Reviewing the Prevalence of Visual Plagiarism Within Visual Arts, Tertiary Education in South East Asia - Lisa Winstanley Assistant Professor ...

Reviewing the
Prevalence of Visual
Plagiarism Within
Visual Arts, Tertiary
Education in South
East Asia
Lisa Winstanley
Assistant Professor
School of Art, Design and Media

June 2019

“The practice of taking someone
else's work or ideas and passing
them off as one's own.”
(English Oxford Living Dictionaries, Online 2019)

                                                    1.   Johnson, Steve. 2019. Blue‐Orange‐And‐White‐Abstract‐Painting.
                                                         Image. https://www.pexels.com/photo/blue‐orange‐and‐white‐
                                                         abstract‐painting‐1183992/.
                                                    2.   Winstanley, Lisa 2019 Connection lost poster design
                                                    3.   Winstanley, Lisa 2016 Lisa Logo design

Pastiche / homage / Parody

Mackintosh, Charles Rene. 1896. Charles Rennie Mackintosh The   https://www.slideshare.net/lclarkhfc/parody-pastiche
Scottish Musical Review (Poster For A Magazine) 1896. Image.
https://www.moma.org/collection/works/4870.

Focus Group
Sessions

              https://www.pexels.com/photo/people-coffee-meeting-team-7096/

• Sparsity of research
• Ambiguous boundaries
• Inadequate policy

Visual Plagiarism Detection

• www.tineye.com
• iTrace
  (Garrett & Robinson, 2012)

• Google reverse image search
• Blob filter
  http://www.roborealm.com/help/Blob_Filter.php

 https://pixabay.com/illustrations/observe-monitoring-spy-search-job-3539810/

Methods
• 3 Focus groups
  positioning participants
  as experts
• 6 open ended questions
  & 1 focusing exercise
• Data Analysis:
  Interpretative
  Phenomenological
  Analysis (IPA)
• Thematic Analysis of
  experiential claims

Findings: 4 Experiential Discourse
Themes Identified

1.   Cultural Discourse
2.   Definition Discourse
3.   Dishonesty Discourse
4.   Education Discourse

Findings
Discourse Themes Identified
1) Culture
•   Social Media – social
    proof!
•   Industry – Lack of
    repercussions
•   Cultural Differences
    Western Influence
    Perceived Innocence
    Secondary Education

                            www.straitstimes.com. 2016. Manila-Born Monica Delgado's Artworks Look Like That Of Renowned
                            Singapore Artist Jane Lee. Image. https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/too-similar.

Findings
Discourse Themes Identified
2) Definition

Confounding factors
• Contextualisation –
  how and for what
• Originality/similarity -
  transformative
• Ambiguity –
  confusion & lack of
  specific policy
                             http://dearrichblog.blogspot.com. 2018. Satire, Parody And Fair Use. Image.
                             http://dearrichblog.blogspot.com/2018/12/satire-parody-and-fair-use-gullivers.html.

Findings
Discourse Themes Identified
3) Dishonesty
Intermixture of
terminology
• Copying
• Stealing
• Whistle blowing

Kleon, Austin. 2019. Steal Like An Artist
Book. Image. Accessed May 20.
https://austinkleon.com/steal/.

Findings
Discourse Themes Identified
3) Dishonesty
Intermixture of
terminology
• Copying
• Stealing
• Whistle blowing

Kleon, Austin. 2019. Steal Like An Artist
Book. Image. Accessed May 20.
https://austinkleon.com/steal/.

Findings
Discourse Themes Identified
4 ) Education
• Lack of Knowledge
         – Unintentional Plagiarism
• Learning Tools
         – Prevention
• Policy & Protocols

Artist’s Rationale
A broader approach required

behaviour by Yu luck from the Noun Project

An Iterative 5 Phase Pre-Emptive
Approach
•   Phase 1: Behavioural change strategy
    Utilising Stanford’s Behaviour Design Lab’s Green Path Behaviour Change
    strategy as a framework

•   Phase 2: A framework of Integrity
    a) Determining Originality 1+1-3, b) Written Rational, c) Reverse Image
    Search d) Personal Code of Ethics

•   Phase 3: Active-learning workshops

•   Phase 4: Production of digital and print based supporting collaterals
    Text books, handouts, posters, online platform

•   Phase 5: Policy Update
    In collaboration with RIEO NTU

Thank you

References
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"Blob Filter". 2019. Roborealm.Com. Accessed May 8. http://www.roborealm.com/help/Blob_Filter.php.
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research.
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Additional Slides for discussion

Phase 1: Behavioural change
strategy
•   (Fogg 2018) Behaviour Change Model indicates that behaviour can
    be changed when three specific elements converge at the same
    time, these are: Motivation, Ability and Trigger.

•   “Increase the number of triggers leading to the new behavior.
    (facilitator, signal)
•   Increase ability to do the new behavior. (Simplicity factors: time,
    brain cycles, social deviance, physical effort)
•   Increase motivation for doing the behavior by decreasing fear
    associated with the behavior.”
    (Fogg 2018)

Phase 2: A framework of Integrity
• a) Determining Originality 1+1=3

           +              =

                              https://www.oliviercourbet.com/work/circus-of-magazines/

Phase 2: A framework of Integrity
• a) Determining Originality: Steal Like an Artist
An Example:
“ ’Macbeth shall never vanquished be’ until the very forest marches on his castle.
But then the English army marches on the castle holding branches from the forest,
and Macbeth is vanquished.

J.R.R. Tolkien has such ‘bitter disappointment and disgust’ at this ‘shabby use’
That he invented a moving, talking forest, which actually uproots and goes to war in
The Lord of the Rings.

And for now, the public knows Tolkien’s trees better than Shakespeare’s.
He stole like an artist.” (Douglas 2017)

Douglas, Nick. 2017. Lifehacker.Com. https://lifehacker.com/an‐artist‐explains‐what‐great‐artists‐steal‐really‐me‐1818808264.

Phase 2: A framework of Integrity
• b) Written Rational

                        Patel, Neneh. 2018. February Statement Of Intent.
                        Ebook. Issuu.
                        https://issuu.com/nenehpatel/docs/statement_of
                        _intent.

Phase 2: A framework of Integrity
• c) Reverse Image Search

"Tineye Reverse Image Search". 2019. Tineye.Com. https://www.tineye.com/.

                                                                            "Google Images". 2019. Google.Com. https://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en.

Phase 2: A framework of Integrity
• Personal Code of Ethics

Harrop, Matt. 2017. Oldham Street Art, Manchester. Image. https://www.geograph.org.uk/more.php?id=5298014.

Phase 3: Active-
learning workshops

     pexels.com. 2019. Working In A Group. Image. Accessed May 25. https://www.pexels.com/photo/working‐in‐a‐group‐6224/.

Phase 4: Production of digital
and print based supporting
collaterals
•   Text books
•   Handouts
•   Posters
•   Online-platform

                      Mecoy, Laura. 2017. Infographic_Caniusethatpicture4. Image. http://mecoy.net/can‐i‐use‐that‐
                      picture/infographic_caniusethatpicture4/#prettyPhoto.

Focus Group:
Focussing Exercise 1.
1. Direct Copying
2. Pastiche / homage
3. Direct copying for commercial
   purposes but original was
   homage
4. Direct copying of a
   photographic composition
   for commercial purposes
5. Tracing a photograph
6. Copying as a learning tool