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Justices’
Page 1
January 2018
Volume 86
Number 4
QUARTERLY
‘Kiwi law’
emerging FIAT JUSTITIA
RUAT CAELUM
Page 2 PRESIDENT’S PAGE 1
Providing quality service
T
enā koutou. skills to ensure ongoing quality of
As I sit down to write my last service to the public. Justices, as
column as President the sun statutory officers of the law, should
is streaming in and winter is be no less accountable than any
a distant memory. other official charged with serving
Time certainly marches on, and as I the public.
reflect on nearly two years in office I Accessibility of our services
can only agree that the one constant continues to be enhanced throughout
in life is change. When thinking the country by the increase in
about the Royal Federation of New service desks. We have long
Zealand Justices’ Associations’ provided services from our homes
Vision Statement, “Excellence in and workplaces but the introduction
the provision of accessible justice of service desks is a relatively
services”, there have been some recent initiative. Associations are to
significant developments in both be congratulated on the increasing
the “excellence” and “accessible” number of desks and thus the hours
components over the past two years. Justices are making themselves
Accreditation, introduced in available to the public. I would
July 2016 after considerable encourage any Justice who does
Federation President Denise Hutchins not currently participate in a service
discussion at successive AGMs,
is aimed at ensuring Justices desk roster to give it a go if you have
Minister of Justice and Ministry
continue to provide a quality some time available. I appreciate
of Justice officials in an attempt to
service, by maintaining their skills it is not always possible for those
get the matter of the requirement
and knowledge. However, it is a in employment or with other
for ongoing competence addressed.
voluntary process and currently limitations on their availability, but
The election meant there was a
only available to Justices who are those of us who can, should.
pause in that activity but now that
members of affiliated associations. the new Ministers have received Thank you to all associations for the
The maintenance of competence their delegations, we are renewing welcome afforded Board members
in the role once sworn in, for all our efforts. There is much to do at AGMs. As always we enjoyed
Justices of the Peace, is an area that in this area and Justices can rest the opportunity to meet with as
needs addressing urgently. There assured that it will be a key focus many Justices as possible and to
is no requirement in legislation for the Board in the year ahead. provide an update on Federation
for this to occur. That two-thirds activities. I am looking forward to
The majority of associations
of the Justices in New Zealand chairing the AGM/Conference in
continue to explore ways to engage
belong to the Federation’s affiliated Christchurch on March 2-4. Hosted
their wider membership and are
associations, and thus have access by the Canterbury association, who
open to innovative ideas about how
to ongoing education, does not are celebrating their centennial in
this might be achieved. Some are
guarantee they will maintain the 2018, it would be fitting if as many
having considerable success, others
most up-to-date knowledge. The Justices as possible were able to
struggling. My challenge to Justices
issue most commonly raised at attend.
who do not attend keeping up to
association AGMs I have attended date sessions at least once a year is, I trust that all Justices and their
over the past two years is, how do how do you know you are providing families have had a safe and relaxing
we engage Justices who belong a quality service to the people who time over the holiday period and are
to our association but don’t keep come to see you? By what standard looking forward to an active and
themselves up to date? do you measure yourself? positive 2018.
Following the direction given by Justices give their time to the Ngā mihi nui.
associations at the 2017 AGM in community to undertake the role. Denise Hutchins
Rotorua, the Board has been active This does not exempt them from
in engaging with the Associate having the current knowledge and
Page 1 NEWS
Education role filled
S
hinae Skelton has been appoint-
ed to the role of Professional De-
velopment Advisor, previously
AND ITS AFFILIATED ASSOCIATIONS the National Education Officer. She is
Te Kāhui Pou Whakatau Ture O Aotearoa based at the Federation National Of-
fice in Wellington.
EDITOR: GEOFF DAVIES JP
Email: merlin81@xtra.co.nz Shinae comes to the Federation from
Phone: 04-472-5566 the Wellington District Court, where
she was a Deputy Registrar and the
NATIONAL OFFICE: TONY PUGH JP Jury Trial Scheduler.
PO BOX 5005 WELLINGTON
“My time at the District Court was an
Telephone 04-918-8447 Fax 04-918-8034 invaluable learning experience,” she
Email: registrar@jpfed.org.nz says.
Website: www.jpfed.org.nz
ISSN 2382-12164 (print) “I collaborated with passionate Jus-
ISSN 2382-1272 (on-line) tice professionals, met customers cop-
ing with extraordinary circumstances Shinae Skelton
and experienced the law in action. I
enjoyed working with several Judicial “Thank you all for your warm wel-
Justices of the Peace during that time comes. One of the most attractive
January 2018 and hope to work with many more. aspects of this job is the opportunity
VOL 86 No: Four
“While working at the District Court to work with people who are commit-
I completed my law degree and also ted and engaged. I look forward to the
Judicial practicum, a Bachelor of Arts, majoring in psy- challenge of delivering educational
ACJA conference - reports 2 chology. I also began post-graduate resources that meet your needs and
‘Taking it to the streets’ 3 study in the field of forensic psychol- learning styles.
From the National Manager 4 ogy. “Please feel free to contact me if you
At the Ashburton AGM 5 “I am currently enjoying my first have any ideas for the Education pag-
Regional conference 6 study break in nearly a decade. In my es or issues you would like to raise.
Education 7-10 spare time I am an avid baker, novice I hope to meet or hear from many of
Cover story: New Zealand DIYer and aspiring traveller. you.”
law emerging 11
Crossword 15 Moving with the times
Letter to the editor 16
Readers have the option of receiving the Quarterly as a PDF rather than a hard copy.
Hubbard inside back cover To take up this offer please advise the office by email: administrator@jpfed.org.nz.
Telephone requests will not be processed.
Patron: The Rt Hon Dame Patsy Reddy GNZM • If you have already asked to receive the magazine electronically but you are
QSO Governor-General of New Zealand still getting the hard copy, please advise the administrator.
President: Denise Hutchins JP
Immediate Past President: Graeme Kitto JP ON THE COVER: Rewa Bennett (Ngati
Vice-President: Rachael O’Grady JP Manu), pictured in 1932, was New Zea-
Northern Regional Representative: land’s first Maori woman JP. Her great-
Peter Osborne JP grandson, District Court Judge Greg
Davis, and research counsel Jaime-Anne
Auckland Regional Representative:
Patrick Samson JP Tulloch have contributed a landmark
article to this issue of the Quarterly on the
Central Regional Representative:
development of a New Zealand flavour to
Terry Byrne JP
the law, and how JPs have a role to play
Southern Regional Representative:
Cathy Hurst JP in that process – see P11.
