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The wealth of Africa
Nigeria
Presentation
Supported by
The CarAf Centre
www.britishmuseum.org
What impact did British
rule have on Nigeria?
Front cover image: Administrator and Nigerians, British Museum
MODERN NIGERIA AND UNITY
Why might the Nigerian
government have created this
banknote?
What might it have to do with
Britain?
Source 1: Nigerian banknote, 1991, showing four of the major ethnic and cultural groups
British Museum
WHERE IS NIGERIA?
As can be seen from the map, Nigeria is divided Century AD
into three parts by two large rivers, the Niger and
the Benue. There are marked differences between 1809 – Single Islamic state
– Sokoto – is foundedin north.
those living north of the rivers, and those to the
south. One of the important differences is religion.
The British started taking over the area in the
1880s. Initially, they respected and maintained
these distinctions, but in 1914 they took the
fateful step of joining the north and south
19th 1850s – British establish presence
together to form one colony. around Lagos
This decision had major consequences. 1861 – Treaty with Lagos
Why might it be difficult to join
together the different parts 1880 – British forces begin to take control
of Southern Nigeria
of Nigeria?
By looking at the map, what 1901 – Nigeria became
differences might there be a British protectorate
between Lagos and Kano? 1912 – Lord Lugard, governor
of Northern Nigeria establishes
a system of indirect rule
1914 – Northern Nigeria and
Southern Nigeria are amalgamated
to form Nigeria
20th
1960 – Independence from Britain.
1967–1970 – Three eastern states
secede as the Republic of Biafra,
sparking bloody civil war.
INDIRECT RULE
Why might the British try to rule
indirectly through this chief?
Source 2: Nigerian chief
British Museum
INDIRECT RULE
Why might the British try to rule
indirectly through this chief?
Source 3
A great chief is a very valuable possession. His
authority is an instrument of the greatest public
utility which it is most desirable to keep in full force.
Sir William MacGregor, Governor of Lagos, quoted
in Nwabughuogu 1981: 76
Source 4
The African rulers... were already experienced in
the art of ruling, they knew their people and the
terrain, and had the charisma the British needed
to further legitimize their rule based on force and
conquest. They would also form a buffer between
the ordinary people and the foreign governors.
Afigbo 2005: 272
Source 5
In 1925 there were only 200 administrators
in Nigeria for a population then estimated
at twenty million.
Crowder 1968: 198
Source 6
Thus the policy of Indirect Rule was adopted in
Nigeria as the cheapest and handiest solution to
an otherwise insoluble administrative problem.
Afigbo 2005: 273
Source 2: Nigerian chief
British Museum
INDIRECT RULE
Why did the British government
allow this kind of justice to
continue in the north of Nigeria?
Source 7: Defendant kneels before
African court in Kano, northern Nigeria
British Museum
INDIRECT RULE
Why did the British government
allow this kind of justice to
continue in the north of Nigeria?
Source 8
In adopting a system of indirect rule [the British]
buttressed up the authoritarian aspect of the
power of chiefs who frequently abused it in a way
they could rarely have done in traditional society
without being overthrown.
Crowder 1968: 198
Source 9
The critic of British policy is reminded that where
a generation ago human beings were for trivial
offences impaled in the market-place, there is now
an ordered administration... a piped water-supply
and electric light service, besides costly modern
hospitals and schools.
Lugard 1937: 381
Was indirect rule successful
according to these sources?
Source 7: Defendant kneels before
African court in Kano, northern Nigeria
British Museum
DID NIGERIA BENEFIT FROM
BRITISH RULE?
Source 10
A primary consequence of the arrival of the British
was the opening of vastly expanded markets for
Nigerian produce. Palm oil and kernels and then tin,
cocoa, and groundnuts began to flow overseas from
the colony. In return the ships brought the products
of foreign manufacturers for those Nigerians who
were profiting from improved production and
export trade.
Charle 1967: 79
Source 11
Official reports of the colonial government noted that
‘no single case of ill-treatment of natives has been
reported’ and boasted of having probably beaten the
world record in track laying with 6.5 miles in one day.
