TEXAS TOURISM - OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE TEXAS MUNICIPAL LEAGUE
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OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE TEXAS MUNICIPAL LEAGUE
April 2022
VOLUME CIX
NUMBER 4
TEXAS
TOURISM
CONTENTS H FEATURES
Official Publication of the 19 32 46
Texas Municipal League. 2022 Annual TML Taxation Ten Lessons from Texas Tourism Public Improvement
and Debt Survey Results Are Tourism and Hospitality Districts in Texas
This publication assumes no responsibility Available Legend Larry Woods
for statements made by contributors
49
in signed articles. It is not operated for 22 36 Destination Marketing
pecuniary gain. Unique and Innovative Art Activates Vacant Organizations: Part of Your
Partnerships Downtown Buildings COVID Recovery Plan
Editor Christina Corrigan
24 40 52
Creative Manager Jennifer Stamps
Designer Will Bowling Photo Contests: Grandma’s Bastrop: A Bird-Friendly City Celebrate the Bluebonnet
Advertising Sales Gray Gilson Recipe for “User Generated in Texas Spirit in Ennis
Printing Publication Printers Corp. Content” Can Still Work
42 54
28 Building Relationships Is Find Yourself in Rockport-
Texas Town & City (ISSN 1084-5356) is
published monthly except October for $30
There’s No Business Like Key for Small Destination Fulton
per year ($3.00 per single copy) by the Show Business Marketing Organizations
56
Texas Municipal League, 1821 Rutherford
30 44 Closer to Nature
Lane, Suite 400, Austin, Texas 78754-5101.
The West Texas Town Denton Looks Forward to a
Periodicals Postage Paid at Austin, Texas
Reinvents Itself as Storybook Sustainable Future
and additional mailing offices.
Capital of America
POSTMASTER:
Send address changes to Texas Town & City,
CONTENTS H IN EACH ISSUE
1821 Rutherford Lane, Suite 400, Austin,
Texas 78754-5101.
Section 305.027, Government Code, requires 5 14
legislative advertising to disclose certain President’s Message Small Cities’ Corner
information.
6 16
A person who knowingly enters into a TML News Legal Q&A
contract or other agreement to print, publish,
or broadcast legislative advertising that 8 58
does not contain the required information Risk Pool News Career Builder
commits a Class A misdemeanor offense.
Texas Town & City contains material which 10 59
is legislative advertising as defined by law in Health Pool News Instagram Highlights
the state of Texas.
12
Mr. Bennett Sandlin has entered into an City Lights
agreement with Publication Printers Corp.
for the printing of Texas Town & City
magazine. Mr. Sandlin represents the ABOUT THE COVER
member cities of the Texas Municipal
League. The Texas Municipal League and the
Texas Association of Convention and
Visitor Bureaus present the annual Texas
Tourism issue.
Photo credit: Visit Bastrop
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 3 • APRI 2022
ABOUT H TML BOARD OF DIRECTORS H TML
The Texas Municipal League exists solely TEXAS MUNICIPAL LEAGUE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
to provide services to Texas cities. Since PRESIDENT 15-Merlyn Holmes, Councilmember, Victor Conley, Fire Chief, Irving
its formation in 1913, the League’s mission Martha Castex-Tatum, Kilgore Texas Fire Chiefs Association
Vice Mayor Pro Tem, Houston
has remained the same: to serve the needs 16-Larry Spears Jr., Mayor, Orange
Amanda Campos, City Secretary,
and advocate the interests of its members. Burleson
PRESIDENT-ELECT
Membership in the League is voluntary AFFILIATE DIRECTORS Texas Municipal Clerks
David Rutledge,CMO
Rolandrea Russell, Planner, Frisco Association, Inc.
and is open to any city in Texas. From the Mayor, Bridge City
American Planning Association
original 14 members, TML’s membership has Texas Chapter Lisa Norris, Human Resources/
IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT Civil Service Director, Grand Prairie
grown to more than 1,150 cities. Over 16,000
Holly Gray-Moore, Texas Municipal Human Resources
mayors, councilmembers, city managers, Mayor Pro Tem, Roanoke Marissa Ximenez, Councilmember,
Association
Floresville
city attorneys, and department heads are
Association of Hispanic Municipal
member officials of the League by virtue of Maria Redburn, Library Director, Bedford
PAST PRESIDENTS Officials
Texas Municipal Library Directors
their cities’participation. Mary M. Dennis, CMO, Mayor, Live Oak Association
Selso A. Mata, Director of Building
Leonard Reed, CMO, Mayor, Willis
Inspections, Plano
The League provides a variety of services Henry Wilson, Mayor, Hurst Michael Thane, Director of Utilities,
Building Officials Association of Texas
Round Rock
to its member cities. One of the principal Dock Jackson, CMO, Councilmember,
Texas Municipal Utilities Association
Bastrop Clifford Blackwell, Deputy City Manager,
purposes of the League is to advocate
Terry Henley, Board of Adjustment Glenn Heights
municipal interests at the state and federal Gene Ellis, Assistant
Government Finance Officers
Member, Meadows Place City Manager/Chief of Police, Belton
levels. Among the thousands of bills Association of Texas
Texas Police Chiefs Association
introduced during each session of the Texas
DIRECTORS-AT-LARGE Dr. Brian Rowland, Mayor, Prairie View
Legislature are hundreds of bills that would Timothy Slifka, Purchasing Manager,
Jim Ross, Mayor, Arlington Texas Association of Black City Council Southlake
affect cities. The League, working through its Steve Adler, Mayor, Austin Members Texas Public Purchasing Association
Legislative Services Department, attempts Paulette M. Guajardo,
Sid Hudson, Chief Information Officer,
to defeat detrimental city-related bills Mayor, Corpus Christi Erin Hart, Assistant Director of Parks,
McKinney
Arts and Recreation Department,
and to facilitate the passage of legislation Eric Johnson, Mayor, Dallas Texas Association of Governmental
Grand Prairie
designed to improve the ability of municipal Claudia Lizette Rodriguez, Information Technology Managers
Texas Recreation and Parks Society
governments to operate effectively. Representative, El Paso
Lori Ward, Councilmember,
Mattie Parker, Mayor, Fort Worth EX-OFFICIO NON-VOTING INVITED
Addison
Martha Castex-Tatum, Vice Mayor Texas Association of Mayors,
The League employs full-time attorneys who REPRESENTATIVES
Pro Tem, Houston Councilmembers and Commissioners TML Health Benefits Pool
are available to provide member cities with
