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Signals and Communication Technology For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/4748
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Ramjee Prasad Sudhir Dixit
●
Richard van Nee Tero Ojanpera
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Editors
Globalization of Mobile and
Wireless Communications:
Today and in 2020Editors Ramjee Prasad Richard van Nee Center for TeleInFrastruktur (CTIF), Qualcom Aalborg University Waalre Denmark The Netherlands prasad@es.aau.dk rvannee@Qualcomm.com Sudhir Dixit Tero Ojanpera Hewlett-Packard Labs Nokia Bangalore Espoo India Finland sudhir.dixit@hp.com tero.ojanpera@nokia.com ISBN 978-94-007-0106-9 e-ISBN 978-94-007-0107-6 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0107-6 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010938714 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To the organizers of Ramjee Prasad’s 50 PhD Graduates’ Celebration Event held on April 11, 2008, in Aalborg, Denmark
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Preface
niyatam sanga-rahitam
araga-dvesatah kritam
aphala-prepsuna karma
yat tat sattvikam ucyate
That action which is regulated and which is performed without attachment, without love or
hatred, and without desire for fruitive results is said to be in the mode of goodness
The Bhagavad-Gita (18.23)
This book is the outcome of the panel discussions held on the special event honor-
ing first 50 PhD students of Prof. Ramjee Prasad. Several of his PhD students are
today worldwide telecommunication leaders themselves. Over 60 post-docs, PhDs,
colleagues and the scientific staff were present at the event to celebrate the research
and development achievements in the field of mobile and wireless communication.
The topics of the two panel discussions held were ‘Globalization of Mobile and
Wireless Communications’ and ‘Beyond 2020’. Therefore the title of the book is
‘Globalization of Mobile and Wireless Communications: Today and in 2020.
The book reflects on how rapidly mobile communication has spread and touched
almost every person on this planet, may that person be rich or poor, man or woman,
or child or adult. The book also attempts to provide a window into the future and
speculates how the wireless world might look like at the end of this decade, and
presents some of the key enabling technologies that would drive the process to get
there. Since naturally the business models drive the investment decisions and the
adoption rate of any new technology, we have also included a chapter on that.
This book serves as a good starting point for casual readers, engineers and
researchers who would like to have access to a book that provides in one single
place what is there to know about the reasons behind the huge success of the wire-
less communication around the world.
viiviii Preface
As globalization becomes more and more important, we foresee more readers
(including the policy makers and decision makers in the governments) being inter-
ested in the topic of this book. The reader would benefit from a wide range of topics
that are discussed in this book, some of which are listed below.
1. The book introduces the notion of globalization of wireless communication
2. The book covers the key technologies (past, present, and future) and their
enablers to make mobile wireless a global phenomenon
3. The book not just covers technology aspects, it also addresses applications and
techno-economic aspects
4. The book covers standards and international fora and their critical role in
globalization
5. The book sheds light on the future developments in wireless communication,
and accompanying potential business opportunities
6. Potential impact of wireless communication on efficient management of energy
resources and global warming
Because each topic can easily expand into a book of its own and it is difficult to
have in-depth knowledge in all of these domains, we chose to invite the various
thought leaders in their fields to contribute to this book. The book is written in a
style to provide a broad overview of the various technologies with a special empha-
sis on the user as the center of all activities. It has been our objective to provide the
material in one single place to enable quick learning of the fundamentals involved
in an easy-to-read format.
Finally, we (including the chapter authors) have tried our best to ensure that each
and every chapter is as accurate as possible; however, some errors in any manu-
script are inevitable. Please let us know of any errors and ideas to improve the book
– such comments will be highly appreciated.
June 2010 Ramjee Prasad, CTIF, Denmark
Sudhir Dixit, Hewlett-Packard Laks, India
Richard van Nee, Qualcom, The Netherlands
Tero Ojanpera, Nokia, USAAcknowledgments
We are indebted to the contributors of this book for their hard work that made this
book possible. All throughout this project, they were patient and forthcoming with
any revisions we requested of them.
We also thank the organizers of the 50 PhD Graduates’ Celebration Event that
was held on April 11, 2008, in Aalborg to commemorate the attainment of Professor
Ramjee Prasad to have graduated 50 PhD students. Most chapters published in this
book were first presented as the invited talks and were later expanded into book
chapters.
Credit for the major efforts in helping us to put the material together and shape
it into a final version goes to Kirti Pasari from CTIF.
