Tulsi - A Review Based Upon Its Ayurvedic and Modern Therapeutic Uses - International Journal of Research and Review
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International Journal of Research and Review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210534
Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021
Website: www.ijrrjournal.com
Review Article E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237
Tulsi - A Review Based Upon Its Ayurvedic and
Modern Therapeutic Uses
Shifali Thakur1, Shailja Choudhary2, Bhawna Walia3, Gitika Chaudhary4
1,2,3,4
Shuddhi Ayurveda, Jeena Sikho Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. Zirakpur 140603, Punjab, India.
Corresponding Author: Gitika Chaudhary
ABSTRACT therapeutical uses [5]. Tulsi (Ocimum
sanctum L) is one of the most common herb
Herbal plants are considered as the most used in Indian traditional system and also
significant source of medicines. These herbal named as "Holy Basil", "Queen of Herbs"
plants are in practice from ancient times. [6,7].
The name Tulsi comes from Sanskrit
Traditionally, all the parts of the plant are used
word that means "the incomparable one" [8].
for curing various diseases. One of the most
important herbal plants is the Ocimum sanctum In Indian culture, it is worshiped very
also called tulsi. This plant is considered a religiously and known as "Vishnupriya".
sacred plant in Indian culture and used for holy The scientific name of Tulsi is Ocimum
purposes as well. The name Tulsi comes from sanctum (Linn) which belongs to the
Sanskrit word which means "the incomparable Labiatae family and the Ocimum genus is
one". Tulsi plant is not only used in ayurvedic derived from the Greek word ozo which
medicines but also used in other medicinal means to smell or having strong odor [9].
systems in Greek, Roman and Unani. Apart This plant has about 160 species in which
from this, the Tulsi plant possesses different Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum gratissimum,
therapeutical properties due to the presence of Ocimum canum, Ocimum basilicum,
several phytochemical constituents in its roots,
Ocimum killimandscharicum, Ocimum
stem, fruit, and leaves due to the presence of
eugenol, vallinin, gallic acid, palmitic acid, oleic ameicanum, Ocimum camphora and
acid, linoleic acid, and many more. These Ocimum miranthum are therapeutically
phytochemicals are extracted from the plant and important [10,11]. There are commonly three
used to cure various types of diseases. Tulsi is types of Tulsi that are considered the most
reported to have properties like anti-ulcer, anti- i.e. Ocimum tenuiflorum (Krishna tulsi),
oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, Ocimum sanctum (Rama Tulsi) and Ocimum
antidiabetic, anti-arthritic, analgesic, antistress, gratissimum (Vana Tulsi) [12]. Numerous
anti-asthmatic, antifertility, immunomodulatory, phytochemical constituents isolated from
and neuroprotective activity. this plant which are responsible for their
medicinal value both in modern medication
Keywords: Ocimum sanctum, phytochemicals,
system and traditional medication system
Eugenol, Tulsi, Ayurveda
i.e. Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Greek and
INTRODUCTION Roman [13]. The presence of phytochemicals
Plants are known for various may vary in this plant because of its
medicinal properties from ancient times. cultivation and harvesting procedure. In
The essential oils extracted from therapeutic Ayurveda, it is explained as "the elixir of
plants are safe, economical, effective and life" and believed to promote longevity. Our
easily available [1,2,3,4]. India is the home for review is focused on a detailed description
more than 8000 species of vascular plant out of Tulsi (Ocimum L) and its medicinal
of which 1748 are considered for their significance as per different medicinal
International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 263
Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021Shifali Thakur et.al. Tulsi - a review based upon its ayurvedic and modern therapeutic uses.
systems. Botanical Classification and has small phyllotaxy and petiole is 2-5 cm
vernacular names of Ocimum sanctum is long, slender and pubescent. The leaves of
given below in table no. 1 [14] and table no. 2 the plant mainly possess medicinal property.
[15].
They are also pubescent on both sides with
small glands. The stomata are present on the
Table 1: Botanical Classification of Ocimum sanctum lower surface but also rarely present on the
Taxonomic Rank Taxon
Kingdom Plantae upper surface of leaf. The flowers of this
Division Magnoliophyta plant consist of verticillaster inflorescence
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Lamiales with varying color from purple to pink.
