PSI: A Computational Architecture of the Human Soul
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Memory
Resolution
Level
Cognitive-
emotional-
motivational
Architecture
Selection
Activation
Threshold
Emotional
Parameters
Motivation
(Needs)
PSI: A Computational
Architecture of the Human Soul
-
Dietrich Dörner, C. Dominik Güss (2010)
Presentation by:
Malte Wöstmann Seminar: Mind Architectures
Sebastian Timmer Summer Term 2010
Amadeus Magrabi University of Osnabrueck
Outline • Basic Overview of PSI • The PSI Architecture 1) Motivation 2) Memory 3) Action Regulation & Cognition 4) Emotions • Testing PSI • Discussion
Overview of PSI (1)
● PSI is a formalized computational architecture
of the human soul
● Soul: “The set of rules that determine the functioning
of an organism that potentially has life in it”
● PSI models cognitive, motivational and emotional
processes and their interactions
Emotional
processes
Cognitive Motivational
processes processes
Overview of PSI (2)
Memory
Resolution
Level
Cognitive-
emotional-
motivational
Architecture
Selection
Activation
Threshold
Emotional
Parameters
Motivation
(Needs)
Overview of PSI (3)
Motivation
• Motivational processes result
from demands, represented
in hypothalamus
Memory
Perception
• Perception in PSI is a bottom-up Resolution
Level
and a top-down process
Cognitive-
bottom-up: driven by emotional-
characteristics of stimuli
motivational
top-down: driven by Architecture
hypotheses in long-term Selection
Activation
memory Threshold
Emotional
Parameters
Emotions
• Whereas motivation determines
what has to be done, emotions Motivation
determine how it is to be done (Needs)
Memory
• Long-term memory
• Protocol memory
Motivation (1)
• The Tanks
Basic homeostasis principle of motivation
– Certain target value (setpoint)
– Inflow & outflow of certain level (empties over time)
– Setpoint deviation Need arises (extent as activity of Need-Indicator)
• The Pleasure-Displeasure Center
– Strong needs send displeasure signals (need tank)
– Pleasure signal is sent by satisfied need (competence tank)
• Goals
– Motive is need + goal (situation, object)
– Goals and paths can be learned
– Represented as sensor schemas in long-term memory
– Sensor schemas: goals tank inflow; danger tank outflow
Level
Cognitive-
Motivation (2) emotional-
motivational
Architecture
Selection
Activation
Threshold
• The Motivational System Emotional
– Existential needs (hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, sleep)
Parameters
– Sexuality
– Need of affiliation (need for group binding)
Motivation
(Needs)
– Certainty (need for predictability)
– Competence (need for mastery)
• Certainty and competence play central role in emotions
All other complex needs can be explained through the 5 above
• Motive Selection
– Organisms are “multistable systems”
– Which need is cared for first?
• One need becomes dominant motive acc. to the expectancy-value
principle
• Expectancy: estimated likelihood of success; Value: strength of need
• No likelihood: general/heuristic competence (self-confidence)
– Parallel processing: Always in PSI; selection threshold
Memory (1)
The World in the Mind:
Long-Term Memory and Schemas
– Basic unit of action is an action schema
• Sensor input schema – motor schema – sensor output schema
• Sensor schemas
– Sequence of structural and elementary nodes
– Hierarchical description of how to recognize things/ construct images
• Motor schemas
– Point to sequence of muscle activations
• Which in turn can consist of sequences of muscle movements
Behavior patterns consist of sequences of sensory and motor schemas
– Make up the worldview (when motive promising path in worldview)Memory (2)
Working Memory: The Protocol Chain Memory
• Image of current situation
Resolution
• Expectation horizon (possible future events) Level
Cognitive-
• Remembered past emotional-
• Intention memory motivational
Architecture
– Core: active need and its strength Activation
Selection
Threshold
– Past leads to current situation andEmotional
state of intention
Parameters
– Complete and incomplete plans
Motivation
• Protocol Chain (Needs)
– Chain of internodes point at sensory or motor schemas
– Current situation image is added to top – then a new one
– Protocol memory: perception of whole events and learning of new behavior
• Decay of protocol chains after time: forgetting; chains as islandsAction Regulation & Cognition (1)
• Cognition = searching for behavior sequences in long-term memory which can
bring us from the current situation to a goal situation.
• 3 different strategies are applied in the following order:
(1) Searching for known sensor-motor coordinations (automatisms)
(2) If (1) fails, PSI engages in planning (combining new behavior
sequences from familiar actions)
(3) If (2) fails, PSI engages in trial-and-error and/or
further exploration of the environment
-
If a successful behavior sequence has been found, it is stored
in long-term memory in an abstract form for future use
• Search strategy: Backward scanning
– Starting from the goal situation, the search goes backward until an element of the
current situation is reached
– Realized in PSI by so-called quads, which are neural units consisting
of one central neuron and four attached neurons, pointing:
• downward (sub): “has-part”
• upward (sur): “is-part”
• forward (por): “precedes“
• backward (ret): “follows”Action Regulation & Cognition (2)
Example:
• Somebody is sitting in his car (current situation) and
gets hungry (need), so he wants to reach a place to
buy a sandwich (goal situation)
• Search process:
1. Starting with the goal state: sandwich
2. Take upward node: fast food places, restaurants, groceries
3. Take backward nodes until you reach the node
with your current situation (in your car)
If this fails, the system uses If this is successful, the behavior
trial-and-error and/or explores sequence has been found and can
the environment to gather be executed.
more information.Emotions (1)
Whereas motivation determines what has to be done,
emotions determine how it is to be done.
