YELLOW VESTS FLOODED BY FAKE NEWS - OVER 100M VIEWS OF DISINFORMATION ON FACEBOOK
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YELLOW VESTS FLOODED BY FAKE NEWS OVER 100M VIEWS OF DISINFORMATION ON FACEBOOK Avaaz calls on Facebook to Correct the Record ahead of EU Elections -- with an in-depth study showing how fake news surrounding the Yellow Vests reached over 100 million views, and how Russia fueled the divide. 12/03/2019 - Avaaz Report
YELLOW VESTS FLOODED BY FAKE NEWS
OVER 100M VIEWS OF DISINFORMATION ON FACEBOOK
Avaaz calls on Facebook to Correct the Record ahead of EU Elections --
with an in-depth study showing how fake news surrounding the Yellow
Vests reached over 100 million views, and how Russia fueled the divide.
12/03/2019
CONTENTS
1) The Summary - What the study shows 6
2) The Data - 105M views of fake news 8
3) The Stories - 6 case studies 10
4) The Methodology - How the study was done 18
5) The Russia Effect - RT France dominates the YouTube debate 20
6) The Solution - Correct The Record 26
Annex - 100 Fake News Table 32
5
1
THE SUMMARY -
WHAT THE STUDY SHOWS
This new in-depth study by the global citizens’ or factually incorrect posts. Furthermore, the
movement Avaaz shows for the first time the findings shine a light on the increased efforts from
unprecedented scale at which the Yellow Vest Russian state media, RT France, to fuel the protests.
movement has been impacted by disinformation.
The research was carried out by a team of
According to its findings, fake news surrounding
investigative reporters, researchers and data
the French Yellow Vest movement has reached an
analysts set up by the global citizens movement
estimated 105 million views on Facebook alone, in a
Avaaz to detect and deter disinformation ahead
country with just over 35 million Facebook monthly
of the European elections. It shows clearly that
active users1.
Facebook and other platforms’ responses to
The research analyzed social media posts over a five disinformation in Europe are ineffective and pose
month period - between November 2018 and March a serious threat to healthy public discourse and
2019 - and focused mainly on Facebook, where most democratic stability, especially in light of upcoming
of the Yellow Vest social media interaction took EU elections in May. The report concludes by
place. It took into account the top known 100 fake calling on platforms to work with fact-checkers to
news stories circulating in the French Yellow Vest Correct The Record for everyone exposed to false
movement, all of which were fact-checked by French or misleading content, as an emergency measure
or international media. The selected stories are ahead of the elections.
mostly malicious, made-up, purposefully misleading
The study shows:
JJ Disinformation in Yellow Vest Facebook • an image of a Yellow Vest protest in Paris,
groups and pages reached over 105 million with a caption alleging that the image had
views and over 4 million shares in the time been censored on Facebook or elsewhere;
between November 1, 2018 and March 6, 2019. Le Monde fact-checkers debunked the claim
that the photo or the caption were deleted
JJ The 100 most viewed fake news stories
(349,403 shares, 8,967,432 est. views)
analyzed in this report include:
JJ RT France’s overwhelming dominance of
• a post with images including bleeding
the French debate about the Yellow Vests
‘Yellow Vest protesters,’ which media and
on YouTube: Research focusing on the 500
government allegedly hid from the public
top YouTube results shows that Russia’s state
- when some of the photos were actually
media was the most viewed channel for videos
taken at different protests near Madrid or
related to the Yellow Vest movement in France
in Catalonia (136,818 shares, 3,511,456 est.
and accumulated over 2 times as many views
views)
as Le Monde, L’Obs, Le Huffington Post, Le
• a video of French President Macron Figaro and FRANCE 24 combined.
dancing in the Middle East “while France
JJ How Avaaz’s policy proposal “Correct the
suffers,” when the video was actually taken
Record” could function as a deterrence for
over a month before, during the Summit
far-spreading fake news, by requiring that
for the Francophonie in Armenia (183,390
Facebook and other platforms work with fact-
shares, 5,700,000 views)
checkers to issue corrections to all users who
have been exposed to disinformation.