Family Lamiaceae Flowers are simple or branched raceme 5-
Genus Ocimum
Species Ocimum sanctum
30cm of height, bracts sessile, ovate,
caduceus, hermaphrodite, pedicel 1-4 mm
Table 2: Vernacular names of Ocimum sanctum long, spreading or slightly curved.
Vernacular Names
English Basilie, Sweet Basil Flowering started after 136 days and
Hindi Besil, Tulsi, Jangli tulsi continue up to 195 days and their seeds
Chinese Loh lahk, Yu heung choi
Middle East , North Africa Dohsh, Schadjant, Vasub matures after 259 days. Fruit having 4-dry,
Armenia Shahasbram, Rehan 1– seeded nut lets covered in the persistent
Bulgaria Bosilek
Burma Laun, Pinzainpinzin
calyx; long up to 1.5mm, rugose brown,
Denmark, Greenland Basilikum outer pericarp does not turn into
Netherlands, South Africa Baziel, Koningskruid mucilaginous in water. It produces small
England Basilie, Sweet Basil
Finland, Sweden, Norway Basilika seeds which are reddish black in colour.
France Basilic sacre, Herbe royale Stem are green in newly born plant and
Georgia Rekhani, Rehan
Germany Indisches Basilikum become woody when getting older. The
Iceland Basilika roots of the Ocimum sanctum contains
Italy
Japan
Basilico
Bajiru, Kami-meboki
various essential oil like eugenol [16,17,18,19].
Cambodia Che tak, Mareah proeu Plant is shown in figure 1.
Korea Naruk-pul, Yanggajuk
Northeast of Thailand Saphaa, Phak i tou thai
Malaya Kemangi, Selasi jantan
Nepal Tulsi patta, Bavari phul
Sri Lanka Madurutala, Mudura tulla
Spain Alfabega, Albacar
Swedish Basilika, Basilkaort
Vietnam Nhu tia, Cay hung que
Assam , North-East India Tuloxi, Tulasii
West Bengal Tulsi, Kalotulsi, Kural
Himachal Pradesh Tulsi, Niyan Posh
Gujarat Sabje, Talasi
Karnataka Karitulasi,, Tulasiya
Kerala Pachcha, Kunnakam
North-eastern India Mayangton, Naoshek lei
Maharashtra Sabja, Tulasa
Orissa Dhala tulasi, Karpura
Punjab Tulsi
Tamilnadu Tiruttizhai, Tiviragandam
Andhra Pradesh Oddhi, Rudrajada
Kashmir, North India Tulsi, Janglitulsi
Botanical Description
Ocimum sanctum belongs to the Figure 1. Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)
family Lamiaceae/Labiate. Tulsi is an erect,
branched, fragrant plant with height reaches Geographical Distribution
upto 30-60cm when completely mature. The O. sanctum is extensively distributed
leaves of Tulsi are simple, inverse, in tropical and subtropical parts of Asia. The
elliptical, ovoid, dense or acute with entire plant is indigenous to the Indian
margin. The leaves grow up to 5cm long. It subcontinent including the Himalayas,
Malaysia, Caribbean, Pacific and other parts
International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 264
Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021Shifali Thakur et.al. Tulsi - a review based upon its ayurvedic and modern therapeutic uses.
of Africa. In India it is cultivated in almost oil of OS leaves. The other phenyl
every state [20]. Due to some holy believes it propanoids derivatives are ociglycoside
is present around the temples and places of or eugenyl- β-D-glucoside,
worship. Till now there is no data available ferualdehyde, citrusin C and
regarding specific habitats where the species dehydrodieugenol were extracted from
has been found naturally [21,22]. the leaf part of the OS plant [29].