Honorary Solicitors: Buddle Findlay
National Manager and Registrar:
Tony Pugh JP MBA BBS ACA
AGM/Conference 2018
Professional Development Advisor:
Shinae Skelton BA LLB
in Christchurch
Administration Officer: Sarah Gillard March 2-4
Editor, NZ Justices’ Quarterly:
Geoff Davies JP Register now to attend at jpfed.org.nz
Page 2 NEWS
Mission accomplished By Federation Vice-President RACHAEL O’GRADY
A
fter six months of dedicated study Cathy Hurst and Wellington Judicial edin and as far north as Whangarei,
in the Judicial Studies Course, 13 Justice Hewitt Humphrey. National the students coped very well in this
Justices were invited to attend Manager Tony Pugh and Administra- new context, exercising a new set of
the 2017 practicum held in Wellington tion Officer Sarah Gillard also made skills. During their time in Wellington
in November. valuable contributions to the smooth all the Justices described the sense of
Judge Barbara Morris, as the Chief running of the practicum. challenge they experienced before the
District Court Judge’s delegate, over- The Federation is also grateful for the practicum, but which soon gave way to
saw the practicum. That role involved time that Police prosecutors and law- a sense of achievement and a keen de-
leading discussion-based sessions, ob- yers from the Public Defence Service sire to continue learning.
serving how students responded in the set aside to be involved in the practi- There is no denying that the commit-
discussions and how they managed cum. There is a great deal of value in ment to study is a considerable one
themselves during the courtroom role- having contributors with their level of and the 2017 cohort of students is to be
play opportunities. experience who are happy to share their commended on the positive attitudes
I served as programme facilitator, ably knowledge and time with our students. they displayed throughout the practi-
assisted by Federation Board member Coming from as far south as Dun- cum.
Back row, left to right: Hewitt Humphrey, Dennis Bush-King, Cathy Hurst, Greg Clapp, Darren Quirk, Kevin Tansley,
Aaron Snodgrass, Carl Netzler, Garry Nicholls, Judge Barbara Morris. Front row, left to right: Colleen Hayes,
Tina Barrett, Emanuel Kalafatelis, Fiona Dransfield, Billie Watmuff, Rachael O’Grady, Betsy Wynne.
An Australasian voice
By Federation President DENISE HUTCHINS
T
he annual Australasian Council of “An accessible, consistent and high- As is usual at such meetings the infor-
of Justices’ Associations (ACJA) quality Justice of the Peace service in all mal discussion time was very valuable.
conference was held in Adelaide Australasian jurisdictions”; a number of It appears that Justices not remaining
in October last year. The Federation education-focused proposals, including current in their role is a problem in
was represented by Vice-President an accreditation process for the Austral- Australia, as it is here. Various mecha-
Rachael O’Grady and me. A brief but ian states; changes to financial arrange- nisms have been tried in Australian ju-
well-organised conference provided the ments for the ACJA, and an adjustment risdictions but without legislation and/
opportunity to talk with representatives to the organisation’s voting system.
or resources, they have had limited suc-
from the majority of jurisdictions in Rachael and I were members of and cess. Tasmania is currently considering
Australia. contributed to the strategic plan and a draft Justice of the Peace Bill which
Throughout the past year the ACJA Ex- education working groups throughout requires Justices to maintain compe-
ecutive has facilitated the development the year. tence but is silent, at this stage, on the
of a number of initiatives that were in- The future of the ACJA was also dis- mechanism to achieve that.
formally discussed at the Friday after- cussed, with New Zealand proposing
noon conference session, and formally The next meeting of the ACJA will be
that that it work towards becoming the
addressed at the Saturday meeting. professional voice for Australasian Jus- held in New South Wales in October
These included the adoption of a stra- tices’ associations. 2018, and our Federation will host the
tegic plan for the ACJA, with the vision 2020 Conference.
Page 3 NEWS
‘Taking it to the streets’
By GRAEME KITTO “For me, the whole experience was
I
very humbling,” said Ian. He was im-
n November 2017, for the first time pressed with the variety of ethnicities
since April 2012, Immigration New of the clients, the manner in which they
Zealand offered an opportunity for related to each other and the calm way
former refugees to apply to sponsor
in which everyone went through the
family members to New Zealand.
process, thanks to the excellent organi-
The numbers of such refugees attend- sation of the exercise.
ing information meetings around the
The success of these two days can be
country confirmed there would be a sig-
measured not by the numbers of clients,
nificant amount of interest in Refugee
but by their satisfaction. Certifying cop-
Family Support Category Tier Two, as
it is officially known. ies and administering statutory declara-
tions is a “bread and butter” task for
In Hamilton, the Settlement Centre Wai- Justices of the Peace but each is very
kato (formerly the Migrant Resource important for the client, and so it was
Centre), Decypher Interpreting Service, for the 15 clients seen on average by
Waikato Refugee Forum, Community each pair of Justices.
Law Waikato and the Hamilton City
Council (through its ethnic develop- Toni Trim, the community develop-
ment adviser) all committed to support- Community Law assistant manager ment co-ordinator for Community Law,
ing the initiative. It was agreed that the Angela Smith on her way to post the thanked all who participated: “It cer-
applications. tainly has been a community effort and
help of Justices of the Peace would be
beneficial to the application process, by the impact on the lives of the people we
certifying copies of the required docu- great opportunity to interact with the are assisting to reunite with loved ones
mentation and administering statutory Hamilton community and to work to- will be huge!”
declarations. gether with the other agencies. The two shifts the teams worked
Arrangements were quickly made to Three of the four pairs of Justices in- weren’t quite the end of the exercise. A
have pairs of Justices on hand during volved male and female combinations. week later, one of the group, John Gow-
the 6.5 “open hours” on day 1 and the John Gower said that clients appreci- er, was contacted by Community Law
4.5 hours on day 2. ated having the choice, as they did hav- requesting further assistance. John was
Taking Justices’ services to the com- ing access to interpreters. Being helped able to attend, and put in another four
munity in this way was both useful and to fill in the application forms meant hours during which he saw 31 people
deeply appreciated by applicants and that the documents presented by clients and carried out 101 tasks, with people
agencies - and the Justices all enjoyed were all complete and accurate. queuing up from start to finish. Not just
the interaction and seeing the satisfac- another day at the office!