1
https://www.lejdd.fr/Medias/Internet/il-y-a-plus-de-35-millions-dutilisateurs-de-facebook-en-france-3850928
6 7
2
THE DATA - 105M VIEWS OF FAKE NEWS
Figure 2.2 -- Top 100 most viewed fake news by topic, Nov. 1, 2018 - Mar. 6, 2019
FAKE NEWS AND THE Fake Gerard Lanvin letter
The key focus of the study is the world’s biggest Table 2.1 below shows the 20 most viewed fake
social media platform Facebook, by far the most news stories for the period between November FRENCH YELLOW VESTS
popular online network used by the Yellow Vest 1, 2018 and March 6, 2019. Figure 2.2 shows all
movement2. We examined posts shared by pages, 100 most viewed fake news as an infographic, Each circle is one piece of “fake news” -
groups and profiles associated with the movement segmented by topic. The entire list of the 100 most size is equal to the total number of Facebook “censors”
and limited our analysis to posts containing text, viewed fake news can be found in the Annex. As estimated views a Yellow Vests picture
images, and videos. stated above, all of the analyzed fake news have
been fact-checked by French or international media.
Table 2.1 -- 20 Most Viewed Fake News Content, Nov. 1, 2018 - Mar. 6, 2019
NAME OF VIDEO VIEWS SHARES FAKE NEWS FACT-CHECK
Yellow Vests protest picture being deliberately deleted by Facebook 8,967,432 349,401 https://www.facebook.com/groups/1136704289828258/
permalink/1144241582407862
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1A66kHxLLAA5l1J0-d_ybp-
r074KJWU8o/view?usp=sharing
Fake Gerard Lanvin letter 6,467,620 252,000
https://web.archive.org/web/20181210110228/facebook.com/
https://factuel.afp.com/non-gerard-lanvin-nest-pas-lauteur-dune-
Fake pictures of
photo.php?fbid=10217401146005830&set=a.10201689078253956&-
lettre-ouverte-anti-macron-tres-virale-sur-facebook
type=3&theater
police violence
Macron dances while France is protesting 5,700,000 183,392
https://www.facebook.com/pat51343/videos/
https://observers.france24.com/fr/20181203-emmanuel-macron-
vb.100007099055800/2072455656334383/?type=2&video_
danse-il-alors-mouvement-gilets-jaunes-debute
source=user_video_tab
Macron dances while France is protesting (2nd post) 4,944,624 192,659 https://www.facebook.com/yann.juarez/posts/2850952611587557 https://twitter.com/AfpFactuel/status/1066992424361312256
Fake photo of police support
Police allegedly supporting Yellow Vest protesters 4,619,857 180,005 https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1969051696548925&set=
pb.100003323406258.-2207520000.1544447688.&type=3&theater
https://twitter.com/AfpFactuel/status/1066818934664511489 for the Yellow Vests
Fake police violence pictures 3,511,456 136,818 https://www.facebook.com/snoirotetthielen/posts/1971636099572802
https://observers.france24.com/en/20181129-debunked-videos-
yellow-vests-france-protests
Video of police officers taking off their helmets - Montpellier 4,468,048 174,090
https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/occitanie/herault/montpellier/
https://www.facebook.com/groups/283520695621830/
Figure 2.3 -- Views of the top 100 fake news by topic, Nov. 1, 2018 - Mar. 6, 2019
herault-melenchon-victime-infox-confond-frontignan-bordeaux-chal-
permalink/293590931281473
eur-soutien-1579669.html
Disobedience call from an alleged policeman 3,900,000 248,867 https://www.facebook.com/djohn.attend.5/
videos/2139730536342642/
https://www.20minutes.fr/societe/2382079-20181128-video-gilets-
jaunes-policier-vraiment-publie-videos-soutien-mouvement
Outdated police violences and allegedly being erased 3,516,127 137,000
(need to be a member of the group to see the post)