Phytochemical constituents of Ocimum 4. Neolignans: The methanolic extracts of
sanctum OS plant possess to have neolignans
The leaves of Ocimum sanctum constituents consist of Tulsinol A to
reported to be a rich source of volatile oil Tulsinol G which are formed by
containing eugenol (71%) and methyl polymerization of eugenol content [29].
eugenol (20%) content. The volatile oil also
consists of carvacrol and sesquiterpine 5. Terpenoids: The terpenoids reported in
hydrocarbon caryophyllene. The other OS plant are sesquiterpenoids (β-
chemical constituents present are phenolics, caryophyllene and 4,5- epoxy-
flavonoids, terpenoids and fatty acids. The caryophyllene), abietane diterpenoid
seeds of plant are enriched with fixed oil (carnosic acid), ursane triterpenoids(
(18-22%), polysaccharides mucilage and β- ursolic acid, urs- 12-en-3 3β,6β,20β-
sitosterol. Linoleic acid is considered as the triol-28-oic acid and oleane triterpenoids
main content present in seed oil [23]. The (oleanic acid, β-Amyrin-
[8]
other chemical constitutes present are: glucopyranoside) .The most abundant
1. Phenolics: The phenolic content found constituent found by HPTLC and
in OS plant consist of chlorogenic acid, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS is ursolic acid [30].
vanillic acid, ocimumnaphthanoic acid, Other terpenoids constituents isolated
caffeic acid and menthylsalicylic were β-caryophyllene, elemene, α-
glucoside that are extracted from the humulene, α-caryophyllene, germacrene,
aerial parts of the plant [24]. The other trans- -α-bergamotene and 5β-
[31].
chemical constituents present was hydroxycaryophyllene
confirmed by HPLC which comprises of
gallic acid ethyl ester, protocatechuic 6. Coumarins: There are three coumarins
acid, 4-hydroxynbenzoic acid, gallic constituents extracted from tulsi plant
acid methyl ester, vanillin and 4- named aeculetin, aesculin and ocimarin
hydroxybenzaldehyde [25,26]. [32].
2. Flavonoids: Flavonoids are considered 7. Steroids: he steroid components present
as the main constituents which consist of are β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-3-Oβ-D-
methoxy flavonoids and their glycosides glucopyranoside, stigmasterol and
(cirsimartin, isothymusin, luteolin), C- campesterol which are extracted from
glycosides flavonoids (vicenin, the stem and leaves of OS [33].
isovitexin, isoorientin and orientin) of
the OS plant [27]. The other flavones 8. Essential oil: The essential oil extracted
detected using atmospheric pressure from leaves of OS plant is mainly
chemical ionization mass spectrometry composed of terpenoids which include
(APCI-MS) are cirsumaritin, crisilineol, phenolic acid, esters, aliphatic
isothymusin, gardenin, apigenin, aldehydes, bicyclic terpenoids, acyclic
[28].
eupatorin and salvigenin monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids.
The chemical composition varies from
3. Phenyl propanoids Eugenol is the region to region depend upon its
main component found in the essential cutivation, harvesting, climatic
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Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021Shifali Thakur et.al. Tulsi - a review based upon its ayurvedic and modern therapeutic uses.
conditions. The major phytochemicals embers. There are many stories regarding
present in essential oil are eugenol or the Tulsi, but the well-known comes from
methyl eugenol and methyl chavicol Shiva Purana. Once Indra and Bri haspati
which is responsible for the went to meet lord Shiva at the Kailash
antimicrobial and anthelmintic property mountain and their way was blocked by a
[34].
The other constituents present in sage. The sage was Shiva himself. Lord
essential oil are, β-caryophyllene, β- Shiva transforms his look with tangled hair
caryophyllene oxide and germacrene D and a resplendent face just to test Indra and
[35].