Ron Nirenberg, Mayor, San Antonio Blake Petrash, Mayor Pro Tem,
information on municipal legal matters. On a Steve Killen, Director of Development
City of Ganado
daily basis, the legal staff responds to member Services, Stephenville
REGIONAL DIRECTORS Texas Association of Municipal Health
cities’ written and oral questions on a wide 2-Doyle Robinson, CMO, Mayor, TML Intergovernmental Risk Pool
Officials
variety of legal matters. The League annually Panhandle Jeffrey Snyder, City Manager, Plainview
conducts a variety of conferences and 3-Latrelle Joy, Councilmember, Jay Socol, Director of Public
Communications, College Station
training seminars to enhance the knowledge Lubbock
Texas Association of Municipal
and skills of municipal officials in the state. In 4-Jack Ladd, Councilmember, Midland Information Officers
addition, the League also publishes a variety 5-Dustin Fraticelli, Commissioner,
Vernon Robert Upton, Director of Engineering
of printed materials to assist member cities
and Public Works, Pearland
6-Vacant
in performing their duties. The best known Texas Chapter of American Public Works
7-Allison Heyward, CMO, Association
of these is the League’s monthly magazine,
Councilmember, Schertz
Texas Town & City. Each issue focuses on a
8-Tito Rodriguez, Councilmember, Charles E. Zech, City Attorney,
variety of contemporary municipal issues, North Richland Hills Pflugerville, Bee Cave, Wimberley, Prairie
including survey results to respond to View, Rollingwood, Santa Fe, Leon Valley,
9-Ray O’Docharty, Mayor, Groesbeck
and Fair Oaks Ranch
member inquiries. 10-Connie Schroeder, CMO, Mayor, Texas City Attorneys Association
Bastrop
For additional information on any of 11-Cathy Skurow, Mayor, Portland Hugh R. Walker, Deputy City Manager,
Bryan
these services, contact the 12-Ricardo Villarreal, Mayor, Palmview
Texas City Management Association
Texas Municipal League at 512-231-7400 13-Rick Grady, Councilmember, Plano
or visit our website, www.tml.org. 14-Andy Brauninger, Mayor, Huntsville Jennifer Bozorgnia, Court Services
Coordinator, Irving
Texas Court Clerks Association
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 4 • APRIL 2022
MESSAGE H FROM THE PRESIDENT
MARTHA CASTEX-TATUM
Vice Mayor Pro Tem, City of Houston
TML President
For many years, the April issue of Texas Town & City has been devoted to the topic of tourism in Texas
cities. I’ve always looked forward to this issue. Tourism is a cornerstone of Houston’s economy, just as
it is for many of your towns. People from all over the world want to visit Texas cities because we have
some of the most beautiful and interesting cities in the world!
But we can’t just sit back and assume folks will continue to travel here. Successful tourism involves an
important partnership between cities, convention and visitors bureaus, hotels, and state government.
Each element, from HOT taxes to destination marketing is integral to make it all happen. In this issue,
you’ll hear about topics such as tourism public improvement districts, film and music city certifications,
destination management organizations, and many others.
Cities in all our Texas regions compete to attract national and worldwide tourism dollars. But it’s not
a competition that any city or region needs to lose—there are plenty of tourism dollars to go around.
Each city can gain from a coordinated effort at marketing what makes our state great. That tourist
from France or Canada might only visit Granbury and Fort Worth this year, but if we all do our jobs
they’ll be back soon enough to Boerne, Rockport, El Paso, Houston, and your city! Let’s all get ready
to understand the tools and tips that make tourism synergy possible.
Martha Castex-Tatum
Vice Mayor Pro Tem, City of Houston
TML President
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 5 • APRI 2022
TML H NEWS
TML TRAINING CALENDAR
April-May 2022
April 1
Workplace Conflict and Strategies for Resolving It
Austin
April 6-8
TML Leadership Academy – Course One
Round Rock
April 14
Interacting Constructively with the Media
Webinar
Announcing TML Small Town Conference
April 25-26
TML Public Funds Investment Act Training
Make plans to attend the 2022 TML Small Town Conference on May
Austin
19-20 at the Hangar Hotel in Fredericksburg. Designed for elected
officials and staff serving towns and cities with a population of April 26
15,000 or less, the conference will inspire ideas that can lead to Governing Ethically: Understanding Your Influence
better planning and a stronger community. Our experts will discuss Webinar
branding, economic development, technology, succession
planning, legal issues, and funding for water projects. Most April 27-29
importantly, you will connect with other leaders from across Texas TMUA Leadership and Management Conference
who, like you, are working to build and support vibrant small cities. College Station
Learn more and register at https://tmlsmalltownconference.org.
May 11-13
TML Leadership Academy – Course Two
Apply Now for a Municipal Round Rock
Excellence Award
May 11-13
The TML Municipal Excellence Awards have been celebrating and TMHRA Annual Conference
Georgetown
inspiring municipal excellence and innovation for more than 25
years. Each year, awards are given in two population categories
May 19-20
(cities under 25,000 and cities over 25,000) and in five subject
TML Small Town Conference
categories (city spirit, communication programs, management
Fredericksburg
innovations, public safety, and public works). The deadline to
submit online applications is Friday, June 3. For additional details May 20
including the application link, visit www.tml.org/210/Municipal- TML Budget Workshop
Excellence-Awards. H Belton
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 6 • APRIL 2022
Cajun Capital of Texas
Outdoor Historic Downtown Unique Attractions Exceptional
Opportunities Art
Straddling borders but not bound by state lines, Beaumont is big Texas fun with Cajun
flair. Embodying the best of the Lone Star State and Louisiana, Beaumont is an easy and Scan to
affordable drive destination. Just 1.5 hours from Houston, 3.5 hours from Austin, and four learn
from Dallas, New Orleans, or San Antonio, many attractions are completely free, and we
have a 48-hour under $48 itinerary perfect for families, couples, or solo travelers. Swing
more!
on through and get ready to laissez les bon temps rouler, y’all.