https://www.facebook.com/groups/298362254331895/
permalink/317972172370903
from an old 2016 video: https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=qNvdpPHzniY FRENCH YELLOW VEST
France 3 TV intentionally censoring journalist 3,700,000 119,059 https://www.facebook.com/Bassiste.de.Fanatic.Control/videos/
vb.1234098273/10217681408767031/?type=2&theater
https://factuel.afp.com/gilets-jaunes-demeler-le-vrai-du-faux-de-trois-
jours-de-mobilisation-0 FAKE NEWS DATABASE BY
Police beating students (outdated) 3,600,000 161,862 https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=348619922581785
https://factuel.afp.com/hors-contexte-anciennes-ou-faussement-
legendeestoutes-les-images-de-violences-en-marge-du-mouvement
ESTIMATED VIEWS AND TYPE
3,500,000 135,169
http://www.leparisien.fr/societe/gilets-jaunes-les-
Macron hired mercenaries; secret services support Yellow Vest protests https://www.facebook.com/nicole.guegan.735/
mercenaires-de-macron-et-autres-intox-qui-pullulent-sur-
Each circle represents one piece of fake news labeled by
videos/2709389059285694/
facebook-05-12-2018-7961382.php
Police officers taking off their helmets - Bordeaux 3,300,000 121,983 https://www.facebook.com/benjamin.e.dupouy/
videos/10218125252782142/
https://factuel.afp.com/la-police-bordeaux-retire-son-casque-en-
soutien-aux-gilets-jaunes-une-interpretation-douteuse
keywords; filtered to show content with >2,500,000 views
2,000,000 72,457
https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2018/12/06/vendre-la-
UN is planning the replacement of European population by migrants https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=361553517934236 france-a-l-onu-de-donald-trump-aux-gilets-jaunes-l-itineraire-mondial-
d-une-intox_5393268_4355770.html
Marrakech Pact conspiracy 3,100,000 108,617
https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2018/12/06/vendre-la-
https://www.facebook.com/romeo.piacquaddio/
france-a-l-onu-de-donald-trump-aux-gilets-jaunes-l-itineraire-mondial-
videos/1430180387116830/
d-une-intox_5393268_4355770.html
Untrue claim that French MPs salary higher than in Germany 2,406,288 93,757
https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/12/30/quels-
https://www.facebook.com/groups/310403819778193/
pays-europeens-remunerent-le-mieux-leurs-elus_5055895_4355770.
permalink/342917016526873
html
Picture of rugby supporters used for illustrating YV protest 2,277,655 88,745
https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/faits-divers-justice/fausse-video-de-
post has been deleted but screenshot shared here by AFP on twitter:
l-agression-d-un-handicape-a-quimper-le-prefet-du-finistere-porte-
https://twitter.com/AfpFactuel/status/1064287475886112768/photo/1
plainte-1542826305
Croatia president giving up her presidential plane 1,918,240 74,741 https://www.facebook.com/groups/310403819778193/
permalink/332905080861400
https://factuel.afp.com/non-la-presidente-croate-na-pas-vendu-lavion-
presidentiel-et-baisse-son-salaire-de-30
Police intentionally throwing a grenade at a protester 1,600,000 57,807 https://www.facebook.com/gjpourlepeuple/
videos/290734811786372/
https://factuel.afp.com/des-policiers-visent-deliberement-ce-gilet-
jaune-avec-une-grenade-la-police-et-le-manifestant-ne
1
https://jean-jaures.org/nos-productions/en-immersion-numerique-avec-les-gilets-jaunes
8 9
3
THE STORIES - This chapter presents brief case studies of some
of the most shared and viewed fake news from
our research3. Every item has a summary of the
6 CASE STUDIES fake news, its reach and verification of the events
depicted by the posts.