Bri haspati. Indra did not recognize the lord
Shiva and got furious that the man was not
9. Fixed oil (non-volatile oil): The fixed moving out their way. To move him out of
oil isolated from OS seeds constitute his way Indra threatened him with his
18.22% which is mainly composed of thunderbolt. Lord Shiva became infuriated
linoleic acid (66.1%), which possess upon this deed and got angry. Due to his
anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, anger, his third eye got opened to kill Indra
chemopreventive anticoagulant but at the same, the Bri haspati recognized
properties [36]. The other constituents lord Shiva. He requested Shiva to pardon
present are stearic acid (2.1%), oleic Indra. Lord Shiva was convinced by Bri
acid (9.0%), palmitic acid (6.94%) and, haspati and propelled the fire from his eye
α-linolenic acid (15.7%) which are towards the ocean. The collision of fire and
extracted from the leaves of OS leaves ocean took the form of a boy who was
[37].
named Jalandhara. Jalandhara grew up
powerful and become a king of demons by
10. Fatty acid derivatives: The fatty acid Guru Sukra. He got married to Vrinda, who
derivatives extracted from the roots and was the daughter of demon Kalanemi.
leaves of the OS plant are cerebrosides. Bhrugu made him against Lord Vishnu as
Also, palmityl glucoside and sanctumoic well as other gods. A battle occurred
acid present in OS leaves are responsible between Jalandhara and Vishnu which
for mosquitocidal property [38]. reminded inconclusively. Influenced by the
bravery of Jalandhara, Vishnu asked him in
Traditional and Modern View on plant ksira sagara and as accepted by lord Vishnu,
A. Folk View of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) in the absence of all gods got defeated by
Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) is Jalandhara. Devas did not want to be
considered a medicinal plant from ancient governed by Jalandhara. The Devas
times. The literature indicates that the consulted with sage Narada to meet
medicinal use of plants is as old as 4000- Jalandhara. But he illustrated the beauty of
5000 BC. The natural herbal preparation of Kailasa in his visit. Sage Narada then
medicines was firstly done by the Chinese. continued to describe Shiva's residence and
In India, the Tulsi plant was formulated into the beauty of goddess Parvati [42]. Listening
medicine between 3500-1600 BC. Later the to this Jalandhara disguised himself as Shiva
therapeutic uses were studied and recorded and went to Parvati just to trick her. Parvati
empirically by the ancient physicians [39]. identified him and endeavored to strike him
The plant is a part of religious belief but Jalandhar ran away. After this Parvati
around the world, especially in India. went to Lord Vishnu and requested him to
Although there is no literature available on trick Vrinda just like Jalandhar does. Vrinda
basil in the Bible [40], the plant is said to was very virtuous to Lord Vishnu for the
have grown at the site of Christ's crucifixion restoration of Jalandhara's destruction by
[41].
It is mainly sanctified in Hindu Folklore. Shiva. Hearing this, Vrinda embraced
The plant is known to be the manifestation Jalandhara who is Vishnu in reality. When
of the goddess, Tulsi was raised from her Vrinda realized the fact she cursed Lord
International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 266
Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021Shifali Thakur et.al. Tulsi - a review based upon its ayurvedic and modern therapeutic uses.
Vishnu that somebody would seize his wife derived from the five elements. In Ayurveda
(which was later done in Ramayana) and "Doshas" shows the activity of physical,
also become the stone. Just honoring his real emotional and mental characteristics.
devotee, he accepted the curse and appears According to Ayurveda, the medicine works
as the stone named Saligrama sila in the on the dynamic state to maintain balance
Gandika river in Nepal. In the end, Vrinda between body, mind and environment. Tulsi
stepped into the fire to immolate herself. reduces Kapha (Water and earth
When Jalandhara came to know about his component) and Vata (Air component)
wife's death, he became angry and turn into Dosha (disorder) and increases Pitta (Fire
a battlefield. Hence Jalandhara was killed and water component) [49]
by Lord Shiva. Hid soul merged with Shiva
just like Vrinda's soul had merged with Properties of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) [50]
Parvati. Vrinda is as late named as Tulsi Abhiyantar Pachansansthan ( –
because of her faithfulness and her denotion पI ): It works on the GIT, Dipana
towards lord Vishnu. In her suffering, Tulsi (appetizer), Pachana (digestive), Jwaraghna
ended up her life and Lord Vishnu affirmed (antipyretic), Krimighna (wormicidal) and
that she would be "worshipped by women also kills the parasites.
for her faithfulness" [43,44]. Thus in
Satambhikaran ( ): Used for the
Hinduism, it may be considered as the
treatment of chronic fever
symbol of love, eternal life, purification,
and protection. Also, it is used in burial Dashemani Shwasaharni (
ceremonies for purification [45]. ): Used as an anti-asthmatic
medicine.
