Towards Sustainability in India's Marine Fisheries - Sunil Mohamed Earth Journalism Network Webinar - 13 May 2021 - Earth ...
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Towards Sustainability in India’s Marine Fisheries Sunil Mohamed ksmohamed@gmail.com Earth Journalism Network Webinar – 13 May 2021
Development of the Concept
Sustainable Development - the new paradigm.
United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) 1992.
The overwhelming and unanimous support of
politicians.
There is a fatality about all good resolutions, they are invariably made too soon.
-Oscar Wilde.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
"Sustainable development is development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own
needs."
- Our Common Future
DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY
SOCIAL
EQUITABLE BEARABLE
SUSTAINABLE
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
VIABLE
On 1 January 2016, the 17 SDGs of the 2030 Agenda
FAO 2020 - SOFIA
Profile of Indian Marine Fisheries Component Profile Physical Component Length of coastline 8118 km Exclusive economic zone 2.02 m km2 Continental shelf 0.50 million km2 Inshore area (< 50 m depth) 0.18 million km2 Fishing villages 3477 Human Component Marine fisher population 3.8 million Active fisher population 0.93 million Infrastructure Component Landing centers 1265 Major fishing harbours 6 Minor fishing harbours 27 Mechanised vessels 42,656 Motorised vessels 95,957 Non-motorised vessels 25,689
INDIAN MARINE FISHERIES - METRICES
Gross value US$ 11.46 billion
Export Value US$ 5.5 billion: ~45% marine capture
Export Volume 1.05 million tonnes
% in total exports 3%
Domestic markets 81% fresh; 5% frozen
6% dry; 5% fish meal
Per capita fish consumption 2.85 kg/person/year (range 39 – 0.3)
Share in GDP ~1%
Share in agricultural GDP 5.5%Estimated Marine fish landings in India 1950-2019
4.50
4.00
3.50
Landings ( million tonnes)
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Source: CMFRIANNUAL GROWTH RATE IN MARINE FISH PRODUCTION
INDIA VS GLOBAL
2-POINT MOVING AVERAGE
India Global
High fecundity (≈ 500 eggs per g body weight), Abundant spawning stock biomass (more than 50%
of standing stock biomass),
Continuous spawning with extended spawning
season with pulses Quick turnover of generations (1 to 2 years) and
Fast growth rate (K often exceeds 1.0), Short life span (≈ 3 years)MAJOR RESOURCES - 2018
Oil sardine, Indian mackerel,
4.5 8.1
Anchovies,
5
Cephalopods,
Lesser sardines,
6.3
5.2
Non-penaeid
Threadfin breams,
prawns,
5.3
5.6
Penaeid prawns, Ribbonfishes,
5.5 5.6
Source: CMFRIHOW THE EXPLOITATION IS CARRIED OUT
Trawl net
Mechanised
Major Crafts
Gillnet More than 30 craft
Major Gears
gear combinations
Motorised
Bagnet
Non-motorised
Seines
Hook and LineTrawlnet - 54.2%
Mechanised
(81.3%)
Gillnet - 12.7%
Major Gears
Motorised
Dolnet - 9.1%
(17.4%)
Ringseine -8.3%
NM (1.3%)
Purseseine - 6.0 %
Source: CMFRIHIGH SPECIES DIVERSITY IN CATCH
DIVERSE BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS -FAST GROWTH, HIGH FECUNDITY (SMALL PELAGICS) -FAST GROWTH, LOW FECUNDITY (CEPHALOPODS) -SLOW GROWTH, HIGH FECUNDITY (SPINY LOBSTERS) -SLOW GROWTH, LOW FECUNDITY (ELASMOBRANCHS) DIVERSE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS BODY DEPTH RATIO (SL: BD): 1.0 TO 45.1 DIVERSE LIFE PATTERN VIVIPARITY, SCHOOLING & MIGRATION, SEX TRANSFORMATION, SEMELPARITY, AMPHIBIOTIC, DIFFERENTIAL LIFE SPAN
ദുർബലത
RESILIENCE &
VULNERABILITY
TWO DIMENSIONAL
SCATTER PLOT OF R-V
SCORES FOR 133
SPECIES/STOCKS
96 TELEOSTS
6 ELASMOBRANCHS
20 CRUSTACEANS
11 MOLLUSCS
ഉന്മേഷം CMFRI According to the FAO, a fishery is
WHAT IS A FISHERY? typically defined in terms of the
"people involved, species or type of
fish, area of water or seabed, method
WHY DOES IT NEED of fishing, class of boats, purpose of
the activities or a combination of the
CONSERVATION & foregoing features.