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About the Editors
Professor Dr. Ramjee Prasad Fellow of IEEE (USA), The IET (UK) and IETE
(India), has obtained B.Sc. Engineering in Electronics and Communication from
the Bihar Institute of Technology, Sindri, India in 1968 followed by a M.Sc.
Engineering from the Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), Ranchi, India in 1970
and a PhD from BIT, India in 1979. Ramjee Prasad is a world-wide established
scientist, who has given fundamental contributions towards development of wire-
less communications. He achieved fundamental results towards the development of
CDMA and OFDM, taking the leading role by being the first in the world to publish
books in the subjects of CDMA (1996) and OFDM (1999). He is the recipient of
many international academic, industrial and governmental awards and distinctions,
huge number of books (more than 25), journals and conferences publications
(together more than 750), a sizeable amount of graduated PhD students (over 60)
and an even larger amount of graduated M.Sc. students (over 200). Several of his
students are today worldwide telecommunication leaders themselves. Recently,
under his initiative, international M.Sc. and PhD programmes have been started
with the Sinhgad Technical Education Society in India, the Bandung Institute of
Technology in Indonesia and with the Athens Information Technology (AIT) in
Greece. Ramjee Prasad has a long path of achievements until to date and a rich
experience in the academic, managerial, research, and business spheres of the
mobile and wireless communication area. Namely, he played an important role in
the success that the Future Radio Wideband Multiple Access Systems (FRAMES)
achieved. He was the leader of successful EU projects like the MAGNET and
MAGNET Beyond, among others, as well as the driver of fruitful cooperation with
companies in projects, like Samsung, Huawei, Nokia, Telenor, among others. He
started as a Senior Research Fellow (1970–1972) and continued as an Assistant
Professor (1972–1980) at the Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), Mesra, Ranchi,
India. He was appointed as an Associate Professor in 1980–1983 and head of the
Microwave Laboratory there. From 1983–1988 Ramjee Prasad worked at the
University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), Tanzania, where he became Full Professor
of Telecommunications in the Department of Electrical Engineering in1986. From
February 1988 till May 1999 Ramjee Prasad worked at the Delft University of
xixii About the Editors Technology (DUT), The Netherlands at the Telecommunications and Traffic Control Systems Group. He was the founding head and program director of the Centre for Wireless and Personal Communications (CWPC) of the International Research Centre for Telecommunications-Transmission and Radar (IRCTR) at DUT, The Netherlands. Since June 1999, Ramjee Prasad has been holding the Professorial Chair of Wireless Information and Multimedia Communications at Aalborg University, Denmark (AAU). Here, he was also the Co-Director of the Center for Personal Communication until December 2002. He became the research director of the department of Communication Technology in 2003. In January 2004, he became the Founding Director of the Center for TeleInfrastruktur (CTIF), established as large multi-area research center at the premises of Aalborg University. CTIF at Aalborg University was inaugurated on January 29, 2004. Under Ramjee Prasad’s successful leadership and due to his extraordinary vision, CTIF turned into CTIF-Global by opening four divisions, namely: CTIF-Italy (inaugurated in 2006 in Rome), CTIF-India (inaugurated in 2007 in Kolkata), CTIF-Copenhagen and CTIF-Japan (inaugurated in 2008). Ramjee Prasad is the founding chairman of Global ICT Standardization Forum for India (GISFI). Dr. Sudhir Dixit is the Director of HP Labs India. The principal focus of the labo- ratory is on creating new technologies to address the information technology needs of the next billion customers of HP. Prior to joining HP Labs, Dixit held a joint appointment as a CTO at the Centre for Internet Excellence and a Research Manager at the Centre for Wireless Communications, at the University of Oulu, Finland. From 1996 to 2008, he held various positions with Nokia and Nokia Siemens Networks: Senior Research Manager, Research Fellow, Head of Nokia Research Centre (Boston), and Head of Network Technology (USA). Before that he was with NYNEX Science and Technology and GTE Laboratories (both now Verizon Communications) from 1987 to 1996. He also held the position of Senior Director at Research In Motion for a brief period in 2008. He has published over 200 papers in journals or conferences and edited 4 books, and holds 19 patents. He is on the editorial boards of IEEE Communications Magazine, Cambridge University Press Wireless Series and Springer’s Wireless Personal Communications Journal. He has organized numerous conferences and has also served in other capacities. He is Chairman of the Vision Committee and Vice Chairman of the Americas region of the Wireless World Research Forum. Dixit is also an Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at the University of California, Davis. Dixit received a PhD in electronic science and telecommunica- tions from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, and an M.B.A. from the Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida. He received his M.E. degree from BITS, Pilani and B.E. degree from MANIT, Bhopal. He is a Fellow of IEEE (USA), IET (UK) and IETE (India). Dr. Tero Ojanperä who heads Nokia’s Services business, is responsible for the company’s portfolio of location, messaging, entertainment and context-based services.