Ian McMichael took his service one
tion of their clients. step further. When a family member “I was happy to help again, but I’m sure
“All the clients were very grateful,” said told him that a disabled Afghani man any of the others would have done the
Don McNaughton. “There was such a could not enter the building, he went same, and so should any JP, for that
strong bond of family helping family.” immediately to the vehicle in which the matter. That’s what being a
Vaninder Bassan, a past president of the man was sitting in the carpark and un- JP is all about - helping out
Waikato association, said that it was a dertook the required tasks. whenever you can,” he said.
Ian McMichael went out to the car Vaninder Bassan and Abdirizak
park to assist a client who was Abdi – heads down and
unable to access the building. pens up. Brian Prestidge and Gladys Stephens on duty.
Page 4 NEWS
TONY PUGH reports from the Federation National Office
FROM THE
NATIONAL MANAGER
Conference 2018
Remember to send your registration forms to the Canterbury Peace association be based on the number of hours JP service
association ASAP (registration details are on the website). is available at that location. Where two or more JPs are on
duty at the same time at a service desk each Justice of the
Board nominations Peace’s hours should be counted.
The following nominations for the Board were received:
4. Auckland Justices of the Peace Association will move:
President: Rachael O’Grady
That there be no limit on the number of new service desks
Vice-President: Patrick Samson per association when funding for a new service desk is being
Northern Regional Representative: Peter Osborne granted.
Auckland Regional Representative: Patrick Samson 5. Auckland Justices of the Peace Association will move:
Central Regional Representative: Sheridan Hickey, Peter That the Board seek funding from the Ministry of Justice of
Debney at least $100,000 for Ministerial trainers/educators. This to
Southern Regional Representative: Catherine Hurst be allocated to associations on the basis of the number of
association members.
The election (confirmation) for President and Vice-President
will take place at the AGM as provided for under Rules 6 and 6. Bay of Plenty Justices of the Peace Association will
17 (b) of the Constitution. move:
The Central Regional Representative will be decided by bal- That the Federation Board consider additional pathways to
lot in accordance with Rule 6(f) of the Constitution. Accreditation.
Notices of motion and remits 7. North Otago Justices of the Peace Association will
move:
Full details including rationale have been circulated to as-
sociations via circular and will appear in the Conference pa- Pursuant to the notice of motion tabled at the 2017 Confer-
pers. ence, that the commencement of clause 19 (a) be amended to
read: “The Annual Conference be held in alternate years (bi-
Notices of motion: Rule 22
ennial) either in February or March commencing in the year
The Board will submit notices of motion related to the Con- 2020, the exact dates to be determined by the Board . . . ,”
stitution and policies which have been reviewed by associa- the rest of the clause to stand, and that any relevant clauses
tions during the year. of the Constitution affected by this amendment be amended
Remits: Rule 20 (a) viii accordingly.
1. Auckland Justices of the Peace Association will move: Financial recommendations
That the Board establish a working group, including a rep- The Board will move the following:
resentative of the Ministry of Justice, to investigate how the (i) Capitation Fee: That for the financial year commencing
appointment and ongoing eligibility of Justices of the Peace on November 1 2018 the Capitation Fee payable by affiliated
can be enhanced to ensure the service provided to the com-
associations pursuant to Rule 3(a) of the Constitution and
munity is both of a high standard and is easily accessed. The
Rules be set at $15 (exclusive of GST) per head, based on
working group to consult widely and to report back by Sep-
membership as at August 31 2018 and payable in one instal-
tember 30 2018, with its report and any recommendations
ment by February 1 2019 (currently $15).
being a matter for consideration by Conference 2019.
(ii) NZ Justices’ Quarterly: That the price of the NZ Jus-
2. Auckland Justices of the Peace Association will move:
tices’ Quarterly remain at nil to members.
That Royal Federation clarifies which types of complaints
other than those arising from Ministerial roles and functions (iii) Communication Grant: That for the financial year
are to be dealt with under our complaints procedures. commencing on November 1 2017 the Communication
Grant payable to affiliated associations is budgeted at $3 (ex-
3. Auckland Justices of the Peace Association will move: clusive of GST) per head, based on membership as at August
That funding for service desks authorised by a Justice of the 31 2017 (currently $3).
Page 5 NEWS
Half a century as a JP
H
ighlights of the Ashburton asso-
ciation’s 2017 AGM included a
special tribute from visiting Fed-
eration Vice-President Rachael O’Grady
to George Ward, the Federation’s second
most senior Past President, who retired as
patron of the association at the meeting.
George, now a JP (Retired), is aged 90
and notched up 49 years of active service
in the role.
Rachael said that George had served the
Ashburton association in numerous roles
before becoming Southern Regional Rep-
resentative and then Federation President
in 1985. She congratulated him on his
recent 90th birthday and wished him the George Ward and Rachael O’Grady.
best of health in the future.
Replying, George said that he has en-
joyed every moment of his 50 years as
a Justice of the Peace. He reminisced
about his term of office as President, dur-
ing which there was a surplus in the fi-
nancial accounts which he persuaded the
then Treasurer to set aside in a separate
account. These funds have subsequently
become the Education Trust.
His final service to the association was
as patron for the past nine years. He has
been succeeded by another local Past
Federation President, Kevin Geddes.
George Ward and his wife Eileen with Southern Regional Representa-
Noel Lowe tive Cathy Hurst (left).
Changing of the guard in Ashburton
Ashburton’s Noel Lowe, one of the Federation’s best-known and most respected association registrars, handed over to Anne
Parnham at the recent AGM after 12 years in the chair. Federation Past President Kevin Geddes presented Noel and wife Audrey
with a coffee table book of landscape photographs to acknowledge his outstanding service over the years (left). It was an
especially suitable gift, given Noel’s own interest and expertise in photography - a skill which has often been deployed in sup-
port of the Quarterly at Federation Conferences and other events. Well done Noel! (Although we note that you are now Deputy
Registrar . . . . ) Right, what do you call a group of registrars from one association? From left, John Harper who retired from the
role in 2005, Anne Parnham, elected in 2017, and Noel Lowe who succeeded John and preceded Anne.
