PROGRESS REPORT NATIONAL PLATFORM FUTURE OF MOBILITY - SHAPING TRANSFORMATION WITH INNOVATIONS - Nationale Plattform Zukunft der Mobilität
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2020 SHAPING
TR ANSFORMAT ION
W I TH
INNOVAT IONS
PROGRESS REPORT
NATIONAL PLATFORM
FUTURE OF MOBILITY
TABLE OF CONTENTS PROGRESS REPORT 2020 FOREWORD5 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 2 THE WORK OF THE NPM IN 2020 10 2.1 Political framework for the future of mobility 11 Extraordinary effect of the COVID-19 pandemic 12 Special assignments for the NPM 13 2.2 Shaping transformation with innovations 17 Mobility of the future: digitalisation as a driver of innovation 18 New markets: standards and norms accelerate the implementation of innovations 19 Achieving CO2 targets for transport: electrification of heavy commercial vehicles 22 Keeping an open mind: the future belongs to a combination of multiple technologies 24 Infrastructure for a successful transition to sustainable transport 26 2.3 Securing Germany as a place for mobility 31 In focus: added value and employment 31 2.4 Passing the reality test – future of mobility 35 RealLabHH, the real-world laboratory for digital mobility 35 3 AN OUTLOOK FOR 2021 37 4 NPM PUBLICATIONS 39 5 TABLE OF FIGURES 43 CHAIR AND MEMBERS OF THE NPM STEERING COMMITTEE 45 IMPRINT46
FOREWORD 4 PROGRESS REPORT 2020
FOREWORD
FOREWORD
Dear readers,
the year was largely dominated by the COVID-19 pandemic, These developments have also been reflected in the work
which has left a deep impact on society, the economy and of the National Platform Future of Mobility. As well as its
politics. Everyone has felt the impact of the restrictions in work on the challenges of a long-term transformation
their everyday life, and also the extent to which our deci- of the mobility system, the NPM, in a quick turnaround
sions and actions are currently fraught with uncertainties. time, has delivered results for special assignments from
The pandemic taught us early on that in many areas in the the Federal Government to classify plug-in hybrid vehi-
economy and society we have to be better and more resil- cles, the “CO2 gap” for transport and the market ramp-up
ient in dealing with unforeseen events so that if borders of alternative fuels. In total, 20 working group and task
are closed, supply chains are interrupted and production force reports and this progress report were published
is shut down there are no major bottlenecks in supply and in 2020. The activities of the last few months have also
everyday life in all areas can be maintained as best it can demonstrated that as well as each individual topic we
be. should maintain a holistic view of mobility that puts the
users’ needs at the centre.
COVID-19 has again brought home to us the profound
upheaval the mobility system is undergoing. The sharp On behalf of the steering committee, I would like to thank
decline of air travel and travel by public transport and the all those involved for your remarkable, dedicated and
lack of demand for vehicles have led to substantial sales constructive commitment to the NPM this year. The fact
losses, which has caused liquidity bottlenecks, funding that you have given up your time voluntarily has been
problems and job cuts in many companies. Many compa- recognised across the board, especially in view of the fact
nies in the mobility industry are in the difficult situation that work meetings – as is the case everywhere – have only
of having to invest in technologies that will be important been taking place virtually as of March. My thanks also
in the future, but increasingly lacking the necessary re- go to the Federal Government and the supporting Feder-
sources. The government and parliament have responded al Ministries – the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital
to many situations of hardship by providing an economic Infrastructure (BMVI), the Federal Ministry for Economic
stimulus and future technologies package and have Affairs and Energy (BMWi), the Federal Ministry of Educa-
allocated funds on an enormous scale. tion and Research (BMBF), the Federal Ministry for the
Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
The pandemic has led to positive developments in digital- (BMU), the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs
isation and cycling. And we are seeing how the ramp-up (BMAS) and the Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF) for the
of electromobility is being greatly accelerated as a result trust they place in us.
of the Federal Government’s extensive funding. 2020 saw
double the number of registrations for purely electric This progress report “Shaping transformation with innova-
vehicles and triple the number for plug-in hybrids. tions” seeks to impress upon our readers once more how
the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has meant that the
future of mobility must be actively shaped and that there
can be no sustainable changes without the appropriate
technical and social innovations.
Prof. Dr. Henning Kagermann,
Chair of the NPM Steering Committee
PROGRESS REPORT 2020 5
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Innovations are the foundation of a bat climate change and bring about portation, thereby optimising trans-
sustainable mobility system widespread digitalisation. port chains. Citizens want “one-stop
shop” mobility that is simple, available
The year 2020 saw a change to the cli- Paving the way for a better future at all times, affordable and convenient.
mate and economic policy framework with resilient measures An important prerequisite for this is
for the transport sector at federal and the creation of a mobility data ecosys-
European level, for example the CO2 Besides controlling the pandemic, eco- tem providing a secure data exchange
fleet limits in the EU or the national nomic recovery is the top priority both between vehicle manufacturers, mo-
hydrogen strategy. The year was also in Germany and at EU level. The COV- bility providers and infrastructure pro-
marked by a sharp market ramp-up ID economic stimulus package adopt- viders. This enables new services to be
of electromobility with in some cases ed in June 2020 to manage the crisis implemented, automated functions to
three-digit growth rates per month for is geared towards climate change mit- be supported and, with an eye to the
electric vehicles and a 50 percent in- igation and towards promoting tech- future, the way to be smoothed for the
crease in charging points compared to nologies that will be important for the use of autonomous fleets.
