHOMELESSNESSWA|
homelessness) accessing SHS in 7
50
#ENDHOMELESSNESSWA|
#ENDHOMELESSNESSWA| 77
10 | #ENDHOMELESSNESSWA #ENDHOMELESSNESSWA| 7
40 34.8
33.4 34.3 40
32.5 32.6
33.4 34.3 34.8
32.5 32.6
30
,000
30
0Figures 3.3 and 3.4 plot raw numbers of homeless and at-risk of homelessness clients as well as the share
of all clients who are homeless (as opposed to at risk of homelessness) accessing SHS in Western Australia
from mid-2017 to March 2021. The raw numbers for both groups show a drop in clients accessing SHS in April
2020,
Western coinciding withfrom
Australia the outbreak
mid-2017 of the COVID-19
to March pandemic
2021. The raw and likely attributed
numbers for bothtogroups
nation-wide
showlockdown
a drop
in clientswhich
measures accessing SHSinin
resulted April
many 2020, cutting
services coinciding
backwith theservice
director outbreak of the
delivery forCOVID-19
a period. Bypandemic
December
and likely
2020, attributed
the numbers to nation-wide
of both lockdown
client groups increase measures which
to approximately resultedlevels
pre-pandemic in manyand services
there is a cutting
back directr
further service
increase delivery
in March foryet
2021. Not a period.
seen in By
theseDecember
figures are2020, the numbers
the impacts ofofboth
of the end client
various groups
pandemic
increaseintoearly
supports approximately
2021, such aspre-pandemic
eviction and rentallevels and there
increase is a further
moratoriums, increasesupplements
and financial in March 2021.(e.g., Not
yet seen inand
JobKeeper these figures are supplement).
the coronavirus the impactsThe of the end of
increase in various pandemic
the monthly series insupports in early
recent months may2021,
reflect
such
the as eviction
provision and rental
of additional increase
funds moratoriums,
to services and financial
from government supplements
which enabled (e.g.,previously
them to meet JobKeeper and
unmet
the coronavirus supplement). The increase in the monthly
needs and the recent rapid tightening in the Perth housing market. series in recent months may reflect
the provision of additional funds to services from government which enabled them to meet
previously
The monthly unmet needs
series also showand the
that recent
among malerapid tightening
clients, a higherin the Perth
proportion arehousing market.
homeless compared to female
clients, while the opposite trend is seen in clients at risk of homelessness.
The monthly series also show that among male clients, a higher proportion are homeless
compared to female clients, while the opposite trend is seen in clients at risk of homelessness.
FIGURE 3.3 Number of clients accessing Specialist Homelessness Services in Western Australia who
Figure 3.3 Number of clients accessing Specialist Homelessness Services in Western Australia who
were
were homeless
homeless on
on entry
entry to
to support
support (SHSC)
3500
3,099
3000
2,700 2,639 2,673
2,610
2,480 2,504 2,478
2,354 2,387
2500 2,251
2000 1,857
1,544 1,495 1,505 1,537
1,438 1,415 1,399 1,351
1500 1255 1,346
1000 1,242
1,089 1,156 1,079 1,144 1,1051,036 1,136
996 938 1,008
500
0
Ja 7
Ja 8
Ja 9
Ja 0
N 7
M 18
N 8
M 19
N 9
M 20
N 0
M 21
Ju 8
Ju 9
Ju 0
Se 7
Se 8
Se 9
Se 0
M 18
M 19
M 20
1
l-1
l-1
l-1
l-2
-1
-1
-1
-2
1
1
1
2
-1
-1
-2
-2
-
-
-
p-
n-
p-
n-
p-
n-
p-
n-
ov
ov
ov
ov
ay
ay
ay
ar
ar
ar
ar
Ju
Female Male Total
Source: AIHW 2021 Specialist Homelessness Services: monthly data, Cat. No. HOU 321.
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-monthly-data/contents/monthly-data
Source: AIHW 2021 Specialist Homelessness Services: monthly data, Cat. No. HOU 321.