Save the
Date EATBMT MAY 5 - 15, 2022
Come join in on the fun of the fourth annual #EATBMT Restaurant Week May 5 - 15, 2022. Restaurant Week invites you to experience
the flavors of Southeast Texas with foodie events and special fixed menus priced at $10, $20, and $30 with dine-in or to-go options
around the Golden Triangle. We are so excited for both community members and visitors to get a taste of what Beaumont has to offer.
VISITBEAUMONTTX.COM | @VISITBEAUMONTX | 409.880.3749
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 7 • APRI 2022
RISK POOL H NEWS
Partnering for Financial Strength exactly the rate of infection in the general population
(see chart – with bars indicating claims and the red line
The Texas Municipal League Intergovernmental Risk Pool indicating general population).
offers and provides Texas cities with a stable and economic
source of risk financing and loss prevention services. The The cost of those events meant that member contributions
financial condition of the Pool remains strong and stable. In weren’t enough to cover the losses, so Members’ Equity
fact, the Pool’s partnership spans the state: came into play. The Pool experienced a $36 million deficit,
• over 96 percent of Texas cities (and hundreds
of other local governments) are contributing
members of the Pool;
• over 200,000 public servants are covered for
workers’ compensation through the Pool; and
• over $45 billion in governmental property is
covered by the Pool.
The key to the Pool’s financial strength is its net
position (what the Pool calls “Members’ Equity”).
In a normal year, the Pool would expect to fund
“ordinary” losses within the budget. In other
words, member contributions would be enough
to cover all claims. Of course, 2020-2021 was
anything but ordinary. Texas local governments
saw two catastrophic events – winter storm Uri
and the continuing COVID-19 pandemic. TML Risk Pool Objectives
Winter storm Uri, one of the only statewide catastrophes • Educate Members about avoiding and reducing
the Pool has ever faced, led to claims exceeding $75
risks
million. That number approached the losses caused in
2017 by Hurricane Harvey (the Pool’s most expensive • Control losses with effective legal defense and
disaster on record) at $104 million. COVID-19 claims were claims handling
almost exclusively based on the “first responders’ disease • Anticipate emerging risks
presumption law.” That law “presumes” that police, fire, and
• Be aware of and anticipate state and national trends
EMS employees who contract the disease were infected
• Provide appropriate coverages that meet the needs
while at work, entitling them to workers’ compensation
benefits. First responder infections proportionately tracked of the Pool’s Members
infections in the general population (see accompanying • Serve as an expert source of information on risk
chart). As of March 2022, the Pool had processed over 7,500 management for cities, other units of local
claims, 46 of which were – unfortunately – fatalities. The
government, and the Texas Municipal League
total incurred losses to the Pool are nearly $100 million,
with over $60 million of that amount incurred for the fatality • Develop, train, and retain highly qualified staff
claims. Interestingly, the presumption claims track almost
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 8 • APRIL 2022
but Members’ Equity remains strong at $381 million. Using Most importantly, the Pool – as always – has been here to
equity to maintain stable rates was no accident. In 2014, cover the “losses.” That word sometimes has a negative
the Pool adopted a Target Members’ Equity Policy, which connotation. As it relates to pooling, however, it shouldn’t.
considers the appropriate amount of capital (Members’ Why? As money flows from the Pool, it goes to repair or
Equity) required to support the Pool’s operations. Even replace public buildings and other facilities. Or it goes to
after a difficult year, our Members’ Equity remains within the ensure that our first responders and/or their families are
target range to support the Pool going forward. taken care of. To put it simply, the Pool’s so-called losses
are a member’s gain.
The Pool’s operating expenses were $3.5 million under
budget, due primarily to the pandemic restrictions and Taxpayer dollars are well-spent on the TML Risk Pool,
austerity measures. Yet the Pool was fully operational, which provides robust coverage, customized resources,
thanks to a dedicated staff and technological investments. and governmental support at a value found nowhere else.
It remains an honor to serve Texas cities through our Core
The Pool shares city officials’ goal of spending public Values: Integrity, Public Service, Fiscal Responsibility, and
funds wisely. Our team of underwriters, financial officers, Operational Excellence. H
and many others does everything possible to keep rates
stable, allowing city officials to anticipate costs to plan their
budgets.
Grandscape / The Colony, Texas
We engineered a destination in North Texas
to attract people from miles around.
IN GRAND STYLE.
We’re Olsson, a nationally recognized engineering and design
firm that adds purpose to every project we create. Our work at
Grandscape brings people together. Learn how at olsson.com.
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 9 • APRI 2022
HEALTH POOL NEWS H
Health Doesn’t Have to Be Boring: touch with nature, your body, and rafting companions.
Five Fun Activities to Do in Texas That Are 4. Camping Big Bend National Park, Guadalupe
Secretly Good for You River State Park, Garner State Park, and of course
the beautiful Enchanted Rock are a few places you
Wherever you are in Texas, there are many good excuses can pitch your tent and enjoy the view. For wildlife
to get outside, and healthy activity definitely doesn’t have watching, try Fossil Rim Wildlife Center in Glen Rose
to look like sweating in a gym. Here are five fun activities or Caprock Canyons State Park. Caprock Canyons also
to enjoy outdoors this spring and summer. Nothing against boasts incredible stargazing.
YouTube yoga, but it feels like we’ve been inside forever!
5. It’s Texas, Y’all—Try Riding a Horse! Palo Duro
1. Hiking Texas has many beautiful hikes, and there’s Canyon State Park, Caprock Canyons, and Big Thicket
still ample time before the sweltering summer begins National Preserve are just a few of the places you can
in earnest to get out into the hill country. book a tour to go horseback riding along scenic trails.
It’s good exercise, and aren’t they just adorable?
Try Santa Elena Canyon in Big Bend for a short shady
hike along the river, or Guadalupe Peak for the challenge If you’ve got kids who love dinosaurs, try going for a
of the highest point in Texas, with a breathtaking view ride through Dinosaur Valley State Park, where you can
of El Capitan. If wildlife and woods are more your idea hike, horseback ride, camp (with electricity, if roughing
of a nice walk, the Wild Basin Wilderness Preserve it isn’t your style), and walk the limestone-preserved
takes you through the woodlands and hill country, with footprints of actual dinosaurs in the dry bed of the
a chance to spot rare species of animals, including the Paluxy River. It’s best seen in the summer when the
endangered golden-cheeked warbler. bed is truly dry.