the same period of the previous year. future. It supports public transport,
According to the Federal Motor Trans- promotes hydrogen technologies and Standards and norms accelerate
port Authority, Germany had just under electromobility and supports the vehi- the implementation of sustainable
222,000 battery electric and 195,000 cle industry in its transformation. The solutions
plug-in hybrid vehicles on 1st Octo- NPM presented recommendations for
ber 2020. At the same time, the con- action for optimum electric efficien- To accelerate transformation in the
sequences of the COVID-19 pandemic cy of plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) mobility sector, there is a need for
affected all areas of the mobility in- in a special assignment for Concerted standards and norms that companies
dustry – aviation, public transport, the Action for Mobility. The recommenda- can use as a basis for their develop-
automobile industry and tourism and tions based on the topics of automo- ments. The NPM has presented focus
events. tive engineering, charging and grid in- roadmaps for intelligent load manage-
frastructure and user behaviour aim ment and automated and connected
Because of these developments, the to support PHEV being used in electric driving addressing important ques-
NPM is once again explicitly empha- mode at least 50 % of mileage. tions concerning sector integration
sising the importance of technical and and type approval and certification. It
social innovations. Innovations en- As a driver of innovation digitali- also showed how standards and norms
sure the sustainability of a country. In sation creates user-friendly mobility can boost the marketability of innova-
the area of mobility, innovations are tions for sustainable mobility, for ex-
being inspired more than ever by the Digitalisation facilitates a platform- ample, by means of a uniform system
ever-increasing efforts made to com- based intermodal network of trans- of accounting.
6 PROGRESS REPORT 2020EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
Translating CO2 goals into concrete based fuels and second-generation ly cyclical process. The transformation
measures for effective climate change biomass-based fuels. Framework con- also changes the demands placed on
mitigation ditions must therefore be created to employees. New regional competence
accelerate deployment and market hubs can help to develop future job
There is a great sense of urgency to ramp-up. profiles and advise on suitable qualifi-
close the CO2 emissions gap in the cation measures for employees.
transport sector, especially in the Infrastructure for electromobility
commercial vehicle sector. One of the must be needs-based and economical Proving the potential of
goals of the 2030 climate action pro- mobility innovations
gramme is to electrify one third of As well as approval from the popula-
the mileage of commercial vehicles tion and the availability of attractive The future of mobility should not only
or provide it on the basis of electric- vehicles, the expansion of the charg- be decided by experts. Considering
ity-based fuels. This is a challenging ing and refuelling infrastructure is of public opinion and involving the popu-
goal especially for heavy commercial central importance for a successful lation is essential for the transforma-
vehicles used in long-distance traffic transition to sustainable transport. A tion to be successful and accepted. The
that cause the lion’s share of CO2 emis- charging and refuelling infrastructure Reallabor Hamburg, a real-world lab-
sions: this is where several technolo- that is needs-based and which can be oratory, has been initiated by the NPM
gy paths are being pursued in parallel operated economically must be creat- as a test room for innovations in digi-
due to the demanding requirements of ed, both in the private and public sec- tal mobility and addresses the require-
the logistics industry – battery elec- tor. The Federal Government’s charg- ments of different mobility spaces. By
tric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles and ing infrastructure master plan takes the end of 2021, with the involvement
overhead line heavy goods vehicles up numerous recommendations from of users, innovative mobility servic-
(HGVs). The NPM has developed a pos- the NPM. The need for a charging in- es will be implemented on site, linked
sible roadmap presenting the three frastructure for electric vehicles is dy- to each other and tried and tested in
technology paths, their marketabili- namically influenced by the develop- everyday life. Results from the real-
ty and infrastructural framework. The ment of charging technologies, vehicle world laboratory will be presented to
analysis revealed that currently only ranges and user behaviour and in this the general public at the World Congress
a combination of all these technolo- way is a “moving target”. Innovative on Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)
gies is suitable for achieving the 2030 solutions, such as the use of plug and in Hamburg in October 2021.
climate targets. Specific recommen-
charge, will play an important role.
dations have already been incorpo- In principle, the expansion of public
rated into BMVI’s overall concept for charging infrastructure for cars should
climate-friendly commercial vehicles. be market-driven after 2025. For sites
that are not economically viable, but
Having no technology bias promotes which are nevertheless important for
innovative drives and fuels nationwide coverage, there is a need
for appropriate financing models.
The principle of having no technology
bias is central to achieving sustainable Ensuring added value and
and CO2-reduced mobility by 2030 and employment for Germany
it applies to the entire mobility sec- as a place for mobility
tor. The focus is on technological elec-
tromobility concepts, hydrogen and New drive technologies are accelerat-
fuel cells and alternative fuels. When ing structural change in the mobility
it comes to battery electric mobility, industry and are bringing with them
costs and use of resources, especial- huge challenges. To achieve wealth and
ly battery production and battery cell employment security, there must be an
production, must be reduced and the appropriate proportion of the added
charging infrastructure expanded as value of vehicle production in Germa-
required. The use of renewable en- ny. However, construction and expan-
ergies is essential to ensure the sus- sion must take place today not just for
tainability of hydrogen production. The value networks for new drives, but also
first pilot and demonstration plants for the recycling of batteries and elec-
are available to produce electricity- tric machines, in order to create a tru-
PROGRESS REPORT 2020 7© iStock.com/TommL
THE WORK OF THE NPM IN 2020 2
PROGRESS REPORT 2020 92 THE WORK OF THE NPM IN 2020
2 THE WORK OF
THE NPM IN 2020
The past year has challenged the Na- the important role of the work done mark on the future direction of the
tional Platform Future of Mobility and by the NPM by awarding the NPM ad- mobility system. These decisions are
the work being done in the six working ditional and short-term assessments based on the assumption that the mo-
groups in a number of ways. New top- – this being triggered by the serious bility system can be made sustainable,
ics and activities have shown that the consequences of the COVID-19 pan- competitive and therefore fit for the
interfaces between the working groups demic on the mobility industry. future through progress and techno-
are growing, increasing the workload. logical and social innovations.