1 POLICE BRUTALITY, CONTEXT MANIPULATION
Below are two examples of where some of the images originally came from:
POLICE BRUTALITY AT YELLOW VEST PROTEST LEAVES PEOPLE BLEEDING
FAKE NEWS: A Yellow Vest supporter shared
a collection of images of people, supposedly
showing them as Yellow Vest protesters who are
victims of French police brutality, with a caption
that reads “the media and the government of
Macron have hidden the images of peaceful
protesters beaten by the CRS” (the general reserve
of the French National Police).
REACH: The post quickly went viral on Facebook
and reached 136K shares and over 3.5M
estimated views by March 6, 2019.
VERIFICATION: The post was made up of several
photos taken at different protests, cities, countries
and events around the world, yet suggested
they were all the result of French police brutality
toward the Yellow Vest movement. For instance,
the image of the young woman bleeding was from
a Coal Mining protest in Spain back in July 11,
2012. The one from the older woman bleeding was
taken at a Catalonian protest on September 11,
2017.
“Miners clash with police while demonstrating in Madrid.”
Facebook has recently added below the post This Getty Images caption shows that the photo was
related content articles from Observers France 24 actually taken near Madrid, Spain on July 11, 2012.
and AFP that explain the misuse of such images.
This AFP Factuel post reads, “The third image of an
older lady with a bloodied face has been shared
around social networks during the autumn 2017
Catalan referendum.”
3 Screenshots were taken November 2018 - March 2019.
10 11
2 ANTI-ESTABLISHMENT, CONTEXT AND DATE MANIPULATION 3 CENSORSHIP
MACRON DANCES WHILE FRANCE SUFFERS THE YELLOW VEST MOVEMENT IS BEING CENSORED
FAKE NEWS: This video was posted on Facebook FAKE NEWS: This post was published on November VERIFICATION: The post is still available on the
on November 17, 2018, the day the first Yellow 25, 2018, with the caption “this picture has just platform and as fact-checkers from Le Monde have
Vests protests happened. The video depicts been erased, share massively,” insinuating that the said, “this image taken by photographer Olivier Coret
President Macron and his wife dancing to Middle content had been censored. has been used to illustrate many online publications
Eastern-sounding music at a gala event with the that have not been censored on Facebook or
caption, “And while France is suffering,” insinuating REACH: When first published with the censorship elsewhere. [...] the very fact that this photo was
Macron was “partying” while French citizens were accusations, massive sharing started and by March published on November 25 and is still available […]
protesting. 6, 2019, it reached over 349K shares, leading to over proves that there was no censorship.”
8.9M estimated views. The image, with the false
REACH: The video went viral within days, reaching caption, was still available at the close of this study.
5.7M views and over 183K shares by March 6,
2019.
VERIFICATION: The original video was published
a month before the first Yellow Vest protests
happened, on October 11. It was recorded
during the International Organization of the
Francophonie summit in Armenia. Media
outlets published several articles explaining
the manipulation of dates and context. At time
of publication, Facebook still had not issued a
related article below the video or provided further
information.
12 13
4 CONSPIRACY THEORY, POLITICAL NEWS MANIPULATION 5 ANTI-ESTABLISHMENT SUPPORTED BY PUBLIC FIGURES
MACRON IS SELLING FRANCE AFTER SIGNING THE MARRAKECH PACT GERARD LANVIN, A FAMOUS FRENCH ACTOR, PUBLISHED AN
OPEN LETTER AGAINST MACRON AND HIS GOVERNMENT
FAKE NEWS: A man named Romeo Piacquaddio
recorded himself in early December 2018
describing an extremely important message he
received on his phone. He plays the audio of an
unidentified woman warning that Macron was
going to “sell France by signing the UN migration
pact on December 10.” The female voice then
claimed that after signing this treaty, Macron
would resign and that the Yellow Vest movement
would be used as a cover up.
REACH: The video was shared 108K times and
reached over 3.1M views by March 6, 2019.
Disinformation about the Marrakech UN Migration
Pact, warning of alarming mass migration into
France, was shared across multiple Yellow Vest
groups, including by Maxime Nicolle, one of the
leaders of the movement.