About the Editors xiii He has been a member of the Group Executive Board since 2005, and was appointed to his current position in 2009. Tero has played a defining role in driving Nokia’s evolution since joining the company in 1990, holding several senior management positions at Nokia Networks. In 2003–2004, he headed the Nokia Research Center, and was appointed chief strategy officer a year later. From 2006, Tero served as chief technology officer, responsible for corporate and technology strategy, strategic alliances and partner- ships, research and intellectual property rights. Tero has a master’s degree from the University of Oulu, Finland, and a PhD from Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands. He was born on Nov. 12, 1966, in Korsnäs, Finland. Tero is married and has three children. In his spare time, he enjoys boating and skiing. Dr. Richard van Nee received the M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from Twente University in Enschede, the Netherlands, in 1990, followed by a PhD degree from Delft University of Technology in 1995. From 1995 to 2000, he worked for Lucent Technologies Bell Labs on wireless LAN transmission tech- niques. He invented the CCK codes that are used in the IEEE 802.11b standard – which was the standard that led to the formation of WiFi. He co-developed the OFDM-based proposal that was adopted by the IEEE 802.11a wireless LAN standard in 1998. In 2001, he cofounded Airgo Networks – acquired by Qualcomm in 2006 – that developed the first MIMO-OFDM modem for wireless LAN and which techniques form the basis of the IEEE 802.11n standard. Together with Ramjee Prasad, he wrote a book on OFDM, entitled ‘OFDM for Mobile Multimedia Communications.’ In 2002 he received the Dutch Veder award for his contributions to standardization of wireless communications. He holds more than 40 patents related to various WiFi standards and served as an expert witness in several WiFi related lawsuits. He is currently a principal engineer at Qualcomm where he is responsible for WiFi algorithm design and for developing proposals for the new 802.11ac standard.
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Contents
1 Introduction to Globalization of Mobile
and Wireless Communications: Today and in 2020................................ 1
Sudhir Dixit, Tero Ojanpera, Richard van Nee, and Ramjee Prasad
2 Role of Networks Operators and Manufacturers
in Building a Globalized Wireless World................................................. 9
Sofoklis Kyriazakos
3 Globalization of Mobile and Wireless Communications:
Bridging the Digital Divide....................................................................... 19
Marco Moretti
4 Globalization of Wireless and Mobile Networks;
the Impact to Africa................................................................................... 31
Stanley H. Mneney
5 Globalization of Mobile and Wireless Communications:
Today and in 2020: Emerging Global Business Models 2020................ 47
Peter Lindgren, Yariv Taran, and Kristin Falck Saughaug
6 Access Security and Personal Privacy in Public Cellular
Communication Systems: The Past, the Present
and Beyond 2020........................................................................................ 71
Geir M. Køien and Vladimir A. Oleshchuk
7 Security and Privacy Challenges
in Globalized Wireless Communications................................................. 91
Hanane Fathi
8 802.11n: The Global Wireless LAN Standard......................................... 103
Richard van Nee
xvxvi Contents
9 Vision on Radio Resource Management (RRM)
and Quality of Service (QoS) for Wireless Communication
Systems in Year 2020............................................................................... 119
Ljupčo Jorgušeski
10 On Designing Future Communication Systems:
Some Clean-Slate Perspectives............................................................... 129
Petar Popovski
11 Long Term Development of Air Interfaces:
Is It CDMA or OFDM?........................................................................... 145
Ernestina Cianca
12 Flexible and Dynamic Use of Spectrum:
The Cognitive Radio Approach.............................................................. 159
Enrico Del Re, Gherardo Gorni, Luca Simone Ronga,
and Rosalba Suffritti
13 Future Perspectives for Cognitive Radio Technology........................... 185
Nicola Marchetti and Muhammad Imadur Rahman
14 Multi-users Participation in Bidding Process
in a Congested Cellular Network............................................................ 203
K. Sridhara, P.S.M. Tripathi, Ambuj Kumar, Ashok Chandra,
and Ramjee Prasad
15 Wavelet Radio: A Future Vision for Wireless
Communications...................................................................................... 223
Homayoun Nikookar
16 Cooperative Localization in a Hybrid WiMAX/WiFi System:
A Future-Proof Framework.................................................................... 237