However, the strategic focus of the However, in 2020, as well as the
topic areas addressed by the NPM has COVID-19 pandemic dominating
also proved its worth in 2020. Political everything, it was above all the po-
leaders continue to rely on the exper- litical decisions at European level and
tise of the NPM and have highlighted at federal level that left a discernible
MAIN FOCUS AREAS FOR THE NPM
AG 1 AG 2 AG 3
Transport and climate change Alternative drive technologies and Digitalisation
fuels for sustainable mobility in the mobility sector
AG 4 AG 5 AG 6
Securing Germany as a place for Connecting mobility and energy Standardisation, norms,
mobility, production, battery cell networks, sector integration certification and type approval
production, primary materials and
recycling, training and qualification
10 PROGRESS REPORT 2020THE WORK OF THE NPM IN 2020 2
2.1 POLITICAL FRAMEWORK FOR
THE FUTURE OF MOBILITY
Climate and economic policy decisions Law in March 2020, its objective be- to implement the Climate Action Plan
at federal and European level in 2020 ing to establish binding union-wide 2050, the Federal Government some-
underlined that the achievement of greenhouse gas neutrality by 2050. what anticipated the developments at
climate targets and economic activity The Green Deal stipulates a 90 % re- EU level. The Federal Climate Change
must be closely linked. The associated duction in greenhouse gas emissions Act 6 presented came into force on
opportunities have gained centre stage throughout the entire transport sector 18.12.2019 and the independent ex-
in debates. - road, rail, air and sea transport - by pert council appointed therein started
2050. The tightening of the European its work in August 2020. In addition to
Europe: new CO2 fleet limits, climate target has also been proposed managing the coronavirus pandem-
green deal, European climate law, for 2030. Instead of a reduction in CO2 ic, the German EU Council presidency,
data strategy emissions by at least 40 % compared which Germany took over in the sec-
to levels in 1990, the EU decided on ond half of 2020, focused on climate
The new CO2 emissions legislation for the increased target of 55 % in Decem- change mitigation and dealing with the
car and light commercial vehicle fleets ber. To be able to meet this higher cli- climate crisis.
came into force on 1st January 2020.1 mate target for transport, it would take
The new legislation aims to ensure much more than the measures taken The law stipulated the greenhouse gas
that new cars emit an average of 37.5 % so far. The tightened EU regulation on reduction rate for 2030 with a value of
less CO2 across all manufacturers in type approval and market surveillance 55 % compared to levels in 1990 across
2030 compared to 2021. From 2021, of motor vehicles has also been in force all sectors. Concrete figures for annual
all newly registered vehicles from all since 1st September 2020. emission rates for the transport sec-
manufacturers may only cause an av- tor have been laid down as in all oth-
erage of 95 g CO2/km.2 For the man- The Commission’s data strategy 4, pre- er sectors. For 2020 the value is still
ufacturers this means that they must sented in February 2020, aims to cre- 150 million tons of CO2-equivalent,
significantly increase the proportion ate a European single market for data. in 2030 it will still be 95 million tons,
of electrified vehicles by 2030 if they Data rooms in a number of industries, which corresponds to a reduction of
want to avoid penalties. including a mobility data room, are be- 42 % compared to levels in 1990. The
ing built for this purpose. thereby accelerated market ramp-up
At the end of 2019, the EU heads of of electromobility was already visible
state and government also agreed to Federal Government: Federal in 2020. According to the Federal Mo-
achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Climate Change Act, National tor Transport Authority, Germany had
Building on this, the Commission pre- Hydrogen Strategy, Concerted Action just under 222,000 battery electric
sented the European Green Deal 3 as a for Mobility (Konzertierte Aktion and 195,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles on
new and above all sustainable growth Mobilität, KAM), Mobility Data Room 1st October 2020. This also applies to
strategy. As part of the European Green the expansion of the charging infra-
Deal, the EU Commission submitted With their Climate Action Programme structure, which also gained momen-
the proposal for a European Climate 2030 5 adopted in the autumn of 2019 tum as a result of the charging infra-
1 Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial
vehicles, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011.
2 The take-off point in 2021 is the fleet average in the EU across all manufacturers in the new type test cycle WLTP (on the basis of the legally established target translation with reference to the
original 95 g CO2/km EU fleet goal).
3 European Commission: “A European Green Deal“. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_de [Last revised: 16.11.2020].
4 EEuropean Commission: “European Data Strategy – Making the EU a role model for a digital society”. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/
european-data-strategy_de#documents [Last revised: 16.11.2020].
5 Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (2019): Climate action programme 2030 from the Federal Government to implement the climate action plan
2050. URL: https://www.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/975226/1679914/e01d6bd855f09bf05cf7498e06d0a3ff/2019-10-09-klima-massnahmen-data.pdf?download=1 [Last revised:
16.11.2020].
6 Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety: Federal Climate Change Act of 12 December 2019 (Federal Law Gazette I p. 2513). URL: https://www.bmu.de/
gesetz/bundes-klimaschutzgesetz/ [Last revised: 16.11.2020].
PROGRESS REPORT 2020 112 THE WORK OF THE NPM IN 2020
structure master plan also adopted many places. It was also announced at Development of the public and pri-
at the end of 2019. The master plan the KAM summit meeting in late sum- vate charging infrastructure and the
stipulates a short-term expansion to a mer that a data room was going to be fast-charging infrastructure at filling
total of 50,000 public charging points created for the first time as the basis of stations is proceeding at full speed and
by the end of 2021, ramping up to one modern mobility in close coordination this is being guided by future demand.
million by 2030, along with expansion with European and national initiatives. A statutory regulation will provide for
in the private and commercial sector. The project links up with the European a uniform payment system at charg-
initiative on data strategy. The focus is ing stations. Building on these deci-
The Federal Government has used the on data sovereignty and the develop- sions, the necessary subsequent steps
National Hydrogen Strategy 7 present- ment of innovative business models. for further ramp-up were discussed at
ed in June 2020 to show the opportu- the charging infrastructure summit at
nities and future importance of green At the KAM meeting in November addi- the beginning of December with repre-
hydrogen as a climate-friendly ener- tional decisions were made to further sentatives of the energy industry and
gy source and as a primary material support the market ramp-up of elec- charging infrastructure operators. The
for the economy. Hydrogen can play an tromobility and transformation in the BMVI also announced four billion eu-
important role in the transport sector mobility sector. ros for the development of private and
through direct use in fuel cell drives public charging infrastructure over the
or indirectly to manufacture electric- The innovation premium for the pur- next few years.
ity-based fuels. The Federal Govern- chase of electric vehicles is being ex-
ment will provide around nine billion tended until the end of 2025, linking Significant regulatory progress is also
euros for funding projects ranging the grants for plug-in hybrids to an in- being made with autonomous driving.