VERIFICATION: Articles by multiple newspapers,
such as Le Monde, have since refuted claims
that the treaty would lead to open borders or
that countries would be forced to change their
migration policies. The controversy started
spreading in France in early 2018 when extreme
right pages such as Breiz Atao and Polémia began
sharing the content. By late November, the topic FAKE NEWS: On December 8, 2018 a letter allegedly people. The first post spreading the disinformation
became popular in the Yellow Vest groups. written by French actor Gérard Lanvin, criticizing has been removed by Facebook, but variations of
President Macron and his government, was shared the same content (1, 2, 3) can still be found without
widely on social media. It strongly condemned any alert from the platform.
public officials as well, saying that people who “from
birth to death live off of public funds, enjoy special
social security benefits and are exempt from taxes,
should at least have the decency of not talking about
equality.”
REACH: In less than 48 hours, this post was shared
over 251K with over 6.4M estimated views. The
same post, or similar variations, were shared on
different pages and groups on Facebook (see
screenshot at right).
VERIFICATION: The letter shared was not written
by Gérard Lanvin. The actor claimed he was a victim
of identity theft and has since reported the incident
to the authorities. The fake news took excerpts of a
real letter published in 2013 by the actor, originally
addressed to then President François Hollande,
around a controversial income tax for wealthier
14 15
6 POLICE BRUTALITY AND ANTI-ESTABLISHMENT
A MOTHER IN THE NETHERLANDS IS ARRESTED BECAUSE
SHE REFUSED TO TAKE OFF HER YELLOW VEST.
FAKE NEWS: The video was first shared by “Pegida
Nederland.” It was filmed in the Netherlands and
the caption says, that the police arrests a lady with
a stroller because she refused to remove the yellow
vest.
REACH: The video was quickly translated to French,
English and Italian. The English version alone
received 32K shares, and an estimated 1.3M views,
by March 6, 2019. Many comments expressed
outrage over the perceived police brutality directed
toward a woman with a child, and interpreted the
incident as an attack on freedom of expression.
VERIFICATION: According to AFP, the woman in
the video had raised the suspicion of police forces
because she was walking with a doll in a stroller, not
with a baby, and once she wasn’t able to prove her
identity, she was detained, which is in accordance to
Dutch law.
16 17
4
OUR METHODOLOGY The 100 fake news stories we selected are mostly malicious, made up or factually
incorrect posts. But they also include purposefully misleading content that is
either out of date, is taken out of context, or its content is regarded as either
factually uncertain and at least partially inaccurate. As stated above, all of them
Facebook has long been criticized for the lack of transparency it provides to fact- have been fact-checked by French or international media.
checkers, governments, media and the wider public about the spread of content.
However, Avaaz’s team of data scientists and researchers used a combination of JJ VIEWERSHIP CALCULATION FOR FAKE NEWS VIDEOS: Our fake news selection
Facebook’s public data, analytics tools like CrowdTangle, fact-checks by French and contained 37 examples of fake news video content accumulating to a total of
international media and statistical modeling to arrive at what we believe provides a 42,777,224 views and 1,666,743 shares. We followed Facebook’s definition of what
credible and conservative picture of the reach and impact these fake news stories constitutes a “view,” that is, a viewing experience that lasts 3 seconds or longer4.
have had in France.
JJ VIEWERSHIP ESTIMATION FOR IMAGES AND TEXT: Facebook discloses the
number of views for videos, but for posts containing only text and image content
JJ TIME FRAME: The first national Yellow Vest movement demonstration was on the platform displays only the number of shares and other interactions, such as
November 17, 2018. However, many of the Facebook groups and pages at the core of likes or comments. Therefore, in order to estimate viewership for text and image
the movement were created weeks earlier. For this reason, we focused our Facebook content we designed a metric based on the publicly available statistics of the
research on content created between November 1, 2018 and March 6, 2019. Facebook videos analyzed in our study, taking into account the total number of
video views and dividing it by the total number of video shares. Facebook reports
JJ SCOPE: A number of analyses and media reports have shown strong evidence that
a “video view” only after 3 seconds, while an image or text can be considered as
Facebook was by far the most popular social media platform used by the Yellow Vest
“viewed” and having an actual impact in less than 3 seconds (e.g. just scrolling by
movement participants. We examined social media posts shared by pages, groups and
an image of a bleeding woman, police brutality or claims of censorship). Therefore,
profiles associated with the movement and limited our analysis to posts containing
the estimation of total views in this study is very likely lower than the actual total
text, images and videos while excluding links to outside content.
viewership of all content and therefore is to be seen as a conservative figure.