Page 6 SOUTHERN REGIONAL CONFERENCE
Plenty
to
discuss
By IAN MOORE
T
he 2017 Southern Re-
gional Conference was
hosted by the West
Coast association and held
in Greymouth on September
2-3. West Coast president
Tony Fortune opened the
conference and welcomed Southern men and women at work at the 2017 regional conference in Greymouth,
delegates. hosted by the West Coast association. Pictures: NOEL LOWE
Highlights of Federation complaints (possibly involving le- points included:
President Denise Hutchins’s address gal action) about Justices may need • Associations should be considering
included: action from the Ministry of Justice. succession planning, especially in
• The Ministry of Justice and the Fed- Our Sunday morning guest speaker rural areas.
eration have agreed to trial Justices was Greymouth business consult- • Justices are appointed to serve the
officiating at Registry Office wed- ant and chairperson of Heritage West community, and need to serve that
dings. Justices will need training for Coast Jackie Gurden, who spoke about community by carrying out all the
the task and the Waikato association setting up, managing and marketing duties required by the appointment.
is working on this. JPs are paid $50 the West Coast Wilderness Trail, a
per service. 132km cycle track from Ross to Grey- • Ensure websites are up to date, in-
cluding making sure service centre
• Accreditation has had its first review mouth. Some 7000-10,000 people details are posted (and that associa-
and some changes have been made a year use the trail, with the average
spend per person on food, accommo- tion details are on the service cen-
for simplicity. tre’s own website if it has one).
dation etc valued at $1000. The trail
• The Federation has had a discus- has created over 30 full-time and part- • Be aware of “dead wood” – the
sion with a banking institution to time jobs. Otago association has an appropri-
simplify certifying financial docu- ate letter designed for this (“Retire
ments. The bank seems to think that National Manager Tony Pugh also with dignity”).
Justices should know all documents addressed the conference. His main
and they were not going to change Finally, Rachael O’Grady facilitated a
their format. workshop, focusing on:
• The Education Trust has built up • What can we do as an organisation
about $114,000 and is looking for to better serve our community?
more donations. One recent sugges- • What can we do as individuals to
tion for use of its funding is to set better serve our community?
up an electronic library for trainers. • What is the most important aspect of
Federation Vice-President Rachael service we can provide?
O’Grady also covered a range of top- As you would expect, the ensuing
ics in her address, including: valuable and enjoyable discussion
• The review of the Constitution, in- covered many subjects, including
corporating modern wording – the some that had already been discussed
reworded Constitution has been sent in other parts of the programme, but
to associations for consideration. we were all taken with this version
• Grievances coming to the Federa- of a quote used by various prominent
tion from Justices about clients or personalities over the years (including
from members of the public regard- Muhammad Ali): “Service is the price
ing Justices: some complaints can West Coast association president we pay for living on this Earth”.
be sorted out internally within an Tony Fortune and Southern Re-
association but still must be notified gional Representative Cathy Hurst
to the Federation but more serious at their regional conference.
Page 7
EDUCATION Page 7
JANUARY 2018
No room for error when taking
AFFIDAVITS
An item on affidavits appeared
in a recent Quarterly, but the
errors and simple mistakes we
are currently seeing remind us
all of the need for accuracy
and vigilance.
An affidavit is a statement made on
oath, in writing, sworn or affirmed,
taken by someone who has authority to
administer it. The wording and layout
is regulated by the High Court Rules
2016, Family Court Rules 2002 and
District Court Rules 2014.
The completion of affidavits is covered by
the Oaths and Declarations Act 1957.
What is an affidavit?
An affidavit is similar to a statutory declaration in that it is If the affidavit is part of a marriage dissolution, check first
a solemn form of recording a truthful statement. The dif- that the declarant has the correct marriage certificate; that is,
ference between a statutory declaration and an affidavit is the Births, Deaths and Marriages form and not the certificate
that an affidavit is sworn or affirmed and is usually used as issued by the minister or celebrant.
evidence in connection with a court proceeding. It is for Chapter 8 of your Ministerial Manual is your guide. Read it
this reason that we must ensure the accuracy of these docu- and use it at all times!
ments when requested to administer them.
When administering an affidavit, follow the 17 steps below:
1 The deponent must be present. It is not possible to 10 Ask the deponent whether it is their affidavit, wheth-
take an affidavit for someone else, or at a distance. er they have read it and is it true.
2 Check the deponent’s identification. 11 Have the deponent either swear or affirm the affi-
3 Check for and attend to alterations or deletions (must davit.
be initialled by both the JP and deponent). 12 They must answer “Yes” or “I do” aloud, so that it
4 Check for blanks and gaps (see chapter 4.11 of your can be heard.
manual for the process). 13 Have the deponent sign and date the document.
5 Check that all pages are numbered (follow chapter 14 Complete and sign the jurat. Cross out the role, if
4.12 of your manual). other than a JP. If nothing is written, write “JP”. En-
6 Ask whether the deponent wishes to swear or affirm sure the jurat is dated. Include your JP number for
the affidavit. reference.
7 Ensure the wording at the beginning of the affidavit 15 Both you and the deponent now initial EVERY page,
follows the correct form (chapter 8.3). except the one with your full signature.
8 Fill in the place. It must be the town or city where it 16 Complete any exhibits.
is signed. 17 Check, check, check!
9 Complete the date.
Page 8 8
Page EDUCATION
JANUARY 2018
Burial and Cremation Act 1964
We have been notified by a Taranaki
Justice that they recently signed a
letter requested by a funeral direc-
tor, to the local authority, using the
words “I direct you to . . .”.
The essence of the letter was to direct a local authority to of the Peace are both wide and varied, but you are strongly
provide burial services for a deceased person free of charge advised to carry out due diligence before signing any such
- in this case, the local crematorium facility to cremate the documents. Should you be in any doubt if confronted with
body of a man who died without family and with only a few such a request, contact the Federation office and seek clari-
dollars left in his bank account. fication before proceeding.
Unusual as it may seem, section 49 (1) of the Burial and Ministry of Social Development funeral grant
Cremation Act 1964 permits such a direction and specifi-
cally requests the signature of a Justice of the Peace. The Ministry of Social Development (MSD) provides as-
sistance with funeral expenses.
That section says:
A funeral grant can help with some of the funeral costs of
49 Burial and cremation of poor persons someone who has died.
(1) A local authority having the control and manage- Who can get it?
ment of a cemetery and any person or body of per-
sons (including a local authority) having the control You may get a funeral grant if you are either:
and management of a crematorium may, and upon • the partner, spouse, child, parent or guardian of the per-
an order signed by a Justice shall, permit the body of son who died, or
any poor person, and of any person from any hospi-
tal, prison, or other public institution, on the request • you are arranging the funeral of someone with no partner,
of the person in charge of such institution, to be bur- spouse or direct relation.
ied in the cemetery or cremated in the crematorium The funeral grant is income- and asset-tested. The test de-
free of charge: provided that every Justice, before pends on whether the person who died had a surviving part-
signing any such order, shall satisfy himself that the ner or dependent children, or if they were a child. (A child
deceased person has not left sufficient means to pay is a single person under the age of 18, unless they were 16
the charge, and that his relatives and friends are un- or 17 years old and financially independent.)
able to pay the same.