from basic research to market ramp- creasing electric minimum range. The
up and for international partnerships. fleet renewal programme in the com- At international level, Germany has al-
mercial vehicle segment intends to ready proposed the expansion of the
In 2020, the top-level talks between accelerate the exchange of older ve- level 3 regulation for uniform require-
the members of the initiative Concert- hicles, with vehicles with electric and ments for type approval via the United
ed Action for Mobility (KAM) and the hydrogen drive being favoured. Fur- Nations Economic Commission for Eu-
Federal Chancellor almost always had thermore, small and medium-sized rope (UNECE). The first draft of a bill
the topic of employment in the auto- companies especially will be support- on the operation of level 4 vehicles is
mobile and supply industry right at ed in making changes to structure and expected to be presented in Germany
the top of the agenda. The structural employment, including through the in 2021.
change triggered by the transforma- establishment of training associations.
tion of mobility has been greatly in- One billion euros is also being made
tensified by the COVID-19 pandem- available for the “automobile industry
ic and has in the past year entailed future fund”.
short-time working and job cuts in
EXTRAORDINARY EFFECT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC
The COVID-19 pandemic made its edented economic slump, but also to a port and public transport. Many peo-
mark on the year 2020. By March, the significant decrease in CO2 emissions. ple, fearing that they would catch the
spread of the coronavirus and the ac- The consequences of the pandemic af- virus, fell back on using cars or, in the
companying measures to control the fected almost all areas of mobility. Like cities especially, bikes, even though
COVID-19 pandemic were having an many other areas of the economy, the the transport companies have large-
impact on politics, the economy and entire industry was put under severe ly maintained public transport with
our society. In particular, the neces- strain – especially the automobile and buses and trains despite a significant
sary lock-down restrictions to control supply industry, the travel and tourism slump in passenger numbers.
the pandemic led to a hitherto unprec- industry involving air and sea trans-
7 Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) (2020): „Die Nationale Wasserstoffstrategie“ [The National Hydrogen Strategy].
URL: https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/DE/Publikationen/Energie/die-nationale-wasserstoffstrategie.html [Last revised: 16.11.2020].
12 PROGRESS REPORT 2020THE WORK OF THE NPM IN 2020 2
The consequences of the temporary coming months will they know the ex- ens public transport. Hydrogen tech-
shutdown in goods and vehicle produc- tent to which the impending risk of in- nologies and electromobility are also
tion, the interruption to supply chains solvency can be averted. There is also supported. The Federal Chancellor’s
caused by the global border closures the question of whether and when com- talks with ministers and representa-
and a significant decrease in sales fig- panies will make enough profit again tives of the mobility industry including
ures with corresponding sales collaps- to be able to make the necessary future the NPM as part of Concerted Action for
es were and are only gradually becom- investments. Mobility (KAM) were also dominated by
ing apparent. The extent to which the the COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19 pandemic may be responsi- In view of this, as a response to COVID,
ble for the reduction in jobs and value the Federal Government launched a In addition to controlling the pandem-
networks in Germany and Europe re- package of measures worth 130 billion ic, economic recovery has top priority
mains to be seen. Permanent job cuts euros to revive the economy and equip both in Germany and at EU level.
have so far been prevented through Germany for the future. The package Innovations guarantee sustainability.
effective rules on short-time working is geared to climate change mitigation Climate change mitigation and digital-
and unbureaucratic stopgap assistance and to promoting technologies that isation are what drive them. During the
in all areas. However, many small and will be important in the future and is pandemic, the latter in particular has
medium-sized businesses have got socially equitable. The package sup- shown what huge opportunities for the
into financial difficulty and only in the ports local authorities and strength- economy and society come with it.
SPECIAL ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE NPM
With the adoption of the economic based on the themes of vehicle tech- electric driving mode and can be a part
stimulus package and out of the KAM nology, charging and grid infrastruc- of the drive portfolio of the future in
talks in September, the NPM was asked ture and user behaviour. The objective connection with the use of alternative
to investigate the optimum electric of the recommendations for action is fuels.
efficiency of plug-in hybrid vehicles to facilitate PHEV to be used in electric
and the market ramp-up of alternative mode for at least 50 % of mileage. A Furthermore, they ensure a socially ac-
fuels. recent study has shown that this value ceptable transformation as they have
is currently well below that, especially a positive effect on employment in
OPTIMUM ELECTRIC EFFICIENCY OF for PHEV company vehicles, unlike the automobile and supply industry,
PLUG-IN HYBRID VEHICLES (PHEV) private vehicles. 8 stretching out the decrease in staff
over time.
The coalition committee adopted the PHEV as a future-proof trailblazer
economic stimulus package on 3rd
June 2020 to combat the consequenc- PHEV acts as a trailblazer for elec-
es of the COVID pandemic. This in- tromobility and can help introduce
cluded the assignment for the NPM customers to electromobility grad-
to discuss the issue of the optimum ually and without concerns about short
electric efficiency of the electric drive ranges. At the same time, they benefit Report
from the PHEV Taskforce
in plug-in hybrid vehicles. A task force the climate with sufficient use of the
employed for this purpose then de- Recommendations for
optimum electric efficiency of
veloped recommendations for action plug-in hybrid vehicles
8 Bieker et al. (2020): “Real-world usage of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles – Fuel consumption, electric driving, and CO2 emissions”. In: ICCT White Paper, September 2020.