2. Fishing Fishing in Texas is year-round! At our parks, Grab some friends—or your kids—and plan something this
beaches, and piers, you can find freshwater fish like weekend in the great outdoors.
bass and catfish, and saltwater fish like red drum,
flounder, and trout. About TML Health Benefits Pool
TML Health Benefits Pool offers health benefits created by
Getting outside is good for your body, and if you fish Texans exclusively for Texas cities and political subdivisions.
with friends and family, the social togetherness is also TML Health brings together hundreds of Texas public entities
good for your brain. Just be sure to put on sunscreen to leverage collective purchasing power and risk sharing to
for those summer solar rays. stabilize the cost of health benefits and deliver the lowest
long- term net costs, while offering additional services such
3. Ride the Rivers Canoeing, kayaking, rafting, and as wellness programs, virtual health checkups, telemedicine,
swimming all offer healthy ways to beat the summer and online and phone enrollment. By sharing in the Pool,
heat. Drift down the Guadalupe, Comal, Frio, Colorado, TML Health’s members share the rewards of superior health
or Rio Grande River at Big Bend at a gentle relaxing coverage—lower costs, better health outcomes, and more
pace to float away some of the stress. Or go whitewater personalized service. H
rafting when the Guadalupe is high for a whole-body
adrenaline-soaked workout that’ll put you back in
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 10 • APRIL 2022TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 11 • APRI 2022
CITY LIGHTS H
Surf in Troup branding, and on-screen content. Installation will occur in
phases of 25 kiosks throughout several neighborhoods.
Surf the web, that is. The City of Troup now has free
public Wi-Fi available downtown. The Troup Community Each kiosk serves as a free Wi-Fi hotspot up to 75 feet and
Development Corporation (TCDC) is bringing 12 routers to is geo-located, displaying informational listings based on
downtown. The project was approved in September 2021, what’s in the immediate proximity to the kiosk. The kiosks
started in November 2021, and finished in February 2022. have dual-sided digital touchscreens and are fully ADA-
Each router provides 300 feet diameter of free Wi-Fi. compliant and multi-lingual. Additionally, the kiosks provide
access to social services information such as homeless
“The project promotes new and expanded business
shelters, addiction recovery programs, and food support.
enterprises as well as enhance the quality of life as part
of community development,” Suzanne Loudamy, TCDC “The City of Houston has so much to offer, and the IKE digital
Executive Director said. “Offering this enhancement to the kiosks will be an exciting new amenity to help guide people
downtown area will be a plus to businesses, visitors and in various directions to enjoy events, restaurants, and much
others who may need Wi-Fi to complete school work, job more,” said Mayor Turner. “These kiosks are one of the
applications or other online tasks.” many ways Houston is moving forward with creating more
walkable spaces that make for a safer and more pleasant
Another Way Houston Is Making a experience.”
Difference for Citizens
IKE also serves as a widespread communication platform.
In partnership with IKE Smart City, the City of Houston
IKE allots space for community messaging that is relevant
unveiled the first in a series of digital interactive, wayfinding
to the City and local communities while also disseminating
kiosks called IKE. IKE Smart City worked collaboratively with
critical public safety information in a highly visible way. The
the City of Houston, Houston First, neighborhood groups,
kiosks will provide a cohesive wayfinding system throughout
and adjacent property owners on location selection, kiosk
the City while reflecting the City’s diversity with unique
branding and on-screen content for each neighborhood.
The kiosks will also regularly exhibit new projects by local
and international artists in collaboration with some of
Houston’s most recognized cultural organizations.
The kiosk project was led by the Mayor’s Office of Economic
Development with support from the Office of Innovation. H
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 12 • APRIL 2022Moving to TML Health Benefits
saved us about $37,000.
I was able to...give employees an increase they hadn't seen
in a while. The cost was a lot less expensive, the package
itself was an overall better package for the employees.
Melissa Gonzalez, City Manager, Taft
How much can YOU save when you work with
a health benefits pool built for Texas cities?
Call now and get a health
plan that works for you.
512-719-6530 Watch the full
TML Health Benefits Pool is a non-profit trust Taft story here!
organization created by political subdivisions to
provide group benefits services to participating
political subdivisions and is not an insurance
company. This contains proprietary and confidential
information of TML Health.
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 13 • APRI 2022SMALL CITIES' CORNER H
In pursuit of this community project, the City maintained
cost efficiency through use of a combination of contractor
and in-house city staff with a partnership with Tarrant
County to perform the necessary construction work. The
City bid out the construction of the pavilion structures
and signage. Electrical work was performed by a general
services contractor while the decomposed granite surface
and concrete beam border were installed by the City of
Saginaw Public Works staff. The City of Saginaw entered
into an interlocal agreement with Tarrant County Precinct 4
for the construction of both the asphalt food truck space as
well as a 183-space parking lot to serve the facility.
The Saginaw Switchyard Food Truck Park offers the
community an array of culinary options that would pique
the interest of any foodie. From kettle corn popcorn to al
pastor tacos, the food truck park offers a range of dishes
and delights to satisfy everyone. This food truck park is
FOOD, FRUIT, AND FUN AT located on a paved area that offers electrical and water
THE SAGINAW SWITCHYARD hookups sufficient to serve six food trucks, with additional
capacity available for food trucks that have self-sufficient
By Pedro Zambrano, Communications Manager, City of Saginaw electrical and water systems. Local food trucks utilize The
Switchyard almost every day of the week, especially during
Nestled in the southern corner of Saginaw’s largest park is Saturday farmers’ market days.
The Saginaw Switchyard. First imagined by the City and its
residents as a destination for the community to enjoy arts Adjacent to the food truck park, the Saginaw Farmers’
and crafts, food, and music in a small-town atmosphere, Market provides the community with a marketplace
The Switchyard serves as home to both the Saginaw Food offering fresh produce, craftwork, and products from artisan
Truck Park and the Saginaw Farmers’ Market. vendors. With the goal of providing the community with the
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 14 • APRIL 2022seeking a booth on farmers’ market days, every second and
fourth Saturday of the month.