But the official death rate, perhaps a reflection of the
deplorable working conditions, stood at 24 deaths per
thousand workers per year.
Kohnert 1986: 262
Source 12
In Southern Nigeria all able-bodied males between
15 and 50, and females between 15 and 40, were
liable for labour for road-making and similar work
up to 6 days every 3 months. Source 13: Railway bridge over Niger River under construction
British Museum
Crowder 1968: 208
What would be the benefits
of this bridge?
What would be the problems?
WHAT BENEFITS DID THE BRITISH BRING? Source 14 Many changes accompanied British rule: Western education, the English language, and Christianity spread during the period; new forms of money, transport, and communication were developed; and the Nigerian economy became based on the export of cash crops. Encyclopedia Britannica 2010 Source 15 Indirect economic benefits also flowed to the colony during the period of English rule. European medicine increased the capabilities of the Nigerians Source 16: View of Lagos showing European buildings and shops and lengthened their lives. European missionaries, British Museum teachers, and merchants improved their general education and demonstrated the variety of consumer goods which they might want. Charle 1967: 80 What changes did the British bring to Nigeria?
WHAT DID NIGERIAN PEOPLE
THINK OF BRITISH OFFICIALS?
What is the carver trying to say Source 17: Nigerian
about the British official and carving of British official
British Museum
Queen Victoria?
What attitudes to the British
government and the Queen
do these carvings show?
Source 18: Nigerian carving
of Queen Victoria Source 19: Nigerian carving of European official
British Museum British MuseumHOW FAR WERE BRITISH POLICIES
TO BLAME FOR THE NIGERIAN
CIVIL WAR?
In 1967, the Eastern Region broke away to form
the state of Biafra. The Federal Government fought
to keep it part of Nigeria. Some say the war was
inevitable given the British decision to join the
north and south into one country; others say that
Nigerians were more to blame for the outbreak.
Source 20
Nigeria became independent in 1960. Like most
ex-colonies in the continent, its boundaries had
been drawn quite randomly to indicate where the
competing claims of the imperial powers collided.
Consequently Nigeria was composed of Muslim
states in the desert north, and once-powerful
Christian kingdoms in the south and east, which
was where the country’s only significant source
of income – oil – was found.
Phillips 2000
Source 21
The Federation of Nigeria has never really been
one unified country, for it has widely differing
peoples and tribes. Despite this obvious fact,
the former colonial master decided to keep the
country one in order to effectively control her
vital resources for their economic interests.
Atofarati 1992, introduction
How far were the British policies
in Nigeria to blame?
Source 22: Biafra badge
British MuseumNIGERIA AND UNITY, 1970s
What evidence is there in the
medal to show the Nigerian
government’s desire for unity?
Source 23: Nigerian medal marking the civil war.
The motto at the bottom reads ‘Unity and Faith’.
British MuseumNIGERIA AND UNITY, 1970s
What evidence is there in the
‘Nation’
medal to show the Nigerian
government’s desire for unity?
Source 23: Nigerian medal marking the civil war.
The motto at the bottom reads ‘Unity and Faith’.
British MuseumNIGERIA AND UNITY, 1970s
What evidence is there in the
‘Nation’
medal to show the Nigerian
government’s desire for unity?
National map,
showing regions
but as one country
Source 23: Nigerian medal marking the civil war.
The motto at the bottom reads ‘Unity and Faith’.
British MuseumNIGERIA AND UNITY, 1970s
What evidence is there in the
‘Nation’
medal to show the Nigerian
government’s desire for unity?
National map,
showing regions
but as one country
‘Crisis’ – plays down
the idea of civil war
Source 23: Nigerian medal marking the civil war.
The motto at the bottom reads ‘Unity and Faith’.
British MuseumNIGERIA AND UNITY, 1970s
What evidence is there in the
‘Nation’
medal to show the Nigerian
government’s desire for unity?
National map,
showing regions
but as one country
‘Crisis’ – plays down
the idea of civil war
Motto: ‘Unity and
Faith’, suggesting
faith and unity are
compatible ideals
Source 23: Nigerian medal marking the civil war.
The motto at the bottom reads ‘Unity and Faith’.
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