PROGRESS REPORT 2020 132 THE WORK OF THE NPM IN 2020
Optimising the percentage of use in incentives for employers to set up collection and assessment of data on
electric mode in a targeted way charging points. the use of PHEV. Adjustments to the
funding instruments and other meas-
In the area of vehicle technology, the In terms of user behaviour, the focus is ures can be undertaken on the basis of
NPM recommends aiming for e-rang- especially on company vehicles, as this the monitoring process.
es for PHEV of approx. 80 to 100 km is where there is the greatest need for
across all models. The charging capac- action due to the low percentage of use PHEV with significant benefit for
ity should be increased to 11 kW at the in electric mode. A company car policy the environment with optimum
same time. It is also recommended to that focuses on using the electric drive electric efficiency
enable services such as the automated is a step in the right direction towards
switch to the e-mode in defined zones a more appropriate use of PHEV. Em- Calculations made by scientific experts
or the digital display of data on con- ployers can also assume the charging have shown that the increase of the
sumption or the next charging station costs for private and company journeys percentage of use in electric mode for
in the vehicle or via the app. and introduce a charge card for compa- PHEV is accompanied by a significant
ny car users. Optimised sales and usage CO2 savings potential. A percentage of
From the point of view of the charg- advice for fleet operators and users can use in electric mode of 65 % for private
ing and grid infrastructure, the most also help select suitable drive concepts. PHEV and 55 % for company cars would
important factors are the expansion account for a reduction in direct CO2
of the charging infrastructure at home When it comes to drive mechanisms emissions of approx. 2.5 to 2.9 million
and in workplaces, as this is where 85 and funding instruments, adjustment tons of CO2-equivalent in 2030.
to 90 % of the charging events for PHEV of the environment bonus and the in-
take place. When it comes to charging novation premium as well as making The following illustration summarises
privately at home, an accompanying company car tax more dynamic are the recommendations for action given
funding programme for private charg- tools to be examined in order to in- by the PHEV taskforce to optimise the
ing infrastructure for example can crease the percentage of use in electric electric efficiency.9
support the expansion. The expansion mode. This requires a monitoring pro-
of the charging options in workplaces cess to be initiated without delay. This
can be accelerated by creating tax process would involve comprehensive
FINANCIAL INCENTIVES AND INSTRUMENTS
Adjusting the environment bonus/
innovation premium
Making company car tax more dynamic
Assuming charging costs for company TECHNICAL INCENTIVES AND
cars @work, @home INSTRUMENTS
Employers providing TARGET Increasing electric range to 80 – 100 km and
charge cards A more appropriate increasing AC charging capacity to 11 kW
use for PHEV ≥ and switching to three-phase charging
50 % share of
INCENTIVES THROUGH ADVICE, (ONLINE) mileage in electric Using digital services and intelligent
INFORMATION AND DIGITAL TOOLS mode operating strategies
Displaying consumption, CO2 emission Expanding the charging infrastructure
and charging infrastructure data in at home and in workplaces
the vehicle or app
Company car policies
Transparency of user behaviour
Sales and usage consultation
Figure 1: recommendations for action to optimise the electric efficiency of PHEV after prior monitoring
(own illustration)
9 No agreement could be reached within the taskforce about the timing of the adjustments.
14 PROGRESS REPORT 2020THE WORK OF THE NPM IN 2020 2
MARKET RAMP-UP OF logical feasibility, and with a view to tion of electricity-based and advanced
ALTERNATIVE FUELS the duration of planning procedures, biogenic fuels. Research should be
a ramp-up of industrial-scale produc- specifically geared to supporting the
During the Concerted Action for Mo- tion is not expected until the second scaling up of technologies, includ-
bility meeting in September, the WG 1 half of the decade. The production and ing their short-term cost reductions.
“Transport and climate change” were use of advanced biogenic fuels cannot A market launch programme for larg-
asked to further develop previous be increased at will either due to the er plants of the 10,000 tonne class per
knowledge from the NPM on alterna- limited availability of primary materi- year is also essential for the ramp-up
tive fuels and, building on that, pres- als and competition for use. of electricity-based liquid fuels (Pow-
ent recommendations for action for the er-to-Liquid). In addition, interna-
use and market ramp-up of alternative Reliable and predictable regulatory tional cooperation and partnerships
fuels, paying particular attention to framework necessary are to be politically supported and en-
the fact that in principle there are very couraged. The global expansion of ad-
different views as to the amount and PtX can only be produced on an indus- ditional renewable power generation
in which areas alternative fuels can or trial scale if there are additional gov- capacities is a prerequisite for the cli-
should help to reduce CO2 in the trans- ernment instruments at national and mate change mitigation effect of PtX
port sector. Both electricity-based international level. Subsidies, quo- fuels. The rapid national implementa-
(Power-to-X, PtX) and advanced bi- tas, tenders and a CO2 price, as well as tion and enforcement of the outstand-
omass-based fuels were considered the design of the tax and levy system ing legislative acts on the electricity
and the different manufacturing pro- could be an incentive for investment purchasing criteria and the greenhouse
cedures examined in terms of market- decisions for a ramp-up of alterna- gas calculation methods for alternative
ability and production capacity. tive fuels. In order to trigger the nec- fuels within the framework of the EU
essary investments of amounts in the Renewable Energy Directive II/RED II
Working on technological hurdles tens of billions, the instruments must is necessary to ensure security in in-
be reliable and predictable over a pe- vesting in PtL plants. Having a discus-
Both with single technologies and the riod appropriate to the investment. sion going beyond the transport sec-
integration of individual processes The discussion about a suitable set of tor about the supply, requirements
(for example electrolysers and direct instruments was controversial in WG 1, and provision of the limited amount of
air capture), there needs to be urgent resulting in different combinations of alternative fuels available in order to
work done on technological maturity. instruments being favoured depending achieve the climate goals in the sec-
The forecasts of manufacturing costs on the basic position. tor – also in terms of the EU discus-
for electricity-based fuels in 2030 sion about climate neutrality – is also
vary significantly between 1.00 and Necessary steps for the recommended.