The person who died must have normally lived in New
(2) If any person is known or believed to have be- Zealand.
longed to any particular religious denomination, he
shall be buried in the portion of the cemetery (if any) If you are their partner, spouse, parent or guardian it also
set apart for that denomination. depends on:
Compare: 1908 No 19 s 25; 1950 No 42 s 3 Section 49(1): • how much you earn
amended, on 1 June 2005, by section 206 of the Corrections
• any money or assets you have.
Act 2004 (2004 No 50).
Contact your nearest MSD office for assistance and advice.
This simply confirms that the role and duties of a JusticePage 9
EDUCATION Page 9
JANUARY 2018
Client privacy
Following a recent complaint, the issue of client privacy
has resurfaced.
Specifically, the matter involved the completion of an af-
fidavit at a service desk and the complaint has centred
around the need for privacy.
This is an important issue and because service desks are
so public, the Justice of the Peace must be cognisant of
the surroundings and in particular, the document which
they are administering. However, the onus falls on the
client - if the client expresses concern about the lack of
privacy (particularly involving affidavits), then the cli-
ent’s wishes must be met. ternative, make other arrangements for the client outside
of the service desk, such as at the Justice’s home. If this
It would be best to make arrangements for either a private is not suitable to the client, then direct them to an alterna-
area in which the document can be completed or as an al- tive option (another JP, lawyer etc).
Certifying copies
Chapter 5 of the Ministerial Manual is our guidance in that actually suits your situation. The important factor is
terms of certifying copies. On P27 of the manual (the in- that you reflect what it is that you have seen, on what de-
troduction to chapter 5) the last paragraphs in some ways vice or document and then verify that it is an exact copy
sum up the issue of certifying copies: of what you have seen.
“Justices of the Peace are also now more frequently asked A bit of advice:
to certify that a typed or printed copy of a transcript of the
words on a cellphone or computer screen is a ‘True copy’ • Do not use your own computer or phone to access their
of what was on the screen. documents.
“There are therefore, several different phrases you may • Ensure that the clients use their devices to show you
need to write on a copy, depending on the circumstances. what it is that they wish to display.
There is no prescribed wording that must be used.” • Use words that suit the situation and accurately de-
This is saying that you will often have to use your initia- scribe the document you are certifying.
tive and creativity to insert words that reflect the situation Unfortunately, there is no easy way around this process.
you face. Yes, there are suggested examples on P31, but It is totally impractical to have a stamp or stamps to cover
the reality is that you might just have to write something every situation and this is why the manual (and Accredi-
tation for that matter) says that there is
no prescribed wording. The key is that
you verify that what you are seeing on
a device, transcript or document is what
the copy shows.
Furthermore, when certifying a copy,
the Justice of the Peace is certifying that
the copy is/was a true copy, but is not
verifying the authenticity of the origi-
nal. In other words there is no liability
on the Justice of the Peace, but clearly,
we have a duty to check the original to
the best of our ability.
Finally, if you are in any doubt, you can
always get the individual to make a stat-
utory declaration as to the authenticity
of the documents presented to you.Page 10
Page 10 EDUCATION
JANUARY 2018
Maintaining a Record of Activities
This is an issue which is raised frequently. Chapters 2 ing a record of what you do is important in the event
and 3 of the Ministerial Manual provide us with clear that an agency needs to substantiate a document. This
guidance as to how we should operate as Justices of the has become more common of late with banks and finan-
Peace. The over-arching document is the Justices of the cial institutions, as they are subject to the Anti-Money
Peace Act 1957, but our manual provides all the neces- Laundering Act. Equally, we have noted recent instances
sary information for us to meet our requirements. where identity fraud has occurred. There have also been
instances where agencies such as lawyers and the police
In addition to the Act and the manual, you can use the have made inquiries about documents administered.
website: justiceofthepeace.org.nz
Chapter 3.8 of the Ministerial Manual provides us with
Point six of the Code of Conduct says that we must: an example record. You may wish to use this or alter-
“maintain a record of activities, provided the information natively design something for your own use. Whatever
stored is not used in any manner contrary to the Privacy approach you take, make sure you include the date, the
Act.” client’s name and a brief note of what you did.
It is not our intention to define the Privacy Act, but keep-
Examples:
Date Time Name Activity Location
23 Nov 2017 11.20am John Smith Copy of Passport Richmond Mall
23 Nov 2017 John Smith Copy of Passport
Either of these would be suitable examples to use, but including time and location would make it easier for you
to refer to, if required to verify an activity.
Vodafone/Clear emails
Please remember to update your records if you have changed your email as a result of the withdrawal of Vodafone/
Clear/Ihug/Paradise emails.
2012 Amendment to the Wills Act 2007
A reminder about a change to the Wills Act 2007 – the (4) At least 2 witnesses must—
amended section 11 which covers validity is reproduced
below: (a) be together in the will-maker’s presence when
the will-maker—
(i) complies with subsection (3); or
Validity
(ii) acknowledges that—
11 – Requirements for validity of wills
(A) he or she signed the document earlier and
(1) A will must be in writing.
that the signature on the document is his or
(2) A will must be signed and witnessed as described in her own; or
subsections (3) and (4).
(B) another person directed by him or her
(3) The will-maker must— signed the document earlier on his or her be-
half in his or her presence; and
(a) sign the document; or
(b) each sign the document in the will-maker’s pres-
(b) direct another person to sign the document on his ence.
or her behalf in his or her presence.Page 11 FEATURE
This article by Northland District Court Judge GREG
DAVIS and Northland Judges’ research counsel
JAIME-ANN TULLOCH is based on a presentation to
last year’s Northern Regional Conference in Kerikeri.
First, thank you for the opportunity to present to
the conference, and then to provide this article
for a wider audience. As a great-grandson of
Rewa Bennett, the first Māori woman Justice
of the Peace in Aotearoa, and the son of a cur-
rent Justice of the Peace, it is an honour and a
privilege to be here.
We were asked to speak at the con-
ference about the importance
of adopting a constitutional
reference to the Treaty of
Waitangi in the work of
Justices of the Peace.