The Switchyard has been a tremendous success since its
opening, and “a phenomenal addition to the city’s park
system. Despite opening during the pandemic, it has
brought a large variety of food trucks and entertainment
to the citizens,” said Saginaw’s Mayor Todd Flippo. “Our
collaboration with Community Link for the Market at The
Switchyard has strengthened our commitment to serve our
neighbors and bring fresh food options to Saginaw.”
The Switchyard is looking at expanding its services and
impact, including functioning as a place to host special
events. In combining simple, cost-effective design with
successful use of public and private resources and cross-
sector collaborations to provide a community amenity, the
freshest, highest quality fruits, vegetables, breads, meats creation of The Saginaw Switchyard is proving beneficial
and other products, the farmers’ market not only serves as to Saginaw residents and visitors now and is expected to
a great place to pick up food but also a place to pick up a become increasingly valuable in the City’s future. H
new hobby. Workshops available to the public on subjects
including gardening and painting are offered, along with the
Power of Produce (POP) program open specifically for kids.
The POP program engages kids to learn more about
developing healthy food habits and gives them the
opportunity to receive fresh foods with the tokens they
receive from participating in the program. The Farmers’
Market at The Switchyard also has an incentivizing
matching program for its SNAP customers that provides The Perot Theatre is Texarkana’s cultural icon
one additional dollar for every dollar of SNAP benefits and hub of local, national, and international
entertainment for the region. Constructed in
spent on eligible purchases, effectively doubling the SNAP
1924 as Saenger “Gateway to the Southwest”
customer’s buying power. Theatre, it was subsequently renovated and
reopened as the Perot Theatre in 1980. This
The creation of The Switchyard introduced a unique
historic jewel is listed in the National Register
opportunity for the City to enter an agreement with of Historic Places and was named the most
Community Link, a local non-profit, to manage the farmers’ beautifully designed theatre in the state of
market. “Community Link is thankful for its partnership Texas by Architectural Digest in 2018.
with the City of Saginaw to provide a market for the Texarkana celebrates 40 plus years of
outstanding artistic performances in the
entire community,” said Trey Harper, the organization’s
historic Perot Theater, making it one of the
director of development. “This program fits well in the keys to the renewal of Downtown Texarkana
mission of Community Link as it provides access to fresh and a destination point for tourism throughout
foods and other resources and supports entrepreneurship. our region.
Working alongside one another, we are truly better
together than apart.” For more information about the Perot Theatre,
rental inquiries, or for a free tour of this historic
The public response and enthusiasm for the Farmers’ venue contact the Box Office at 903.792.4992 or
visit us online www.perottheatre.org.
Market at the Switchyard resulted in a backlog of vendors
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 15 • APRI 2022By Amber McKeon-Mueller
LEGAL Q&A H TML Legal Counsel
Editor’s note: This is the first part of a two-part Q&A on Id. § 46.02. A person convicted of a felony or a family violence
firearm regulation in Texas. The second part will appear in offense is also prohibited from possessing a firearm with
the May 2022 edition of Texas Town & City. some exceptions. Id. §§ 46.02, 46.04(a-1).
Q What is “constitutional carry” in Texas? Under federal law, the Gun Control Act makes it unlawful
for certain categories of people to ship, transport, receive,
A During the 2021 Regular Legislative Session, the Texas
or possess firearms or ammunition. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).
Examples include a person who:
Legislature passed H.B. 1927, also known as the “Firearm
Carry Act of 2021.” It has commonly been referred to as 1. is convicted in any court of a crime punishable by
“constitutional carry.” The bill allows most individuals aged 21 imprisonment for a term exceeding one year;
and over to carry a handgun in public—in either a concealed
2. is a fugitive from justice;
manner or openly in a holster—without having to first obtain
a license. Tex. Penal Code § 46.02. The new law went into 3. is an unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled
effect on September 1, 2021. substance (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled
Substances Act, codified at 21 U.S.C. § 802);
Q What are the limitations on who is allowed to
4. has been adjudicated as a mental defective or has been
carry a handgun under “constitutional carry” in
committed to any mental institution;
Texas?
5. is an illegal alien;
A Although “constitutional carry” broadly allows most
6. has been discharged from the Armed Forces under
individuals over 21 years of age to carry a handgun without
dishonorable conditions;
a license, an individual convicted of certain state or federal
crimes may not carry a handgun. 7. has renounced his or her United States citizenship;
Under state law, a person may not constitutional carry a
8. is subject to a court order restraining the person from
handgun if the person has been convicted of one of the
harassing, stalking, or threatening an intimate partner or
following offenses in the previous five-year period:
child of the intimate partner; or
1. assault causing bodily injury, including to their spouse
[Tex. Penal Code § 22.01(a)(1)]; 9. has been convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic
violence.
2. deadly conduct, including discharging a firearm at
persons, a habitation, a vehicle or a building [Id. § 22.05];
3. making a terroristic threat [Id. § 22.07]; or
Q What is licensed carry?
4. disorderly conduct by: (a) discharging a firearm in a
public place other than a public road or a sport shooting
A Licensed carry remains in effect even after the adoption
of H.B. 1927. Licensed carry in Texas authorizes a person
range; or (b) displaying a firearm or other deadly weapon who is at least 21 years of age to obtain a license to carry a
in a public place in a manner calculated to alarm [Id. § handgun from the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS)
42.01(a)(7) or (8)]
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 16 • APRIL 2022provided he or she meets certain requirements, including from taking any action that implies a license holder who is
taking a training course approved by DPS. Tex. Gov’t Code carrying a handgun is prohibited from entering or remaining
§§ 411.172(a), 411.174. A person who obtains a license from on the premises of a place owned or leased by a city unless
DPS can carry a handgun either in a concealed manner or the license holder is prohibited from entering that place
openly in a holster. The licensed carry program is governed under Texas law. Id. § 411.209(a).
by Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code.