4.50 euros per litre (without taxes and market ramp-up
duties). There is agreement about the
fact that the costs of alternative fuels Recommendations are being made to
will turn out to be significantly high- immediately formulate and implement
er than those of fossil fuels. According ambitious, long-term and binding WG 1 Workshop Report
to current assessment of the techno- sustainability criteria for the produc- Alternative fuels
PROGRESS REPORT 2020 15© stock.adobe.com/Andreas Gruhl
THE WORK OF THE NPM IN 2020 2
2.2 SHAPING TRANSFORMATION
WITH INNOVATIONS
The COVID-19 pandemic is not yet innovations like in the field of digital- turns out to be particularly challeng-
under control and there remains un- isation be an important lever for eco- ing. Openness to all the different kinds
certainty as to how the situation will nomic recovery but are a prerequisite of technology available remains abso-
develop in terms of health and the for future viability and progress and lutely imperative for developing and
economy. In addition to the serious not just in the transport sector. introducing alternative drives and fu-
economic consequences, the pandem- els. However, there must be a realistic
ic has also, however, triggered a boost For the mobility system, digitalisation assessment of technologies in terms
in the digitalisation of our working and is what enables platform-based inter- of when they become available on the
living environments. Home offices, modal networking and corresponding market. This also applies to linking
cloud computing, online shopping and travel chains. The intelligent interac- the energy and transport sectors. For
online events are booming 10 and are tion of ideally all mobility service pro- a successful transition to sustainable
here to stay. Born of necessity, reali- viders, mobility data providers and the transport, electromobility and alterna-
ty has shown within a few weeks that mobility infrastructure is the basis for tive fuels need suitable charging and
working from home actually works in this. The implementation of mobili- refuelling infrastructures.
many companies and institutions. And ty innovations in new products, new
the vast majority are finding these business fields, new business models In the following, the NPM working
new ways of working mostly positive and therefore new markets involves groups give an insight into the mo-
and are accepting the diverse range large investments. Defining norms and bility issues that formed the focus in
of options for digital collaboration.11 standards across industries creates 2020, highlighting the activities that
According to the Fraunhofer Institut investment security and drives the show great innovation potential for
für Arbeitswirtschaft und Organisation implementation of new technologies. the transport sector, with which trans-
(IAO) [Fraunhofer Institute for Indus- port is not only able to meet its climate
trial Engineering], the COVID crisis has Decarbonising the transport sector goals but can also play to the strengths
brought digital collaboration forward will not succeed without technological of the German economy and science in
by at least 15 years.12 and social innovations. By laying down research and development to be able
specific measures and operational to be at the forefront of mobility in the
Politicians, economists and citizens steps it must be shown how the de- future.
alike share the conviction that inno- fined climate targets can be achieved
vations benefit society.13 Not only can by 2030. The commercial vehicle sector
10 Bitkom Research: „Corona führt zu einem Digitalisierungsschub“ [COVID boosts digitalisation]. https://www.tcs.com/de-de/digitalisierungsschub-durch-corona [Last revised: 16.11.2020].
11 Fraunhofer FIT: „Homeoffice Studie, Erste Ergebnisse“ [Home office – initial results] (07.05.2020). URL: https://www.fit.fraunhofer.de/de/presse/20-05-07_fraunhofer-umfrage-homeoffice-
erste-ergebnisse.html [Last revised: 16.11.2020].
12 Handelsblatt: “Fluch oder Segen? Das Experiment Homeoffice” [Blessing or curse? The work from home experiment] (25.09.2020).
URL: https://www.handelsblatt.com/karriere/management-fluch-oder-segen-das-experiment-homeoffice/26211388.html [Last revised: 16.11.2020].
13 Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi): “Transferinitiative: Mehr Ideen – mehr Erfolge” [Transfer initiative: more ideas – more successes] (2020). URL: https://www.bmwi.
de/Redaktion/DE/Dossier/transferinitiative.html [Stand: 16.11.2020]; Zimmermann, V. (2020): „Innovationen in der Corona-Krise: Not macht erfinderisch“ [Innovations in the Corona
crisis: Necessity is the mother of invention]. In: KfW Research Fokus Volkswirtschaft, No. 295. URL: https://www.kfw.de/KfW-Konzern/KfW-Research/Innovationen.html [Last revised:
16.11.2020].
PROGRESS REPORT 2020 172 THE WORK OF THE NPM IN 2020
MOBILITY OF THE FUTURE: DIGITALISATION AS A DRIVER OF INNOVATION
The mobility landscape in Germany is should be enabled and integrated into of the waiting times). As well as differ-
undergoing profound change. Digital- a comprehensive platform offering to ent mobility options and services, ef-
isation, networking and automation ensure seamless travel chains for cus- ficient organisation of mobility needs
are increasingly finding their way into tomers – this is because 20 to 30 % of to be closely connected to the trans-
people’s living environments, rais- urban traffic can be attributed to peo- port infrastructure. The exchange of
ing the population’s expectations and ple driving around looking for a park- data between transport infrastructure
requirements for the mobility of the ing space. A mobility data ecosystem and mobility service provider helps to
future. Citizens want one-stop shop is needed for an efficient organisation achieve an intermodal mobility net-
mobility that is simple, available at of mobility, enabling an open and se- work and manage mobility according
all times, affordable and convenient. cure exchange of data between vehicle to need and increase utilisation of
One solution could be platform-based manufacturers, mobility providers and existing capacities to minimise the
intermodal mobility that enables the infrastructure providers to transform volume of traffic overall.
availability and use of different means the current “hotchpotch” of isolated
of transport that is demand-orientat- solutions into a user-friendly mobility How can an intermodal service
ed, available at any time and if neces- experience. environment be implemented?
sary able to be combined within one
route. It should be possible to plan, book It is necessary for mobility providers –
and bill for a journey, or in logistics a who have equal rights and equal obli-
Digitalisation and networking are transport volume, within one appli- gations – to be able to provide mobil-
significant trailblazers of change and cation from start to finish. Customers ity services for users in a meaningful
provide huge opportunities to make should be able to choose the carrier way for society as a whole while safe-
the mobility of the future customer- according to their preferences (time, guarding their own business inter-
friendly with new mobility services. costs, how climate-friendly they are, ests. Non-discriminatory participa-
convenience, social interaction etc.). tion for all transport service providers
Vision: consistent range of In addition to booking travel chains, should be ensured here through the
services from the intermodal other services are required that offer use of available mobility data while
mobility chain users flexibility in mobility. Combining safeguarding data sovereignty and
it with cheap and time-efficient alter- economic interests. The creation and
In order to achieve flexibilisation of in- native options offers added value in- further development of the market
dividual mobility, digitalised mobility sofar as intermodal mobility platforms for mobility services should be accel-
must be considered holistically. In ad- optimise the travel chains for custom- erated through incentives or targeted
dition to networking across means of ers through intelligent networking of regulation.