The theme of the origi-
nal full-length article
was to trace the devel-
Judge Greg Davis Rewa Bennett
opment of the law in
New Zealand and to
note a distinct shift away from traditional origins and sources of law to what appears to be an emerging
New Zealand law. In other words, the law is speaking with a distinctly New Zealand accent. Here we follow
the trail by looking at a series of cases that have come before the courts and the Waitangi Tribunal.
Changes to the Federation’s Constitution are another example of the New Zealand accent showing through
in the law. The adoption of a specific reference to Māori ambitions is a further step down the pathway to a
uniquely New Zealand set of laws.
Law with a Kiwi accent
The role of JPs A constitution must reflect the values of in history and New Zealand’s role in
Justices of the Peace have a role in the society that created it. It also serves becoming the first country in the world
achieving constitutional change. The as a focal point for the commitment of to allow women to vote is trumpeted
pathway to change begins with lan- the members to those values. It sets out around the world.
guage, discussion. Old words that may a process by which those values can be But in the 1890s the language and the
have suited the thinking at the time can implemented. Any good constitution legislation of the time spoke only in the
become obsolete. Debate about how will be sufficiently broad to allow for gender specific manner: “men”. The de-
and why those words came to be used any progress and change to be adopted. bate regarding the need to change the
ensues. The history or whakapapa of Change may not be easy or comfort- discourse began then in earnest and
the constitution is recalled as best as able for some but is in many instances changes to the constitutional framework
memory and records can reconstruct. inevitable. History judges our response followed thereafter. In the context of
Appropriate replacements are vigor- to change and marks whether we drive electoral reform the debate was driven
ously debated, the need for change at change, embrace change or obstruct by women of all ethnicities. Meri Man-
all is debated. change. gakahia from Te Rarawa1 petitioned the
Language creates important markers Kate Sheppard and other suffragists are Māori Parliament in 1893 and Queen
for society to consider and for debate to properly recognised as heroes and hero- Victoria directly to initiate change and
be extended further within our broader ines of a drive for universal suffrage – the right for women to vote.2 In this case
society. the right for women to vote. Their place the constitutional framework required aPage 12 FEATURE
change to the legislation3 through the of jurists as to the strength or weakness “… any rights purporting to be con-
legislature in Wellington. of the Native title … it cannot be ex- ferred by such a treaty of cession can-
While history remembers favourably tinguished (at least in times of peace) not be enforced in the Courts, except
those who drove the fight to secure the otherwise than by the free consent of insofar as they have been incorporated
right for women to vote, and celebrates the native occupiers.”5 in municipal law”.11
those who have embraced the change, Their view influenced the famous (or In other words, if the Treaty of Wait-
history does not remember those who infamous) decision of Chief Justice angi was to have any force, Parliament
obstructed the change. James Prendergast in Wi Parata v Bish- had to explicitly give effect to the rights
The drive to amend the Justices of the op of Wellington6 where the Treaty was guaranteed by the Treaty through leg-
Peace Constitution should be viewed in declared a nullity “… as Māori lacked islation.
the same light. How will history judge the body politic capable of making such The claims in Re: Ninety Mile Beach12
those who chose not to recognise the a treaty”.7 The Treaty was described as and in Re: Whanganui River13 have
relationship between Māori and Pakeha nothing more than a document used to been similarly unsuccessful.
and Māori and the Crown? How will “pacify savages”.8
Things were not always this bleak. In
history judge those who did not set out Returning to the importance of lan- Re: Bed of Lake Omapere14 the Native
a pathway to achieve goals we should guage, in a sweeping statement Chief Land Court took a different approach
all aspire to? Justice Prendergast set the framework to determine a claim by Māori to the
for Treaty of Waitangi jurisprudence for bed of Lake Omapere. The Native Land
the next century. This approach contin- Court heard extensive submissions
The Treaty and the courts ued in the famous case Nireaha Tamaki about the history of the lake. It accepted
The Treaty of Waitangi has a chequered v Baker9. the significance of the lake as a water
history in the courts. In R v Symonds4 In Te Heuheu Tukino v Aotea Māori source, the significance of the mauri
Justice Henry Chapman stated that4 Land Board10 Viscount Simon from the of the lake and the interconnection of
“whatever may have been the opinion Privy Council said: the lake to the surrounding aquifers and
Hone Heke, the first Māori chief to sign the Treaty of Waitangi, is shaking hands with Governor William Hobson (background)
while behind him Kawiti is signing the Treaty and at the front a group of Māori is being challenged by a man with taiaha.Page 13 FEATURE
thermal springs at Ngawha. The Native the Treaty of Waitangi recognised. The
Land Court considered these “battle sites” moved from the streets and
matters inseparable from the the protest movement into the courts.
lake. Māori custom and tradi- Many would suggest that with recent
tions were central to the Native Treaty settlements, the battleground
Land Court’s determination. has shifted again from the courts to the
The Native Land Court consid- boardroom, and where necessary from
ered the lake to be “land with the boardroom to the corridors of Par-
water over it”.15 The Native Land liament.
Court did not consider there to be Huakina Development Trust v
any legal presumption that the sale Waikato Valley Authority19 was
of land to the lake’s edge automati- another significant case. Jus-
cally incorporated a sale of the land tice Muir Chilwell elevated the
under the lake.16 The decision was Treaty of Waitangi from a docu-
welcomed by local Māori as being a ment which set out the rights and
reflection of what they already knew. obligations of the Crown and
It was not well received by the gov- the Māori partners, to one
ernment of the day and was promptly in which (in his mind) was
consigned to the annals of history. all-pervasive, declaring the
New Zealand Māori Council v Attor- Treaty to be a part “of the
ney General17 or the “Lands case” is a fabric” of New Zealand
significant decision. This case involved society.
the Labour Government of the time It follows that because the
wishing to sell off large tracts of state- Treaty is part of the fabric
owned land. The New Zealand Māori of New Zealand society,
Council contended that the transfer of it is part of the fabric of the
Crown land to a state-owned enterprise decision-making process that all of
would limit the potential for the Crown those who are involved in the Govern-
to settle historic Treaty grievances with ment and dealing with Māori must bear
Māori. in mind. This includes decision-makers
The Court of Appeal agreed with Māori exercising judicial functions as a Jus-
and espoused the following principles tice of the Peace.
of the Treaty of Waitangi: Turning to a recent context, the Wait-
• The acquisition of sovereignty in ex- angi Tribunal’s Stage One Report
change for the protection of rangati- into Te Paparahi o Te Raki20: Ngāpuhi
ratanga. iwi and hapu claimed that in signing
• The Treaty established a partnership, the Treaty of Waitangi the rangatira21
and imposes on the partners the duty did not cede sovereignty to the British
to act reasonably and in good faith. Crown. The hapu relied on the text of
He Wakaputanga o nga Rangatira o Niu
• The freedom of the Crown to govern. Tireni, signed at Waitangi on October
• The Crown’s duty of active protec- 28 1835. The text of He Wakaputanga is
tion. ceded sovereignty to the Crown was es- significant because the words it used to
• The duty of the Crown to remedy past pecially repugnant to Māori. convey certain concepts such as sover-
breaches. eignty (mana) were not the words used
There was a series of cases involving in the Treaty of Waitangi.