A resident of Texas or a person licensed to carry a handgun
A license to carry provides benefits to the license holder, may file a complaint with the attorney general if a city is
including things like: (1) state reciprocity; (2) the license wrongfully excluding a license holder. Id. § 411.209(d). Once
is a valid form of voter identification; and (3) skipping a the attorney general receives a complaint, the attorney
background check when purchasing a firearm. See Tex. general must investigate the complaint to determine if
Elec. Code § 63.0101(a)(5); 18 U.S.C. § 922(s)(1)(C). legal action is warranted. Id. § 411.209(f). If legal action is
Q What is the role of the attorney general in
warranted, the attorney general must first provide the city
with written notice that: (1) describes the violation; (2) states
handgun regulation relating to cities? the amount of the proposed penalty for the violation; and (3)
gives the city the opportunity to cure the violation within 15
A The attorney general has the authority to investigate days of receipt of the notice so as to avoid the penalty. Id.
complaints against cities for wrongfully excluding license
holders and to seek civil penalties against cities for those If the city does not cure the defect within the 15-day grace
violations. Tex. Gov’t Code § 411.209. A city is prohibited period, then the attorney general or the appropriate district
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TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 17 • APRI 2022or county attorney may sue the city to recover civil penalties Pursuant to Section 30.06, Penal Code (trespass
in the amount of: (1) not less than $1,000 and not more than by license holder with a concealed handgun), a
$1,500 for the first violation; and (2) not less than $10,000 person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter
and not more than $10,500 for the second or a subsequent 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law),
violation. Id. §§ 411.209(b); 411.209(g). Each day of a continuing may not enter this property with a concealed
violation is a separate violation. Id. § 411.209(c). handgun
Q What notices relevant to cities address the Id.
carrying of a handgun?
Section 30.07 contains similar requirements. The sign must
A Three relevant sections of Texas law address notices be posted in a conspicuous manner in contrasting colors
related to the carrying of a handgun: with block letters. Tex. Penal Code § 30.07(c)(3)(B). The sign
must include the following language in both English and
1. Section 30.06(b) of the Penal Code (Trespass by License Spanish:
Holder with a Concealed Handgun);
2. Section 30.07(b) of the Penal Code (Trespass by License Pursuant to Section 30.07, Penal Code (trespass
Holder with an Openly Carried Handgun); and by license holder with an openly carried
3. Section 411.207(c)-(d) of the Government Code (Secured handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter
Area of a Law Enforcement Facility). H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun
licensing law), may not enter this property with a
Sections 30.06 and 30.07 of the Penal provide that a license handgun that is carried openly
holder commits an offense if the license holder carries
a handgun in a concealed manner or openly in a holster, Id.
respectively, onto the property of another who has posted
notice prohibiting the carrying of handguns on the property. Section 411.207 of the Government Code requires a city to
Tex. Penal Code §§ 30.06(a), 30.07(a). However, unlike a prominently display at each entrance to a nonpublic, secure
private person, a city may not prohibit, under either section portion of its law enforcement facility a sign that gives
30.06 or 30.07, armed licensed holders from entering onto notice in both English and Spanish that a peace officer may
property the city owns or leases unless section 46.03 of the temporarily disarm a license holder when the license holder
Penal Code criminalizes the carrying of a handgun at the enters the nonpublic, secure portion of the facility. Tex. Gov’t
specific property. Id. §§ 30.06(e), 30.007(e); Holcomb v. Waller Code § 411.207(c). The sign must appear in contrasting colors
County, 546 S.W. 3d 833 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st Dist.] March with block letters at least one inch in height and displayed
15, 2018, pet. denied). Part 2 of the Q&A will address more in- in a clearly visible and conspicuous manner. Id. State law
depth areas in which carrying of a handgun is criminalized doesn’t provide any specific language for the sign.
under Chapter 46 of the Penal Code.
Sign placement for the areas most relevant to cities will be
To be effective, the section 30.06 notice must be on a addressed in Part 2 of the Legal Q&A which will be published
sign posted on the property in contrasting colors with in the May 2022 issue of Texas Town & City. H
block letters at least one inch in height and displayed in a
conspicuous manner. Tex. Penal Code § 30.06(c)(3)(B). The
sign must include the following language in both English
and Spanish:
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 18 • APRIL 20222022 ANNUAL TML TAXATION
AND DEBT SURVEY RESULTS
ARE AVAILABLE
The Texas Municipal League’s annual survey of municipal tax and plant or property whose revenues are pledged. Such bonds are
debt is complete for the 2021-2022 budget year, and results are called “first mortgage revenue bonds.”
now posted on the Texas Municipal League (TML) website at www.
Certificates of obligation are a financing mechanism a city may
tml.org under “Resources” and then “Surveys.” If you have difficulty
use to pay a contractual obligation incurred in: (1) a construction
accessing this information, please call the TML office at 512-231-
contract; (2) the purchase of materials, supplies, equipment,
7400.
machinery, buildings, land, and rights-of-way for authorized
needs and purposes; or (3) the payment of professional services,
This year, 236 cities responded to the survey (1,222 surveys were
including services provided by tax appraisers, engineers,
distributed). Please keep in mind that all data in this survey are
architects, attorneys, map makers, auditors, financial advisors, and
self-reported, and TML cannot be responsible for errors made by
fiscal agents.
the reporting entities.
Tax notes (also called “anticipation notes”) are a debt instrument
The following information may be helpful when you review the that a city may sell to finance the construction of public works;
survey results: to purchase supplies, land, and rights of way for public works; to
pay for professional services; to pay operating expenses; or to pay
Limitations on Municipal Tax Rates off cash flow deficits. Tax notes used to pay for public works or
professional services must mature before the seventh anniversary
Municipal property tax rates are limited by the Texas Constitution
after the notes are approved by the attorney general. Tax notes
(Article XI, Sections 4 and 5) and state law. Municipal tax rate
used to pay operating expenses or to fund a city’s cumulative cash
ceilings are as follows:
flow deficit must mature before the first anniversary after the notes
• Cities of 5,000 or less in population (other than Type B general are approved by the attorney general.
law cities and some Type C general law cities) can levy a
Tax rate is the rate at which taxes are levied per $100 of assessed
maximum tax rate of $1.50 per $100 assessed valuation.
valuation. In Texas, the ad valorem tax rate for local governments
• Cities over 5,000 in population (other than Type B general
is expressed in terms of dollars or cents per $100 of assessed
law cities) can levy up to $2.50 per $100 assessed valuation.
valuation.