MANAGEMENT? Unseen resource underwater…
Belongs to ??? Fisheries management is the
activity of protecting fishery
resources so sustainable
exploitation is possible, drawing
on fisheries science, and
WHAT IS including the precautionary
FISHERIES principle.
MANAGEMENT?BASIC FISHERIES
Kobe Plot
MANAGEMENT or Phase plot
PRINCIPLESINDIA - GLOBAL STATUS FISHERIES MANAGEMENT Survey responses from fishery experts showed high variability among 28 countries in research, management, enforcement, and socioeconomics dimensions of management systems, as well as in stock status Melnychuk et al (2016)
Sustainability of Indian marine fish stocks 223 fish stocks Sathianandan et al 2021
Ratios of MSY to . . . . Catch Biomass Effort Sathianandan et al 2021
FISHERIES GOVERNANCE IN INDIA Constitution of India – Division of Subjects Union List – Fisheries in EEZ State List – Fisheries in Territorial Waters (
NUMBER OF
LAWS &
AGENCIES:
COMPLEX
INDIA MANAGEMENT..REGULATORY MEASURES IN VOGUE Input Controls Output Controls Vessel registration & fishing licenses Minimum Legal Size (MLS) Closed fishing season (fishing/trawl ban) Protected species – ETP species - IWPA Closed fishing areas (MPAs mainly A&NI) Gear specifications – size/mesh Control over destructive fishing practices
REGULATIONS ON MINIMUM LEGAL SIZE (MLS) OF FISH ❑ Indiscriminate exploitation of large amount of juvenile fish along with low value biota collectively called as trash fish occurs all along the coast. ❑ Earlier, this catch which included juvenile and non-edible fish were caught as accidental catch while bottom trawling and fishermen used to discard it. ❑ Later, the trash fish were landed at the harbours and landing centres and were transported to fish meal factories in neighbouring states for the production of shrimp feed, cattle feed, poultry feed etc. ❑ Now, the demand for juvenile fish for fish meal from the factories compels the crew to conduct targeted fishing for juvenile. ❑ It is leading to wanton destruction of resources which is quite alarming and has already affected our fish wealth adversely.
MINIMUM LEGAL SIZE [MLS] RECOMMENDED FOR…
State No of species Status
Kerala 58 Rule change made
Strict enforcement in place
Karnataka 72 Rule change made, not
enforced
Tamil Nadu 113 Recommendation pending
with state
Andhra Pradesh 61 Recommendations made by
CMFRI
Maharashtra 48 Recommendations made by
CMFRIOVERCAPACITY
❑ Article 6.3 of FAO Code of Conduct for
Responsible Fisheries (CCRF)
recommended that “states should prevent
overfishing capacity and should implement
management measures to ensure that fishing
effort is commensurate with the productive
capacity of the fishery resources, and their
sustainable utilization”.
❑ The CMFRI has studied the issue of
overcapacity of fishing fleets on an all-
India basis and revealed that there is
considerable amount of overcapitalisation
in the fishing fleets.
Drone view of Chinese dipnets in Vembanad LakeMDTN MTN MDOL OBRS H&L GN
Percentage Effort Reduction Required
27
16 39
10
43
7
19
30
62 62 24
50
44 42
34
21 19
14
GJ MH KN KL TN PO AP OD WB
Sathianandan et al 2021REGULATION OF FISHING EFFORT Moratorium on new fishing crafts for next 10 years Registration of boat building yards Only replacement should be allowed
ZONATION OF FISHING GROUNDS ❑ Spatial regulations exist in all maritime states ❑ The NPMF 2017 recommends Territorial Use Rights for Fisheries (TURF) which has proved to be useful in sustaining the livelihoods of artisanal fishers. ❑ Recommended to earmark entire 12 nm zone for traditional fishers ❑ Therefore, spatial regulations must be modified. ❑ Fisheries regulations must be area based, and ❑ Licenses issued for the specified area only
REGULATIONS ON CO-MANAGEMENT ❑ Global shift in the governance of fisheries to a broader approach that recognizes fishermen participation, local stewardship, and shared decision-making in the management of fisheries. ❑ It is becoming increasingly clear that governments, with their Kerala finite resources, cannot solve all fishery problems. ❑ This approach is called co-management or participatory management ❑ Fishers are empowered to become active members of the fisheries management team, balancing rights and responsibilities, and working in partnership, rather than antagonistically, with government