Francescantonio Della Rosa, Simone Frattasi, and João Figueiras
17 Perspectives on Energy-Harvesting Wireless
Sensor Networks....................................................................................... 249
Mary Ann Ingram, Lakshmi Thanayankizil, Jin Woo Jung,
and Aravind Kailas
18 Coherent Transmission: A Technique for Stopping
Global Warming and Climate Change................................................... 275
Shinsuke HaraContents xvii
19 Novel Services and Applications Demand
Intelligent Software.................................................................................. 287
Rasmus Løvenstein Olsen
20 Let’s Assume the System Is Synchronized............................................. 311
Fred Harris
Author Index.................................................................................................... 327
Subject Index.................................................................................................... 333wwwwwwwww
Abbreviations
ACL Adjacent Channel Leakage
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AES Advanced Encryption Standard
AI Artificial Intelligence
AKE Authenticated Key Exchange
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Systems
ARQ Automatic Request Control
BIS Bidding Strategy
BS Base Station
BWA Broadband Wireless Access
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
CALA Context Access Language
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CHESS Communication Using Hybrid Energy Storage System
COMET Cooperative Mobile Positioning
CR Cognitive Radio
CSI Channel State Information
DAMPS Digital AMPS
DoD Depth of Discharge
DPI Deep Packet Inspection
DSA Dynamic Spectrum Auction
DSA Dynamic Spectrum Access
DS-CDMA Direct Sequence CDMA
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
DSS Dynamic Spectrum Sharing
DVB-SH Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite services to Handhelds
EAS Electronic Auction System
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
EEHF Environmental Energy Harvesting Framework
EHWSN Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network
EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
xixxx Abbreviations E-WME Energy-opportunistic Weighted Minimum FCC Federal Communications Commission FDE Frequency Domain Equalization FFT Fast Fourier Transform FPM Fixed Price Model FSK Frequency Shift Keying FSU Flexible Spectrum Usage 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project GDP Gross Domestic Product GMSK Gaussian Minimum Phase Shift GPRS General Packet Radio Service GPS Global Positioning System GSM Global System for Mobile Communications HESS Hybrid Energy Storage System HIPERLAN High Performance Radio LAN HSPA High Speed Packet Access IBE Identity-Based Encryption ICI Inter-carrier interference ICI Inter-channel interference ICT Information and Communication Technology IMT-A International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced IP Internet Protocol IPR Intellectual Property Rights ISI Inter-symbol interference ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical ITU International Telecommunication Union KB Knowledge Base LR-AKE Leakage-Resilient AKE LTE Long Term Evolution LTE-A Long Term Evolution - Advanced MAC Medium Access Control MAGNET My Personal Adaptive Global Net MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output MISO Multiple Input Single Output NFFT Nonequidistant Fast Fourier Transform NGN Next Generation Networks NLOS Non-Line- Of-Sight NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access OPEX Operational Cost OSI Open System Interconnection OWL Ontology Web Language PAPR Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio PDF Probability Density Function (PDF)
Abbreviations xxi PHY Physical Layer PIR Private Information Retrieval PLL Phase Locked Loop PNC Public Network Computing PPM Pulse Position Modulation PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network PU Primary Users QKD Quantum key distribution RAT Radio Access Technology RRM Radio Resource Management RSS Received Signal Strength SDR Software-Defined Radios SIM Subscriber Identity Module SIP Session Initiation Protocol SLA Service Level Agreement SMC Secure Multi-party Computations S-OFDM Shaped OFDM SVCs Switched Virtual Connections SAA Simultaneous Ascending Auction TACS Total Access Communication System TCO Total Cost of Ownership TDD Time Division Duplex TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TDOA Time Difference Of Arrival TRAI Telecommunication Regulatory Authority of India UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network UWB Ultra Wideband VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal VSB Vestigial Sideband W-CDMA Wideband CDMA WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WLAN Wireless Local Area Network WLL Wireless Local Loop WSN Wireless Sensor Network WTO World Trade Organisation XML Extensible Markup Language
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