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-monthly-
data/contents/monthly-data
#ENDHOMELESSNESSWA | 11FIGURE 3.4 Proportion of all Western Australian Specialist Homelessness Service clients who were
Figure 3.4
homeless onProportion of all Western
entry to support (SHSC) Australian Specialist Homelessness Service (SHS) clients who
were homeless on entry to support
Figure 3.4 Proportion of all Western Australian Specialist Homelessness Service (SHS) clients who
were homeless on entry to support
60%
60% 53%
50% 50%
50% 45% 47% 47% 46% 47% 53%
45% 44% 50% 50%
44% 43%
50% 45% 47%
41% 47% 46% 47% 42%
40% 45% 39% 40%
39% 44% 44%
40% 38% 38% 42% 43%
41% 40% 40%
39% 39% 40%
40% 38% 37%
38% 38% 38%
36% 35% 36%
30% 34% 35% 34% 40%
37% 38% 38%
36% 35% 36%
30% 34% 35% 34%
20%
20%
10%
10%
0%
M 18
M 19
M 20
1
Ja 7
Ja 8
Ja 9
Ja 0
N 7
M 18
N 8
M 19
N 9
M 20
N 0
M 21
Ju 8
Ju 9
Ju 0
Se 7
Se 8
Se 9
Se 0
-2
l-1
l-1
l-1
l-2
-1
-1
-1
-2
1
1
1
2
-1
-1
-2
0%
-
-
-
p-
n-
p-
n-
p-
n-
p-
n-
ar
ar
ar
ar
ov
ov
ov
ov
ay
ay
ay
Ju
M 18
M 19
M 20
1
Ja 7
Ja 8
Ja 9
Ja 0
No 7
M 18
No 8
M 19
No 9
M 20
No 0
M 21
Ju 8
Ju 9
Ju 0
Se 7
Se 8
Se 9
Se 0
-2
l-1
l-1
l-1
l-2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
-1
-1
-2
Female Male Total
-
-
-
v-
v-
v-
v-
p-
n-
p-
n-
p-
n-
p-
n-
ar
ar
ar
ar
ay
ay
ay
Ju
Source: AIHW 2021 Specialist Homelessness Services: monthly data, Cat. No. HOU 321.
Female
Source: AIHW 2021 Specialist Homelessness Services: monthly Male
data, Cat. No. HOU 321. Total
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-monthly-
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-monthly-data/contents/monthly-data
data/contents/monthly-data
Source: AIHW 2021 Specialist Homelessness Services: monthly data, Cat. No. HOU 321.
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-monthly-
Figure 3.5 Number of clients accessing Specialist Homelessness Services in Western Australia who
data/contents/monthly-data
Figure
FIGURE 3.4 Proportion of all Western Australian Specialist Homelessness Service (SHS) clients who
were at3.5 Number
risk of clients accessing
of homelessness on entry toSpecialist
support Homelessness Services in Western Australia who
were
were homeless on entry to support
Figure 3.5 Number of clients accessing Specialist(SHSC)
at risk of homelessness on entry to support Homelessness Services in Western Australia who
4500
were
60% at risk of homelessness on entry to support
3,777 3,766 3,841
4000 53%
4500 3,531 3,494 50%
3,394 3,353 50%
3500 3267
50% 47%
3,160 47%
3,148 46% 47% 3,841
400045% 45% 3,777 3,766 2,962
44% 44% 43%
3000 3,531 3,494
42% 2,700
41% 40% 3,394 2,607 40% 3,353
3267
350038% 39% 39% 2,544 2,444
40% 3,160 3,148 2,379 38% 2,423 2,3122,962
2500 2247 2,210 2,151 2,096
3000 40%
2,700
37% 2,607 2,544 38% 38%
2000 36% 36%
2,423 2,444
2,379
35% 35% 2,312
30% 2247
250034% 2,210 2,151 34%
1500 1,222 2,096
1,170 1,108 1,141
1,041 1,050
20001020 961 997 1,015
866
1000
20%
1500 1,170 1,222 1,141
500 1020 1,015 1,108 1,041 1,050
961 997
866
1000
10%0
500
N 7
M 18
N 8
M 19
N 9
M 20
N 0
M 21
Se 7
Se 8
Se 9
Se 0
M 18
M 19
M 20
1
Ja 7
Ja 8
Ja 9
Ja 0
Ju 8
Ju 9
Ju 0
l-1
l-1
l-1
l-2
1
1
1
2
-2
-1
-1
-1
-2
-1
-1
-2
-
-
-
p-
n-
p-
n-
p-
n-
p-
n-
ar
ar
ar
ar
ov
ov
ov
ov
ay
ay
ay
Ju
0%0
Female Male Total
M -1188
M 1199
Ma 200
1
17
JJaa 88
JJaa 99
JJa 200
17
M 188
NNoo 88
M 1199
NNo 199
Ma 200
NNo -200
Ma 211
--118
JJuu 99
JJu 00
l--117
SSee 88
SSee 99
SSe 200
NNoo 7
SSeep 7
-221
JJaan 7
JJuu 8
ll--11
ll--11
vv--1
vv--1
--11
p--1
n--1
pp--1
--11
-22
-2
1
1
-2
2
-2
-2
1
-2
aarr-
--
nn--
pp--
ull-
arr-
arr-
nn-
epp-
ann-
ovv-
ayy-
aarr
ovv
JJuul
aayy
aayy
Source: AIHW 2021 Specialist Homelessness Services: monthly data, Cat. No. HOU 321.