B. Ayurvedic View on Tulsi (Ocimum Sondrayavardhak ( ) It enhance
sanctum) beauty and also used in beauty products.
Tulsi is also called "the elixir of life" Raktavah Sansthan ( ): It
because it promotes longevity. Every part of increases the blood circulation and
the plant. It possesses some therapeutic Raktashodhak (Blood purifier).
property and is also used in the Ayurveda Taapkaram ( Iप ): Used for the
and Siddha systems of medicines. Tulsi is treatment of malaria and severe fever.
considered as the earliest herbs known to
humanity, which act as a medicine for the C. Modern View
prevention and cure of many diseases The use of Herbal medicines is in
mainly common cold, headache, cough, flu, practice since ancient times. People prefer
earache, fever, colic pain, sore throat, herbal medicines over allopathic medicines
asthma, hepatic diseases, malaria fever, due to their fewer side effects and are
wound insomnia, arthritis, digestive considered as safest medicines as compared
disorder, night blindness and influenza. The to allopathic medicines [51,52]. To meet the
intake of the leaves of Tulsi recover lesions demand of people, adulteration rises in the
and act as memory enhancer [46,47]. Rasa herbal drug industry which ultimately
panchak of Tulsi is given in Table No. 3 [48]. affects the health of people. The major
drawback of allopathic medicines is that it
Table 3: Rasa Panchak of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)
Sanskrit/English Sanskrit/English generally works on suppressing the
Virya/Potency Katu/Astrigent symptoms of the disease while Ayurveda
Vipak/Metabolic property Katu,Tikt/Astringent,bitter
Guna/Physical property Laghu,Ruksha/Light,Dry
medicines work on holistic approach. The
Rasa/Taste Tikt,Katu/Bitter,Astrigent holy plant Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) contains
various therapeutic properties and is used in
Action (Karma) of Tulsi: Doshas are the various Ayurveda products which are
mind-body type and there are 3 main doshas available in the market to treat various
Vata, Pitta, and Kapha, each of which is
International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 267
Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021Shifali Thakur et.al. Tulsi - a review based upon its ayurvedic and modern therapeutic uses.
diseases and also used in cosmetics was conducted in a mice model where it
preparation. was found that the oil extracted from the
seeds of o. sanctum possesses anti-
Reported Therapeutic Uses of Ocimum arthritic activity against turpentine oil-
sanctum induced joint pain [57].
There are several reports on the use 5. Anti-pyretic activity: The fixed oil of
of natural materials sources like plants, OS was tested against typhoid-
bacteria, fungi, yeast and honey. Ocimum paratyphoid A/B vaccine-induced
sanctum is also considered as a wide source pyrexia in rats and it was found that the
for the modern or herbal formulation. oil extracted from the plant exhibit
Various studies (like in-vivo, in-vitro) have antipyretic activity.
been done for the therapeutical uses of 6. Antitussive: It was reported that the
Tulsi. Those reported studies are shown aqueous and methanolic extracts of the
below: OS plant showed antitussive activity
1. Analgesic: It was reported that the oil when studied in guinea pigs [58].
extracted from Ocimum sanctum plant 7. Hepatoprotective: It was reported that
possesses analgesic activity. This study the leaf extract of the O. sanctum plant
was carried out in mice using acetic possesses significant hepatoprotective
acid-induced writhing methods, tail activity when studied against
flick, tail clip and tail immersion. From paracetamol-induced liver damage
the results, it was clear that the against albino rats [59].
inhibitory activity of the oil is due to the 8. Anti-stress: It was reported that the
combined inhibitory effect of leaves of O. sanctum possess antistress
acetylcholine, histamine and activity when studied in rabbits [60].