• Māori to retain rangatiratanga over the New Zealand Māori Council and the
their resources and taonga and to Crown in the period leading up to 1992. The Tribunal considered He Wakapu-
have all the privileges of citizenship. Each case involved further efforts by tanga to be “a resounding declaration
the Government to sell off the Crown of the mana and rangatiratanga of those
• Duty to consult.
estate. Resistance from Māori was who signed it on behalf of their hapū.”22
While this case heralded a change in the The Tribunal considered it amounted to
approach to the relevance of the Trea- strong and further cases were brought
to the higher courts.18 These cases were a declaration of sovereignty and inde-
ty that followed, to many Māori these pendence of those hapū. Further in He
Court-espoused principles of the Treaty significant because they added layers to
the relationship between the Crown and Whakaputanga, “rangatira explicitly
of Waitangi were themselves controver- declared that no other person or group
sial. Māori felt they had won the SOE Māori and developed the principles of
the Treaty of Waitangi further. Not long would be permitted to make laws with-
case but lost the “Treaty war”. The prin- in their territories, nor to exercise func-
ciples of the Treaty of Waitangi as they after the Crown Forestry Rental Trust,
Te Mangai Paho, Iwi radio and Māori tions of government except under their
were declared by the Court of Appeal authority and in accordance with their
looked too much like the English ver- Television and Te Ohu Kaimoana were
established. laws and decisions”.23
sion of the Treaty of Waitangi for Māori
The period between 1987 and 1992 The Tribunal made findings that
liking. In particular, the notion that the
represented a shift in the fight to have Ngāpuhi rangatira in signing the Te
Treaty of Waitangi was a treaty thatPage 14 FEATURE
Tiriti o Waitangi “… agreed to a rela- thought and Treaty partnership that was tomary rights in 1840.”
tionship: one in which they and Hobson clearly missing in earlier cases. The Tribunal considered that te tino
were to be equal - equal while having The Court of Appeal in Ngāti Apa v At- rangatiratanga was more than owner-
different roles and different spheres of torney General31 determined that ship: it encompassed the autonomy of
influence. In essence, rangatira retained hapu to arrange and manage their own
[183] … when the common law of
their authority over their hapu and terri- affairs in partnership with the Crown.
England came to New Zealand its arriv-
tories, while Hobson was given author- 35
The Crown’s duty to protect Māori
al did not extinguish Māori customary
ity to control Pākehā”.24 rights in their water bodies includes the
title. Rather, such title was integrated
This represents a correction of the active protection of their development
into what then became the common law
historical narrative. It was the first ac- rights in their water bodies. In agree-
of New Zealand. Upon acquisition of
knowledgement by a legal body of the ment with the Te Ika Whenua Rivers
sovereignty the Crown did not therefore
position Māori advocated. Report, the Whanganui River Report,
acquire wholly unfettered title to all the
and He Maunga Rongo, the Tribunal
This becomes significant in the context land in New Zealand.
stated “that the nature and extent of pro-
of the Lands case discussed earlier and This left open the possibility that cus- prietary right was the exclusive right to
Court of Appeal President Sir Robin tomary title to the foreshore and sea- control access to and use of the water
Cooke’s promulgation of the Principles bed may continue to exist. The Court while it was in their rohe.”36
of the Treaty of Waitangi, which did not was very clear that the assumption of
reflect Māori understanding of Te Tiriti. The New Zealand common law has
sovereignty by the Crown did not au-
developed a New Zealand accent. I
In 1999 the Waitangi Tribunal investi- tomatically extinguish any underlying
recommend a paper by Justice Joseph
gated a claim by Whanganui tribe Te customary title to land. Confirming
Williams: Lex Aotearoa37. Justice Wil-
Atihau-a-Paparangi. The claim sought earlier authority32, the Court of Appeal
liams’s premise is that the New Zealand
to redress the findings of the Court of considered customary title could not be
law is now changing again to the point
Appeal25 into the ownership of the bed extinguished without the free consent
where tikanga Māori is becoming an
of the Whanganui River. The Tribu- of Māori.
integral part of the “New Zealand com-
nal considered the claims to be well- In 2012, an application for an urgent mon law”. He takes the view that there
founded and recommended the Crown hearing was made to the Waitangi Tri- is still a long distance to travel and we
negotiate remedies with the tribe. The bunal about Māori proprietary rights have not yet developed a distinctly New
negotiations continued and resulted in: to freshwater bodies and geothermal Zealand law but we are well on the path
• Te Awa Tupua was declared an in- resources. The stage 1 report was re- towards doing that. Again, the adop-
divisible and living whole compris- leased in December 201233. It addresses tion of a specific reference to Māori
ing the Whanganui River from the the Crown’s policy to partially privatise ambitions in the Justices of the Peace
mountains to the sea,26 incorporating three state-owned enterprises energy Constitution is a further step down the
all its physical and metaphysical ele- companies without taking into account pathway to a uniquely New Zealand
ments;27 Māori rights to the water resources used set of laws. It is also a profound public
• The river is the source of spiritual and by the companies. statement of intention on behalf of the
physical sustenance;28 There is a positive continuation of re- Justices and should not in my opinion
• The iwi and hapu of the Whanganui view of legal thought and Treaty part- be viewed in any other way. It is a rec-
River have an inalienable connection nership. The Tribunal considered that:34 ognition of the concept and principle
with, and responsibility to, Te Awa “… the claimants’ evidence has demon- of partnership. It is recognition of the
Tupua and its health and well-being;29 strated the customary ‘indicia of own- Justices’ role of actively protecting the
ership’, and that ‘full-blown’ ownership ambitions of Māori.