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-monthly-
data/contents/monthly-data Female
Female Male
Male Total
Total
Source:
Source:AIHW
AIHW2021
2021Specialist
SpecialistHomelessness
Homelessness Services: monthly data, Cat. No.
No. HOU
HOU321.
321.
Source: AIHW 2021 Specialist Homelessness Services: monthly data, Cat. No. HOU 321.
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-monthly-
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-monthly-
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-monthly-data/contents/monthly-data
data/contents/monthly-data
data/contents/monthly-data
#ENDHOMELESSNESSWA| 9
Figure 3.5 Number of clients accessing Specialist Homelessness Services in Western Australia who
12were
| #ENDHOMELESSNESSWA
at risk of homelessness on entry to support
4500
#ENDHOMELESSNESSWA| 9
3,841FIGURE 3.6 Proportion of all Western Australian Specialist Homelessness Service clients who were at
Figure
risk 3.6 Proportiononofentry
of homelessness all Western Australian
to support (SHSC) Specialist Homelessness Service (SHS) clients who
were at risk of homelessness on entry to support
70%
60% 62%
60% 60% 59% 60% 60%
57% 58% 57%
60%
57%
50% 55% 53% 54% 55% 55% 54% 55%
53%
52%
50%
47% 47%
40% 46% 43% 44% 46% 44%
46% 46%
30%
20%
10%
0%
M 18
M 19
M 20
1
Ja 7
Ja 8
Ja 9
Ja 0
N 7
M 18
N 8
M 19
N 9
M 20
N 0
M 21
Ju 8
Ju 9
Ju 0
Se 7
Se 8
Se 9
Se 0
-2
l-1
l-1
l-1
l-2
-1
-1
-1
-2
1
1
1
2
-1
-1
-2
-
-
-
p-
n-
p-
n-
p-
n-
p-
n-
ar
ar
ar
ar
ov
ov
ov
ov
ay
ay
ay
Ju
Female Male Total
Source:
Source: AIHW
AIHW 2021 Specialist
2021 Specialist Homelessness
Homelessness Services:
Services: monthly monthly
data, Cat. data,
No. HOU 321. Cat. No. HOU 321.
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-monthly-
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-monthly-data/contents/monthly-data
data/contents/monthly-data
Figure 3.7 presents evidence from the Census on the rate of persons aged 15 years and over experiencing
Figureforms
various 3.7 presents evidenceinfrom
of homelessness theAustralia.
Western Census on Tothe rate of
achieve thepersons aged 15the
goal of halving years and over
Western Australian
experiencing
rate various
of homelessness fromforms oflevel,
its 2016 homelessness
steps mustin
beWestern Australia.
put in place to combatToallachieve
forms ofthe goal of halving
homelessness.
the Western
When analysingAustralian ratethe
homelessness, of homelessness from
Census categorises its 2016 level,
differentiates stepsfive
between must be put
forms in place to
homelessness:
combat all forms of homelessness. When analysing homelessness, the Census categorises
differentiates
– Living between
in improvised five forms
dwellings, tents,homelessness:
or sleeping out (Figure 3.7, Panel A)
– Living
• in supported
Living accommodation
in improvised (Figure
dwellings, 3.7, Panel
tents, B)
or sleeping out (Figure 3.7, Panel A)
• Living
– Staying temporarily with other
in supported households (Figure
accommodation 3.7, Panel
(Figure C)
3.7, Panel B)
• in
– Living Staying temporarily
boarding with3.7,
houses (Figure other
Panelhouseholds
D) (Figure 3.7, Panel C)
• in
– Living Living in boarding
severely houses (Figure
crowded dwellings (Figure3.7,
3.7, Panel D)
Panel E)
• in
– Living Living
other in severelylodgings
temporary crowded dwellings
(Not shown) (Figure 3.7, Panel E)
• Living in other temporary lodgings (Not shown)
#ENDHOMELESSNESSWA | 13
#ENDHOMELESSNESSWA| 10You can also read