For a home rule city, a rate lower than $2.50 per $100 may be
prescribed under the city charter. When viewing the survey results online, the following key to
• Type B general law cities can levy a maximum of $0.25 cents municipal utilities and facilities referenced in the survey may be
per $100 assessed valuation. helpful: H
• Type C general law cities with a population of 201 to 501
inhabitants may levy a maximum tax rate of $0.25 per $100
assessed valuation. Other Type C general law cities may levy a Key to Municipal Utilities and Facilities
maximum tax rate according to population as detailed above. Key to Municipal Utilities and Facilities
AM—Auditorium; AP—Airport; C—Cemetery; CE—Civic/
AM—Auditorium; AP—Airport; C—Cemetery; CE—Civic/
Definitions of Terms Used in the Survey Community Center; DR—Municipal Drainage Utility Fee;
Community Center; DR—Municipal Drainage Utility Fee;
E—Electric System; FG—Fairgrounds; GC—Golf Course;
General obligation bonds are bonds that are secured by a pledge E—Electric System; FG—Fairgrounds; GC—Golf Course;
GS—Gas System; H—Hospital; HR—Boat Harbor; J—Jail;
of the full faith and credit and the taxing power of the issuers. The GS—Gas System; H—Hospital; HR—Boat Harbor; J—Jail;
L—Library/Museum; LK—Lake; M—Market; MB—Municipal
term is synonymous with the term “tax-supported.” L—Library/Museum; LK—Lake; M—Market; MB—Mu-
Building; P—Parking Lot; PH—Public Housing Units; PK—
nicipal Building; P—Parking Lot; PH—Public Housing
Parks and Recreation; S—Sewer System; SC—Senior Cen-
Revenue bonds are special obligations of the issuer (as opposed Units; PK—Parks and Recreation; S—Sewer System;
ter; SL—Solid Waste Disposal System; SP—Swimming Pool;
to general obligations) that are payable solely from the revenues SC—Senior Center; SL—Solid Waste Disposal System;
T—Transit Bus System; TB—Toll Bridge; W—Water System;
derived from an income-producing facility. Revenue bonds are SP—Swimming Pool; T—Transit Bus System; TB—Toll
ZO—Zoo; ZZ—Other
sometimes further secured by a first mortgage on the physical Bridge; W—Water System; ZO—Zoo; ZZ—Other
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 19 • APRI 2022Trust him?..... TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 20 • APRIL 2022
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TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 21 • APRI 2022UNIQUE AND
INNOVATIVE
PARTNERSHIPS
PAVING THE WAY
TO LOCAL RECOVERY
AND TOURISM SUCCESS
By Rose Jordan
Director of Tourism and Marketing
Mineral Wells Area Chamber of Commerce & CVB
It is always fun to get a call from another community asking us The same vision, passion, and unity that started Mineral Wells’
to share how we got here. Here being a growing and thriving renaissance has led to several creative partnerships that not only
community after so many years of decline. help the new businesses thrive but also create a unique experience
for locals and tourists.
Mineral Wells was once known as “America’s Great Health Resort,”
drawing both the rich and famous and everyday families in droves, The Market at 76067 and Coffee & Cocktails at 76067 were among
all for the “healing” waters. But in the early 1970s, the United States the first and most visible indicators that Mineral Wells was making
Food and Drug Administration decided we could no longer claim a comeback. Owners Misty and Randy Nix purchased three
our waters had healing properties. About the same time, Fort historic, adjoining buildings at the main intersection downtown,
Wolters, the military base, was decommissioned. Almost overnight, one of which had been empty for years. With an eye on preserving
the community went from buzzing to sleeping. the historic character while bringing modern style, they renovated
the three spaces to become a multi-vendor retail experience and
Then, in the fall of 2018, Mineral Wells started coming back to life. a high-end drink spot.
Very visibly and quickly, especially in the downtown area. Historic
buildings that sat empty or were used for storage for many years “The idea started with going to my 12 favorite shops and bringing
were cleaned out and filled with new businesses. Things were them into The Market. They would have little shops within The
happening and people noticed. Market without looking like booths. We wanted the look and feel
of Anthropologie,” Misty Nix shared. It was a successful idea that
So, what happened? Why now? attracted many vendors, both local and non-local.
The answer – well, it is a true community effort fueled by The Market now has more than 160 merchants of which 75 percent
passionate, visionary community leaders coming together with are local. In fact, after a bit of research, they discovered that at least
a plan to revitalize Mineral Wells. Today, more than 40 historic 30 vendors are currently generating enough revenue to be able to
downtown buildings have been revived, including the Crazy Water support their families solely from sales made at The Market.
Hotel. The famous Baker Hotel is also undergoing restoration and
is set to reopen in 2024. Though having a retail shop made of multi-vendors is not a new
concept, it is worth mentioning because of how successful it
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 22 • APRIL 2022One of the most innovative partnerships comes from Rickhouse
Brewing. Though they will not open for a couple more weeks,
owners Brian Miller and Alan Clarke have some exciting
collaborations planned. Located on the first floor of the Crazy
Water Plaza (formerly Crazy Water Hotel) they will have QR codes
in the hotel rooms, at each station of the salon and spa (also
located in the Crazy Water Plaza), and each table in the hotel
lobby. Guests will be able scan the code, open a tab, and place
an order with Rickhouse Brewing. The order will then be delivered
to the guest at the location from which they ordered.
Taking the concept another step, Miller and Clarke have partnered
with Crazy 8’s Sports Bar & Grill, just a couple blocks away, to add
select food items to their menu. “We’ll do anything that makes
has been. But the partnership beyond the vendors is even more sense,” Miller said as he explained the plans with the neighboring
impressive. Nix reached out to the other shops downtown and restaurant. “There’s no need for us to carry a full menu and we
asked them to bring some of their merchandise to The Market. won’t prepare or touch the food at all.”
“I don’t want to compete with anybody,” Misty Nix said. “I want to
A selection of the restaurant’s menu items will be available for
make sure we all thrive.”
brewery guests to order. Their food order will be added to their
Clothing and apparel from The Kraze, home goods and dips from beverage order and the food portion will automatically print at
Brazos Market & Bistro, pies and baked goods from a local baker, the restaurant. Then, Crazy 8’s will prepare the food as a to-go
Crazy Water – the list continues. Even the luxurious lighting they order and deliver to guests at Rickhouse Brewing.
installed is available to order from partner lighting companies.