• Te Awa Tupua was declared to be a
legal person.30 of property in the English sense was the
closest legal equivalent for Māori cus-
This represents a maturation of legal
1 One of the five Muriwhenua iwi together with Te Aūpouri, 16 Re The Bed of the Wanganui River [1962] NZLR 600 (CA 26 Section 12 Te Awa Tupua (Whanganui River Claims
Ngāti Kahu, Ngāi Takoto and Ngāti Kuri 17 New Zealand Māori Council v Attorney General [1987] Settlement) Act 2017
2 Meri Mangakahia petition to Māori Parliament, Waipatu, 1 NZLR 641 27 Ibid
Hawke’s Bay. 1893 18 Cases that were brought to the Higher Courts include the 28 Ibid section 13
3 Electoral Act 1893 forests case (New Zealand Māori Council v Attorney Gen- 29 Ibid
4 R v Symonds (1847) NZPCC 388 eral) ; the coal case (Tainui Māori Trust Board v Attorney 30 Ibid section 14.
5 R v Symonds (1847) NZPCC 388 General [1989] 2 NZLR 513) ; the Te Reo Māori case (New 31 Ngāti Apa v Attorney General [2003] NZLR 643
6 Wi Parata v Bishop of Wellington (1877) 3 NZ Jur (NS) 72 Zealand Māori Council v Attorney General [1989] 2 NZLR 32 Te Runanga O Muriwhenua v Attorney General [1990] 2
7 Ibid 77 143 ); the radio spectrum case NZLR 641 and Te Runanganui o Te Ika Whenua Inc Society
8 Ibid 78 New Zealand Māori Council v Attorney General CA247/90 v Attorney General [1994] 2 NZLR 20 in turn relying on R v
9 Nireaha Tamaki v Baker [1902] 22 NZLR 97 [1 November 1990] (CA) and the broadcasting assets case Symonds(1847) NZPCC 387 and Nireaha Tamaki v Baker
10 Te Heuheu Tukino v Aotea District Māori Land Board New Zealand Māori Council v Attorney General CA 206/91 (1901) NZPCC 371
[1941] NZLR 590 [30 April 1992] (CA). 33 Waitangi Tribunal The Stage 1 Report on the National
11 Ibid 598 19 Huakina Development Trust v Waikato Value Māori Freshwater and Geothermal Resources Claim (Wai 2358,
12 Re The Ninety Mile Beach [1963] NZLR 461 Authority [1987] 2NZLR 188 2012)
13 Re The Bed of the Wanganui River [1962] NZLR 600 20 Waitangi Tribunal The Report on Stage 1 of the Te 34 The Stage 1 Report on the National Freshwater and
(CA) Paparahi o Te Raki (Wai 1040, 2014) Geothermal Resources Claim Ibid [75]-[81].
14 In Re Bed of Lake Omapere an application by Te Ripi 21 Rangatira = Chief 35 This is in agreement with Whanganui River Tribunal’s
Wihongi and ors for Investigation of Title BOIMB Vol 2 page 22The Report on Stage 1 of the Te Paparahi o Te Raki , Ibid findings.
252, August 1 1929 per Judge Acheson 30 at page 501. 36 The Stage 1 Report on the National Freshwater and
15 Ibid 259 23 Ibid Geothermal Resources Claim Ibid [75]-[81].
16 This is unlike Re The Bed of the Wanganui River [1962] 24 Ibid pages 526-527. 37 Lex Aotearoa; the heroic attempt to map the Māori
NZLR 600 (CA) and Re The Ninety Mile Beach [1963] NZLR 25 Waitangi Tribunal The Whanganui River Report (Wai dimension in modern New Zealand Law; Harkness Henry
461 167, 1999) Lecture Volume 21 Waikato Law ReviewPage 15 NEWS
‘Just ask Iris’
By PAT VELTKAMP-SMITH that position became vacant. The two
E
very Justice of the Peace in South- worked closely together and to receive
land was delighted when Iris their special honour at the AGM was
Robinson was honoured with life fitting.
membership at the Annual General Meet- It is more than a decade since last a
ing of the Southland association last year. Southland JP was so honoured: for-
Iris has taught or trained most people in mer registrar the late Colin Winter was
the association and those who did not fall made a life member in 2005.
under her wing regard themselves as the Iris is the first woman Justice to be
poorer for it. elevated to life membership of the
She has taught secretarial courses at Southland association, but this is not
Southland Technical College and simi- the first time such an honour has come
lar subjects at the Southland Institute of her way.
Technology, as well as educating fledg- As a former president of the
ling Justices and teaching new ways to 4000-strong Invercargill Working-
Iris Robinson receives her certificate of men’s Club she received life mem-
those already experienced.
life membership of the Southland asso-
She was the training officer of the South- ciation from Federation President Den- bership of the club in 2003, sharing
land association, bringing to the job the honour with her late husband,
ise Hutchins. Picture: GREG WEAKE Phil Robinson. Before his passing Iris
skills acquired during years of secondary
and tertiary teaching. worked as a marriage celebrant, and
they travelled near and far together throughout Southland.
Before becoming a Justice of the Peace she worked as a court
stenographer in Invercargill and so was familiar with judges Iris was appointed in 1996 and almost immediately became
and the justice system when she quickly became a Judicial a Judicial Justice. She served in that capacity for a number
Justice. of years.
People who worked with Iris unanimously say she made She is still the first port of call for even the most experienced
them feel secure. A woman of sound judgement, she was al- Justices coming up against some quirk in the system. We say
ways a pleasure to work with, said fellow life member Fraser “Just ask Iris, she’ll know.” And she always does.
Clark, who undertook the role of court panel rosterer when Well done, dear friend.
CROSSWORD
ACROSS: president
1 1 2 3 4 1 What you might 3 He wrote The
say we experienced Grapes of Wrath
throughout Decem- 4 Sprite
ber (6,6) 5 Oppressive
5 6 7
5 Bold disobedience 6 11th Governor-
6 Propaganda General of NZ
8 Invariably 7 Holds a foe (anag)
11 Wonted 9 Enliven
8 9 10 11
12 Damage a person’s 10 Breakaway
reputation 15 Friend
13 Standards 17 Extinguished
12 14 NZ’s relative of the 19 Slip
American
18 black widow
S T A Y I N G P O W E R
16 Pry
R G O U
13 14 15 18 Formally
N O S E I N D I C T E D
A T S M O
charged I D E A L S K A T I P O
20 Stamina (7,5) H M E C T N
16 17 18 19
E D I S C R E D I T O
DOWN: S N E B R C
1 Wrath N O R M A L A L W A Y S
2 Sergio Mat- I O A L R
tarella is this
E P U F F A N C D E F I
20 country’s
T L
S U M M E R
T
I A N
R
I N DYou can also read