transport, other services such as dig- transport means (for example by tak-
italised parking space management ing into account the timing, shortening
18 PROGRESS REPORT 2020THE WORK OF THE NPM IN 2020 2
Standardisation Digital Comprehensive Interoperability Standard contracts
of the digital driving licence ID management of platform services for partner
interfaces involvement
Figure 2: requirements for the implementation of digital mobility platforms
(own illustration)
Requirements for the implemen- exchange, ID management, security tions in digitalised mobility (see chap-
tation of digital mobility platforms architecture and interoperability and ter 2.4 for further details).
liability and arbitration issues must
Non-discriminatory participation for be defined as quickly as possible (see
all transport service providers in the illustration). The implementation of
platform service and the provision of a continuous service offering is being WG 3 Interim report
basic services for mobility services tested in the real-world laboratory in Platform-based
intermodal mobility and
should be made possible and overar- Hamburg, the test room for innova- recommendations for action
ching governance principles for data on data and security
NEW MARKETS: STANDARDS AND NORMS ACCELERATE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
INNOVATIONS
For innovations to actually be ready Important groundwork is being done Smart control is a prerequisite for
for the market and companies to in- within NPM to identify the need for achieving stability of the power grid
vest in new technologies, there needs standardisation and determine appro-
to be internationally agreed standards priate recommendations for action for The increasing charging events as a re-
and norms. They guarantee that the the future of mobility. Individual fo- sult of the market ramp-up of electro-
products are high quality, safe, inter- cus roadmaps address the normative mobility will become more and more
operable and useable and at the same requirements of key innovation top- noticeable in the power grid. These
time secure for investment. To accel- ics. In electromobility, the intelligent foreseeable, especially isolated loads
erate the transformation in the mobil- load management important for the on the power grid must be balanced
ity sector, the normative and regulato- integration of the mobility and ener- out in such a way that the power grid
ry framework must be created through gy sectors has been identified as a key remains stable. This assumes that the
the combined efforts of people in- element of successful implementation. charging infrastructure can communi-
volved in industry and the economy, cate with the vehicles and the power
society, science and politics. grid in all directions and can be intelli-
gently controlled.
PROGRESS REPORT 2020 192 THE WORK OF THE NPM IN 2020
The “Intelligent Load Management” where standardisation and norms
focus roadmap (see the chapter on can help achieve a seamless interac-
sector integration) provides the first tion between electromobility and the
forward-looking overview of how and power grid.
WG 6 Focus roadmap
Intelligent Load Management
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION
“Intelligent Load Management”
focus roadmap
Norms and
Global Investment
“Automated and connected driving” standards harmonisation security
focus roadmap for the future
of mobility
“Sustainable mobility”
focus roadmap Committee work Strengthening
the location
Abbildung 3: Norms and standards for the future of mobility
(own illustration)
Digitalisation and automated further development of standardisa- must ensure that in the future these
driving bring new challenges tion activities in this area. changes do not affect road safety and
that the environment will continue to
Another key area where action is need- The restructuring of type approval and be protected.
ed is the further development of au- certification processes in the auto-
tomated and connected driving. This motive sector is also associated with
makes the product, the requirements this. Technical developments and dig-
for interoperability and the infrastruc- italisation mean that products or their
ture more complicated. The “Auto- function are already able to be altered
mated and connected driving” focus today during their useful life. The cur- WG 6 Focus roadmap
roadmap has been used to develop a rently valid processes for registration, Automated and
strategic framework for needs-based type approval and periodic monitoring connected driving
20 PROGRESS REPORT 2020THE WORK OF THE NPM IN 2020 2
Boosting marketability of aspects, an overarching, holistic look standardisation and norms enable
innovations for sustainable at the topic of sustainability is also accounting according to globally
mobility required. The “Sustainable mobili- standardised criteria. This is especial-
ty” focus roadmap complied with this ly significant for globally distributed
The topic of sustainability and com- aspect. Standards and norms mak- value chains as are used in vehicle
pliance with nationally and interna- ing sustainability measures assessa- construction for example.
tionally agreed climate goals is a key ble and comparable and enabling their
challenge of the entire mobility system transparency is especially important
of the future. The question as to what here.
contribution standards and norms
can make to creating a sustainable Accounting provides great leverage. It
transport system provides the gener- is an essential component for trans-
al framework for further work on this parency in a sustainable mobility WG 6 Focus roadmap
issue. As well as looking at technical system. An international harmonised Sustainable mobility
Accounting
Recovery and Battery
recycling
REQUIREMENT FOR
STANDARDISATION
FOR SUSTAINABLE
MOBILITY
Energy source Communication
Presentation of recommendations for action for all five
Figure 4: “Sustainable mobility” focus roadmap
(own illustration)
The goal of accounting must be to de- Another key area where action is need- The creation of a sustainable added-
velop a uniform system where the ed is the reuse and recovery of materi- value chain (see also chapter 2.3)
transport providers can be compared als. To achieve a sustainable life cycle for batteries, including a circula-
depending on their use and taking assessment of a vehicle, the recyclable tion system, is another important
into account the framework conditions materials must be able to be reused area where action is needed. How-
(for example long-distance and local or recycled. Because of the complexity ever, many questions still need to be
transport) and the associated emis- of a vehicle with numerous materials answered, including the development
sions. In order to achieve this for the and substances used, an integrated life of standards for the second-life use
overall mobility system, standardi- cycle management is needed that al- of batteries, a standardised recycling
sation activities are necessary to es- ready relies on sustainably recoverable process to increase the recycling effi-
tablish an accounting framework and materials, their long life and later reuse ciency or a standardised determination
create a standardised ICT architecture or recycling in the product design. The of the CO2 footprint of batteries.
and organisation. standardisation activities to increase
the transparency of supply chains are
of particular importance here.