Increasingly, local business owners are embracing a “what’s good
Another great example is Magpie Inn, a bed and breakfast in the for all” business model. Whether it is simply referring customers
downtown area. Owner and chef Magen Desnoyers believes in to other businesses or creating partnerships like those we have
focusing on what she does well – hospitality and cooking – and just shared, the benefits are clear and enjoyed by the whole
then finding others who do what they do well to help her run a community.
successful inn.
When considering whether other businesses could profit from
“It’s something I’m very passionate about,” Desnoyers said. “One of these kinds of collaborations, Desnoyers from Magpie Inn told us,
our core principles is luxury and quality from check-in to check- “It does not cost that much more, but it makes a big difference.
out. We do that by partnering with local businesses whenever we It makes a better guest experience and it’s all of us supporting
can.” each other.”
Without knowing it, guests of the inn are completely immersed Additional benefits include:
in Mineral Wells from the moment they enter. Fresh flowers from
• Ensuring that all our local businesses thrive.
The Flower Shop at 76067 adorn the dining table and every guest
room. Morning coffee is a Papua New Guinea blend from You Maka • Allowing each business to focus on their strengths
Me Hot Coffee. Crazy Water is in every room and cooked into every while still increasing their offerings.
meal. “If a recipe calls for water, I use Crazy Water,” Desnoyers
shared. Branded Magpie Inn apparel is from Allstar Apparel and • Improving guest experience which results in more
other souvenir merchandise is custom made by Bryton + Co. DIY time and money spent at your destination.
Craft Studio, both local businesses.
• Creating cross-promotion opportunities that increase
The list continues, but one of the most fun collaborations finds the reach of every participating business.
Desnoyers teaching cooking classes at Coffee & Cocktails at 76067.
Most classes include a two- to three-course meal and sometimes How did we get here? Together, with everyone working toward
a mixed drink. Not surprisingly, the classes usually sell out. the good of the community rather than just themselves. H
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 23 • APRI 2022By Chris Ruggia, Director of Tourism, City of Alpine
Carolyn Morehead / visitalpinetx.com
PHOTO CONTESTS:
GRANDMA’S RECIPE FOR “USER GENERATED
CONTENT” CAN STILL WORK
By Chris Ruggia, Director of Tourism, City of Alpine
User generated content (UGC) is a major buzzword in the networks Sometimes, though, the old tried and true methods can still pay
of destination marketing organizations. Travel marketers have off, even in a new era. For the last 11 years, Visit Alpine, has followed
always known the power and value of the stories that customers a simple recipe for a classic photo contest: offer a generous cash
share with their friends and families about the places that they visit. prize in exchange for reasonable usage rights for all of the entered
And as social media has matured and become such an integral part photos.
of our relationships, there has been an explosion in the amount,
quality, and accessibility of images and stories people share about The #AlpineTXPhoto Contest began in 2011 to create added value
their travel experiences. from a photography symposium at Sul Ross State University. By
2013, the contest had outlasted its parent event and has continued
All of this social sharing has led to a generation of new businesses, without interruption through 2021.
techniques, and technologies aimed at helping destinations
collect and capitalize on all of the compelling UGC flooding the As a result, Visit Alpine has received the use of thousands of high-
various social networks. quality photographs. The money spent on cash prizes over that
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 24 • APRIL 2022Alex Pérez / visitalpinetx.com
time would only license a small handful of images from a high-end
professional photographer.
The Recipe
The contest is completely online. Photographers fill out the entry
form and upload their image files on the visitalpinetx.com website.
The contest opens for entries in early summer and the deadline is
September 30 every year.
To sidestep having to answer any questions about why someone
didn’t win a prize, Visit Alpine has never handled any of the contest
judging. A different Big Bend area photographer is recruited as
the contest judge each year, which provides an opportunity to
promote the local arts community.
Visit Alpine processes the entries and creates a private web
page for the judge. This procedure takes about a month, usually
finishing at the end of October. On the judge’s page, the images
are presented anonymously and selections can be made for
semifinalists and finalists.
David Winslow / visitalpinetx.com
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 25 • APRI 2022Rachael Waller / visitalpinetx.com
Carolyn Morehead / visitalpinetx.com
After sorting out the semifinalists and finalist on the web page, the Charity Peña / visitalpinetx.com
judge sends Visit Alpine the top five winners with a short statement The contest brings in an average of 400 photographs each year,
about each. The judge usually has two weeks to complete his or easily providing enough quality images for daily social posting,
her work, with a goal of announcing the winners by the weekend even after setting aside some of the less compelling entries. This
before Thanksgiving during Artwalk, Alpine’s biggest annual arts continual source of images has served as the anchor for Visit
event. Alpine’s Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Pinterest feeds for over
a decade.
The first award winner receives a $500 prize, the second winner
receives $100, and the third, fourth, and fifth receive $50 each. The The contest rules also place a minimum resolution requirement
judge receives a $350 stipend. Promotion costs for the contest to be eligible for the top two cash prizes. This ensures that most
are modest: a local newspaper ad or two, a few posters, a postcard of the entered photographs can be used in print promotions as
handout, and a small social media ad budget are the only expenses. well. It is quite rare for a contest photo to be used as the central
A mailchimp email list of previous entrants reminds photographers image for a print advertisement – the exact balance of content,
of the deadline and encourages repeat participation. composition, and message needed for those signature images still
usually requires a commissioned photograph – but contest photos
The Results are perfect for magazine photo requests, illustrating a brochure, or
Visit Alpine shares the contest winners with local and regional for smaller inset photos on a large print ad.
media each year, which is a promotional benefit in itself, but the
biggest value by far is a deep library of photography with very few So for a modest investment of $1,500 or less in hotel occupancy
usage limitations. tax funds each year, Visit Alpine has gradually built an invaluable
photo library of desert mountain landscapes, community events,
Contest rules allow all entered photographs to be used for tourism downtown businesses, ranch scenes, snow-covered vistas, and
promotion without time limits or other common restrictions that more. The good old Photo Contest: a classic recipe that keeps on
can come with commissioning professional photography. Credit to working. H
the photographer is always included whenever space permits, and
every attempt is made to ensure that the photographers are not
exploited by overuse of any one image.
TEXAS TOWN & CITY • 26 • APRIL 2022You can also read