prostaglandin [53]. 9. Anti-plasmodial: It was studied that the
2. Anti-oxidant: The experimental study root and leaf extract of O. sanctum
on streptozocin-induced diabetic rats showed antiplasmodial activity because
showed the antioxidant activity of O. of the presence of ethanolic extract
sanctum. It was reported that the leaves mainly flavonoids, phenols, saponins,
of this plant contain hydroalcoholic alkaloids, glycosides proteins, resins,
extract which is responsible for the anti- steroids, triterpenenoids [61].
oxidant property. When the leaves of O. 10. Memory Enhancer: To study the
sanctum were provided with antidementia and anticholinesterase
streptozocin-induced diabetic rats for 30 activity, the aqueous and alcoholic
days, it was found to improve the extract of the leaves of O. sanctum were
activity of antioxidant enzyme catalase studied in rats. Atropine, cyclosporine,
and reduce the plasma level of and electroshock were used to activate
thiobarbituric acid in the vital organs dementia. It was reported that the
like kidneys and liver [54]. inactive restraint was used to assess
3. Anti-ulcer: It was reported that the O. memory [62].
sanctum plant possesses to have 11. Immunomodulatory: It was studied
antiulcer activity against histamine, that leaves of O. sanctum increase the
aspirin, reserpine, serotonin aspirin RBCs, WBCs hemoglobin and
indomethacin in rats [55]. The experiment antibodies production without affecting
was performed in Wistar rats where it other biochemical activities when tested
was found that the aqueous extract of o. in mice [63].
sanctum protects against ethanol- 12. Chemopreventive: It was reported from
induced gastric ulceration [56]. various studies that the oil extracted
4. Anti-arthritic: In order to find out the from seeds of O. sanctum showed
anti-arthritic activity, the experiment chemopreventive activity against
International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 268
Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021Shifali Thakur et.al. Tulsi - a review based upon its ayurvedic and modern therapeutic uses.
subcutaneously injected 20 shown that fixed oil of OS decrease high
methylcholanthrene induced serum lipid concentration and show
fibrosarcoma tumors in Swiss albino cardioprotective and antiatherogenic
mice. It was injected 20 actions against hyperlipidemia when
methylcholanthrene induced tested in high fat(HF) rat [73].
fibrosarcoma tumors in Swiss albino 20. Antifungal: It was studied that the
mice. It was found that the survival rate linalool and methyl chavicol content
of mice was enhanced and tumor spread extracted from the essential oil of tulsi
rate delayed in seed oil supplemented leaves showed antifungal property
mice which showed its chemopreventive against clinically isolated dermatophytes
property [64,65]. [74].
13. Antidepressant and Antianxiety: The
ethanolic extract of O. sanctum were CONCLUSION
tested in swiss mice. It was found that Herbal plants are used in Indian for
the plant extract possesses treating and curing various disease because
antidepressant and antianxiety properties of their high value. Tulsi (Ocimum
and can act as a therapeutic drug against sanctum) is considered a holy plant. It is
these disorders [66]. mainly used for medicinal purposes and also
14. Antiemetic: It was reported that the as an herbal tea. It is used in Ayurveda,
leaves of Tulsi possess antiemetic Sidha, greek, roman and Unani medicinal
properties and used to treat vomiting systems. It was reported in various research
diarrhea [67]. studies that the Ocimum sanctum plant
15. Anti-fertility: The tulsi leaves were contain therapeutical properties including
reported to have antifertility property. antiulcer, antistress, antifertility,
The experimental study was carried out antiasthmatic, analgesic, antidiabetic, anti-
in albino rats where the model was inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial
treated with benzene extract of tulsi and neuroprotective activity. Conclusively
leaves for 48 days. Results showed a from various repeated scientific studies that
decrease in sperm count and sperm the Tulsi plant has great medicinal
motility [68,69]. importance and is used worldwide to treat
16. Anti-inflammatory: The presence of various diseases.
fatty acids in the tulsi plant possesses
anti-inflammatory activity. The main Acknowledgement: None
fatty acid responsible for the anti-
inflammatory activity is linoleic acid Conflict of Interest: None
which is capable of blocking the cyclo-
oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways Source of Funding: None
[70].
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