PROGRESS REPORT 2020 212 THE WORK OF THE NPM IN 2020
Overall, it can be seen that the further ty of innovations enormously. Stand- the roads and implement sustainable
development of standards and norms ardisation projects provide the oppor- innovations in the market.
supports and boosts the marketabili- tunity to bring new technologies on
ACHIEVING CO2 TARGETS FOR TRANSPORT:
ELECTRIFICATION OF HEAVY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
With the passing of the Climate Change 2030 for the commercial vehicle sector 2020 above all in distribution. At
Act in December 2019 and the setting cannot yet be achieved because there the same time, the focus is on set-
up of the climate action programme remain significant hurdles in the ting up company charging infra-
2030 (CAP 2030), the Federal Gov- electrification of heavy commercial structures (100 kW) and the public
ernment has laid important ground- vehicles especially. grid (350 kW) by around 2023, with
work in reducing the CO2 emissions in the grid becoming more and more
the transport sector by 42 % by 2030 Several technology approaches are dense.
compared to levels in 1990. Howev- being followed in parallel
er, two reports from the Federal Gov- • BEV trucks used in long-distance
ernment giving estimates of the over- While battery electric concepts are al- transport (>26 tons of TPW) are in
all mitigation effect of CAP 2030 have ready ready for the market for light the R&D and demo stage in terms
revealed that the operative measures commercial vehicles, when it comes to of the actual vehicle until around
already implemented are not enough. heavy commercial vehicles, especial- the end of 2023. When it comes to
The NPM’s WG 1 “Transport and climate ly for use in long-distance transport charging infrastructure, the first
change” has therefore been asked (>26 tons of total permissible weight phase should be used to develop a
to analyse the report and in all are- (TPW)), some of the multiple technol- first nationwide charging infrastruc-
as where action is needed show con- ogy options for electrification (battery ture based on the existing standards.
crete ways as to how the climate target (BEV), fuel cell (H2FC) and overhead The expansion of public, nationwide
can be achieved. There is a significant line (OH) HGVs) are still in the testing fast-charging networks designed for
area where action is needed especial- phase. The transport and logistics in- commercial vehicles and the market
ly in the commercial vehicle sector to dustry is also subject to enormous in- ramp-up of vehicles will be carried
which WG 1 first dedicated itself. The ternational competitive pressure and out from around 2024.
required integrated overall review of very much driven by costs when choos-
all areas where action is needed will ing new technologies. Other systemic • OH trucks are in the R&D and demo
take place in 2021. criteria such as global logistics chains stage until around the end of 2023
and route flexibility, but also issues of both in terms of the actual vehi-
Great sense of urgency with refuelling, charging and service infra- cle and also in terms of charging
commercial vehicles to achieve structure should also be considered. infrastructure (electrification of
reduction in CO2 shuttle routes), with simultaneous
Ways of achieving one third expansion of an extended test grid
The commercial vehicle sector makes of electric mileage in heavy of about 300 km. Long-term use
up around one third of the total emis- commercial vehicles will be made of shuttle routes from
sions in the transport sector. Heavy around 2024. With positive results
commercial vehicles used in long-dis- A possible roadmap was developed in practice, the development of
tance transport are especially respon- for structured analysis of the available the overhead core network and the
sible for over half of the commercial technology options – BEV, H2FC and market ramp-up of vehicles could
vehicle emissions. As evidenced by overhead line HGVs. This presented the take place from around 2025.
the above-mentioned reports – taking three technology paths, their market-
into account the political framework ability and infrastructural framework.
conditions that were decided upon or This possible roadmap shows:
are specifically foreseeable as of Jan-
uary 2020, – the CO2 emission reduc- • The successive ramp-up of BEV
tion targets of 17 to 18 million tons trucks used in regional transport
of CO2-equivalent aimed for in CAP (up to 26 tons of TPW) begins as of
22 PROGRESS REPORT 2020THE WORK OF THE NPM IN 2020 2
• The R&D phase with H2FC trucks are positive developments here network in long-distance transport
both for vehicles and in refuelling too, there will be development of a and the market ramp-up of H2FC
infrastructure is scheduled to run national and international H2-sup- trucks.
until around 2026. Then, if there ply, the operation of a filling station
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2026 2028 2030 Longterm
BEV trucks Development of company charging infrastructure Making the grid more
(regional plus initial public grid, 100 – 350 kW dense and expanding capacity
transport)
Successive market ramp-up up to 26 tons of TPW, beginning in distribution and regional transport
BEV trucks R&D 500/750 kW
BEV truck analysis
(long- battery charger
distance
transport) Demo projects, Scaling Development of charging networks
standardisation phase Long distance XXX kW battery charger
R&D/test battery sizes,
Market ramp-up of BEV in long-distance transport
market segments / user groups (technology mix)
ranges ~400 km, demo projects
Market shares depending on the serviceable
H2 trucks Tests of different H2 options Development of national/
Standardisation
(e.g. 350/500/700 bar, LOHC1, LH22) international H2 supply
H2 truck analysis
Innovation corridor Consolidation of the Operation of XX H2 filling
Filling station(s) and H2 transport filling station network stations long-distance
R&D H2 tanks, R&D H2FC Market ramp-up of H2FC trucks
Standardisation
for trucks (e.g. cooling) in long-distance transport
R&D vehicle integration Test of Scaling phase
hybridisation3 small batches
OH trucks Construction of 300 km shuttle
Long-term use of shuttle routes
routes*, standardisation
H2 truck analysis
Test of different drive configurations Construction of core network with XXXX km
(e.g. electric overhead trucks) length and connection abroad
Demo projects Test of small Test of EU roll-out Market ramp-up of OH trucks
batches in long-distance transport
Test of logistic processes (adaptability)
Identification of potential R&D and test of energy supply Timeframe for deciding on the path
user groups
Energy supply Milestone for deciding on the path
R&D and vehicle tests Possible start of market ramp-up (before: knowledge
synthesis and decision on future technology mix in
Vehicle ramp-up long-distance transport), 2025 – also assess the
interaction with CO2 standards
1 LOHC = liquid organic hydrogen carrier
2 LH2 = liquid hydrogen
3 H2ICE are also tested but are not listed here as no electric powertrain is used
Not endorsed by all members of the WG
*
Figure 5: presentation of different technology options and necessary steps to market ramp-up:
a possible roadmap to achieve the goals of the CAP 2030
(own illustration)
PROGRESS REPORT 2020 23You can also read