Infographic of the proposed council- based fisheries management for India (adapted from Mohamed et al., 2017). Triangle apices shows the top of hierarchy within the system
Map showing proposed fishing zones in Indian EEZ. The map is only for the purpose of geographic information reference and the area estimates are indicative Mohamed et al (2018)
Zone Name of Zone Area in Regulatory Authority Management Councils
Code km2
A1 TW Gujarat 22392.77 Govt of Gujarat GJSFMC
ZONE CODES & A2
A3
TW
TW
Daman & Diu
Maharashtra
499.23
9938.08
UT Daman & Diu
Govt of Maharashtra
DDSFMC
MHSFMC
DETAILS B4
B5
TW
TW
Goa
Karnataka
2161.89
4864.19
Govt of Goa
Govt of Karnataka
GOSFMC
KNSFMC
B6 TW Kerala 10694.05 Govt of Kerala KLSFMC
Abbreviations: C7 TW Tamil Nadu 17894.52 Govt of Tamil Nadu TNSFMC
TW- territorial waters; C8 TW Puducherry 711.63 UT of Puducherry PUSFMC
NEAS – northeast Arabian Sea; C9 TW Andhra Pradesh 17192.94 Govt of Andhra Pradesh APSFMC
SEAS – southeast Arabian Sea;
SWBOB – southwest Bay of D10 TW Odisha 8246.98 Govt of Odisha ODSFMC
D11 TW West Bengal 5338.33 Govt of West Bengal WBSFMC
Bengal; NWBOB – northwest
E12 TW Lakshadweep 20477.89 UT of Lakshadweep LKSFMC
Bay of Bengal; LAK –
Lakshadweep; EBOB – eastern FG13 TW A&N Islands 43621.29 UT of A&N Islands ANSFMC
Bay of Bengal; ANS – Andaman
A NEAS 317978.72 Union Govt NEAS RFMC
Sea; SFMC – State Fisheries
Management Council; RFMC – B SEAS 438659.68 Union Govt SEAS RFMC
Regional Fisheries Management C SWBOB 389708.04 Union Govt SWBOB RFMC
Council; FMC – Fisheries
Management Council D NWBOB 111984.84 Union Govt NWBOB RFMC
E LAK Sea 41257.42 Union Govt LAKS FMC
13 State Councils
7 Regional Councils F EBOB 389206.78 Union Govt EBOB FMC
G AN Sea 167172.09 Union Govt ANS FMCGENESIS OF ECOLABELS…..TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES • Disappointment with the pace of regulatory measures to curb overfishing and to improve fisheries sustainability has led environmental groups to develop alternative market- based strategies for protecting marine life and promoting sustainability. • These private market mechanisms are designed to influence the purchasing decisions of consumers and the procurement policies of retailers selling fish and seafood products, as well as to reward producers using responsible fishing practices. • Ecolabels are one such market-based mechanism.
Ecolabels are seals of approval given to products that are deemed to
have fewer impacts on the environment than functionally or
competitively similar products.
The ecolabel itself is a tag or label placed on a product that certifies
that the product was produced in an environmentally friendly way.
The label provides information at the point of sale that links the
DEFINITION OF product to the state of the resource and/or its related management
regime.
AN ECOLABEL
Sitting behind the label is a certification process.Volume of MSC certified catch (tonnes)
11.8 million
million tonnes certified catch
356 138
Certified
fisheries*
Fisheries in
assessment 15%
of global marine catch
41
countries with certified fisheries
Data correct as of 31 March for each year
*Includes 13 fisheries for which MSC certification is currently suspended 42DO INDIAN FISHERIES NEED CERTIFICATION? ❑ In order to be competitive in global seafood trade (currently India’s share of global seafood exports is 4% and it is growing ), India needs to be proactive on seafood ecolabelling and, in future, aim for MSC certification of its major globally traded fisheries. ❑ Since 2010, CMFRI and WWF have been working together to get Indian fisheries certified. ❑ In 2014, the short-neck clam (Paphia malabarica) fishery of Ashtamudi Lake, Kerala became India’s first MSC certified fisheries.
MORE THAN 12 FISHERIES IN INDIA ARE MOVING TOWARDS MSC CERTIFICATION AFTER
ASHTAMUDI CLAM
Gillnet caught blue Gillnet caught Trawl caught Trawl caught Trawl caught
swimming crab – Indian oil sardine - karikadi shrimp - Indian nylon poovalan shrimp -
Tamil Nadu Kollam Kerala shrimp - Kerala Kerala
Trawl caught Trawl caught Trawl caught Trawl caught Trawl caught
Indian squid - pharaoh cuttlefish webfoot octopus whelk – Kollam flower shrimp –
Kerala - Kerala - Kerala Kerala Tamil Nadu
Pole and line
Trap caught Trawl caught
caught skipjack
lobster – threadfin bream –
tuna -
Tamil Nadu SW Coast
LakshadweepThanks for the opportunity to present this & for your hearing
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