Example:
Memory
Someone wants to drink his coffee
Resolution
(motivation). If the person is very Level
angry (emotion1), he might grab the Cognitive-
emotional-
handle strongly and quickly, very likely motivational
spilling some coffee. If, instead, the Architecture
Selection
Activation
person is very anxious (emotion2), Emotional
Threshold
he might take hold of the handle very Parameters
cautiously, which could result in the
Motivation
cup dropping to the floor. Thus, the (Needs)
coffee drinking behavior is modified
by emotions, whereas the basic goal
does not change.Emotions (2)
4 variables to characterize emotions:
• Activation Memory
= preparedness for action Resolution
– High: high preparedness for action, tension Level
Cognitive-
– Low: low preparedness for action, “relaxed”
emotional-
– e.g. low in sadness, high in anger motivational
• Selection Threshold Architecture
Selection
= likelihood of sticking to current motive Activation
Threshold
– High: concentration on currently Emotional
Parameters
active motive, “rigid”
– Low: easily to be distracted by
competing motives, “nervous” Motivation
(Needs)
– e.g. low in fear, high in anger
• Resolution Level
= depth of processing
– High: detailed perception, broad associations to stimuli in the environment,
consideration of many side and long-term effects during planning
– Low: rough planning, more misjudgements in perception and planning
– e.g. low in anger, high in happiness
• Behavior Tendencies: e.g. safeguarding during anxiety, aggression-tendencies during angerEmotions (3)
Modulation of Safeguarding-
behaviour
Aggression-
tendencies
Flighttendencies
behavior tendencies + _
Exploration
+
+
by need-tanks. Affiliative tendencies
+ _
Confirmatory per-
ception, perceptual
+ defence
Signals of Certainty
NI +
_
Selfreflection
Certai nty
Signals of +
Uncertainty
GUSS
NI + ( = G eneral
Unspeci f i c
Arousal Sympat hi cus
Signals of Effectiveness Syndrome)
Com petenc e Stres s
Satisfaction of +
Extent of analy sis of
Hunger, Thirst, - Conditions for Actions
Pain, ... - L ong-term effects
- Side-Effects
Signals of Ineffectiveness, Inhibition
Extent of "fanning" _
all the NI too! (Resolutionlev el
of memory search
_ := 1 - Inhibition)
Signals of Affiliation
NI Selectionthreshold +
= Concentration,
= Sustainability of
behav iour
Anti- Affil-
Signals Affi l i ati onEmotions (4)
Example: Suppose we are afraid and insecure
• The certainty and the competence
tank are low Memory
high activation (not relaxed) Resolution
increases readiness to act Level
Cognitive-
(many things are started but emotional-
nothing is completed) motivational
decreases selection threshold Architecture
(we can quickly change our goal, such that Activation
Selection
Threshold
we are sensitive to dangers and opportunities)
Emotional
Parameters
decreases resolution level
perception is quick and superficial
only basic retrieval of long-term memory
Motivation
(Needs)
(only few associations are made, but
these associations can be made rapidly)
All this leads to conservative behavior:
We fall back on well-known and reliable
anxiety is not one state, but a flow
thoughts and behaviors. of cognitive and motivational
processes in a specific direction.Testing PSI
How can one empirically test PSI?
• Too many interactions to determine dependent and independent variables
• Put PSI in a virtual environment and observe whether it behaves human-like
(Detje, 1999; Hille, 1997)
• Try to explain human behavior in dynamic, complex
and uncertain situations with PSI
WINFIRE simulation:
• Participants took the role of a fire fighting commander,
who tries to protect the forest from approaching fires
• One result: Participants neglect side and long-term effects of plans
– They send fire trucks to locations that burned already for some time.
They neglect the long-term effects, namely that at the time the unit
arrives, the part of the forest will have completely burned and the
unit will not be available elsewhere.
• Explanation of PSI: High arousal leads to a high inhibition of memory content
and to a low resolution levelApplication: MicroPsi
(Joscha Bach)
• Agent architecture that describes interaction of
emotion, motivation and cognition (mainly based
on PSI theory of Dietrich Dörner)
• Modules of the framework:
– Editor for node sets (semantic networks)
– Editor for agent environments
– Console allowing to address components and
individual agents running on different computers
in a network
– Monitoring tools to conduct experiments
– 3D viewer for simulated agent world
Download: http://www.micropsi.org/webdoc/space/downloadsDiscussion
„If [...] the article provides useful assumptions about human
functioning, then it has served its primary purpose.“
• How can PSI be tested empirically
in a convincing way? Memory
• Where is language in PSI, how are
Resolution
concepts acquired? Level
Cognitive-
• Is the flexibility of the model (i.e.
emotional-
different connections between
motivational
boxes for explaining different
Architecture
phenomena) intended or a Activation
Selection
Threshold
shortcoming of the model?Emotional
Parameters
• Are emotions adequately
represented? Do the authors
provide an explanation of Motivation
(Needs)
emotions or merely a description
of emotional behavior?You can also read
