The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1987 - It is widely recognized as the most successful MEA
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The Montreal Protocol on Substances
that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1987
Protects the ozone layer that shields the earth from harmful ultraviolet
rays of the sun by phasing out ODSs such as CFCs and halons
It is widely recognized as the most successful MEA
1
25th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Celebration around key periods: National Celebrations of International Ozone Day – Mid-September Regional Celebration in Networks of Ozone Officers International Celebration at MOP-24 – November 12 to 16, 2012, Geneva, Switzerland
Key Achievements – 1
- Universal ratification of the Montreal Protocol
- Status of ratification of the Amendments
3
Key Achievements – 2
Reduction of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs)
Global Consumption of All ODSs: 98% Reduction
4
Key Achievements – 3
The Ozone Layer is on its way to Recovery
Influence of ODS and climate
change on the ozone layer
(a)ODS abundances are decreasing.
(b)CO2 concentration is increasing.
(c)Ozone levels should increase, but
ozone hole will persist until later this
century.
(d)Global ozone depletion is smaller and
expected to recover mid-century.
(a)Surface UV changes have been small,
but decrease with increasing ozone.
5
Key Achievements – 4
Averted the adverse impacts of ozone depletion
Damages to:
Human health
Terrestrial ecosystems
Aquatic ecosystems
Biogeochemical cycles
Air quality
Materials
from the effects of increased harmful
UV radiation were prevented
6
Key Achievements – 4
Human Health
Averted millions of cases of cancer and eye cataracts
It can be estimated that millions of cases of fatal skin cancer and tens of millions of
cases of non-fatal skin cancer and cataracts have been avoided due to the Montreal
Protocol.
Estimates in the USA
•More than 6.3 million skin cancer deaths will have been
avoided by 2165
•US$4.2 trillion in health care costs will have been
saved over the period 1990–2165
•More than 22 million additional cataract cases will be
avoided for Americans born between 1985 – 2100
7Key Achievements – 5
Montreal Protocol Protected Climate
ODSs are also powerful greenhouse gases.
Co-benefits of Montreal Protocol for climate has been estimated to be about 5
times that CO2-equivalent reduction of the first commitment period of the Kyoto
Protocol.
Scenarios of ODSs and ODS substitutes | Velders G., et al, 2007: The importance of the Montreal Protocol
8What is behind those achievements?
What makes the Montreal
Protocol work so well?
There are many special features
embedded in the Montreal
Protocol…..
9Start and Strengthen
The original Montreal Protocol (MP):
– Controlled 8 chemicals (5 CFCs and 3 halons)
– 50% reduction in CFCs
– Freeze halons
TheMP has been strengthened through 6 sets of
adjustments and 4 Amendments.
– Controls 96 chemicals (15 CFCs, 3 halons, CCl4, methyl chl,
methyl br, 40 HCFCs, 34 HBFCs, BCM)
– 100% phaseout of consumption and production over time
10Assessment Panels provide basis for
informed decision making
Strengthening of the Protocol is based on the periodic assessment of latest
information carried out by the 3 Assessment Panels.
Assessment Panels
Environmental Technology &
Scientific
Effects Economics
Chemicals
Foams
Halons
Independent, authoritative, consensus assessment Medical
by world’s top scientists and experts
Methyl Bromide
Refrigeration
11An Innovative Financial Mechanism:
Multilateral Fund - 1991
Replenishment of the Multilateral Fund
Triennium 1991-3 1994-6 1997-9 2000-2 2003-5 2006-8 2008-11
Replenishment 200 455 466 440 474 400 490
Cumulative 200 655 1,121 1,561 2,035 2,435 2,925
Achievements
Over 6000 projects in all the developing countries
Technology transfer
Capacity building and institutional strengthening
Establishment of over 145 National Ozone Units
Regulations and Legislation in over 100 Parties
System of Regional Networks of Ozone Officers
12Non-Compliance Procedure
The non-compliance system of the
Montreal Protocol is built on
trust and assistance rather than
punishment and embarrassment.
Parties self report non-
compliance and work
cooperatively.
13Other Special Features
Principle of common but
differentiated responsibilities Equitable and fair
Equal voting rights
Funding of incremental costs
Control on production and consumption of ODS
The trade measures to avoid free riders
Exemptions mechanisms
Avoids disruption
Different needs of to society
different countries
14Challenges - 1
Phase out remaining ODSs
Global Trends in HCFC consumption and production
15Challenges - 2
Monitoring the Continuing Ozone Changes
The changes in the ozone layer
and abundances of ODSs as well
as other compounds that
influence the ozone recovery
process need to be monitored.
There are complex interlinkages
between ozone and climate and
many other uncertainties in
atmospheric processes that need
to be undersood through
continued research.
Fahey, D.W., and M.I. Hegglin, Twenty Questions and
Answers About the Ozone Layer: 2010 Update
16Challenges - 3
Hydrofluorocarbons - HFCs
HFCs are used widely as
substitutes for ODSs.
CO2-eq emissions of HFCs are
increasing at about 8% per year.
HFCs are non-ODS but are
powerful greenhouse gases.
Proposals
have been tabled to amend the Montreal Protocol to bring
HFCs under its wings.
What is the best way to control HFCs?
Is there a role for the Montreal Protocol?
17Geneva Meetings 2012
Hosted by Switzerland
Special Seminar on Protecting our Atmosphere
for Generations to Come 11 Nov
24th Meeting of the Parties to the MP 12-16 Nov
49th Meeting of the ImpCom 8-9 Nov
Meeting of the MP Bureau 10 Nov
18Seminar on
Protecting our Atmosphere for
Generations to Come
A key activity to mark the 25th Anniversary
3 main sessions:
– High-level panel discussion on “Perspectives on the
Experiences Gained and their Usefulness to Address Other
Global Challenges”
– Science of the Atmosphere (ozone and climate)
– Policies to protect the atmosphere (Industry & NGO
perspectives, Consumer Forum, UNEP)
1924th Meeting of the Parties to the MP
Prep. Segment: 12-14 Nov, High-level Segment: 15-16 Nov
KEY ISSUES
– Essential use nominations (CFCs)
– Critical use nominations (MB)
– Quarantine and preshipment uses (MB)
– Carbon tetrachloride - discrepancy, feedstocks
– Amendment Proposals for HFCs
– Alternatives to ODSs
– Nomination and operational processes of TEAP
– Treatment of ODS on ships
– Funding issues – maximizing climate benenfits, HCFC production
– Evaluation of financial mechanism
(UNEP/OzL.Pro.24/2; add.1; 24/8 draft decisions)
20Activities and Products for the
25th Anniversary
Many countries held national celebrations
MP@25 Video to capture worldwide celebrations
Vital Ozone Graphics update
Online video competion for the youth
PSAs
Publications
– MP Handbook
– OzonAction Special Newsletter
– MP and Green Economy
Posters, postcards, bookmarks
Certificate of recognition and appreciation
21Thank you for your attention
http://ozone.unep.org
http://unep.ch/ozone
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