JJ TOTAL NUMBER OF FAKE NEWS VETTED, SHARES, AND VIEWS: JJ ENGAGEMENT RATE CALCULATION FOR IMAGES AND TEXT: As laid out above,
the metric to estimate the views of images and text is based on the “average
Yellow Vest fake viral content engagement rate” (from now just “YV engagement
FAKE NEWS POSTS SHARES VIEWS rate,” with YV standing for Yellow Vests), which is calculated by using the available
video data with the following formula:
VIDEOS 37 1,666,743 42,777,224
YV engagement rate = (YV video views/YV video shares)
IMAGES & TEXT 63 2,438,894 62,594,602 (est.)
Based on the 37 fake news videos in our database, the average YV engagement rate is:
TOTAL 100 4,105,637 105,371,826 (est.) 42,777,224 video views / 1,666,743 video shares = 25.6651589 views/share
The average YV engagement rate is then multiplied for the number of shares of
JJ FAKE NEWS SOURCES AND SELECTION CRITERIA: We used three different strategies posts for which views are not provided by Facebook (containing images and text).
to identify the fake news for our analysis: a) We collected all the Yellow Vest-related
YV engagement rate * YV image and text shares = estimated YV image and text views
fake news reported by the main fact-checking websites in France (including but not
limited to: AFP Factuel, 20 Minutes, Les Décodeurs and Checknews); b) Using the
The total number of estimated views for posts containing images and text are:
analytics tool CrowdTangle, we selected 198 public groups and pages used by the
Yellow Vest movement and scrutinized their posts to identify fake news; and c) We 25.6651589 views/share * 2,438,894 shares = 62,594,602 total estimated views
added the fake news from Le Monde’s own research based on another group of 204
Yellow Vest Facebook groups from October 31 to January 22. Out of those, we selected Therefore, the total number of views ( video views + estimated views for image and text) is:
the 100 most shared posts among the fake news we had identified.
62,594,602 video views + 42,777,224 est. image and text views = 105,371,826 est. views
JJ CATEGORIES OF FAKE NEWS INCLUDED IN THE STUDY: We included in our
study content that falls within the definition of disinformation as articulated by the
EU Code of Practice on Disinformation: “verifiably false or misleading information All the posts mentioned in this research were active and available as of March 6,
which, cumulatively, (a) ‘Is created, presented and disseminated for economic gain or to 2019 or screenshots of the original posts together with data on shares and views
intentionally deceive the public’; and (b) ‘may cause public harm’, intended as ‘threats were provided and can be found in the annex.
to democratic political and policymaking processes as well as public goods such as the
protection of EU citizens’ health, the environment or security.”
4
https://www.facebook.com/business/news/Coming-Soon-Video-Metrics
18 195
THE RUSSIA EFFECT - RT FRANCE
Figure 5.1 -- Top 20 channels publishing Yellow Vest content, ordered by number of views
DOMINATES THE YOUTUBE DEBATE and based on the 500 most relevant Yellow Vest videos, Nov. 1, 2018 - Mar. 7, 2019
FRENCH YOUTUBE CHANNELS WITH THE
A second part of the report focused on YouTube, HIGHEST NUMBER OF VIEWS
and two datasets were analyzed.
Based on the 500 most relevant videos for the search query “Gilet Jaune”
The first one looked at the 500 most relevant Yellow
Vest videos after September 2018 according to the
YouTube algorithm when running a search query
for “Gilets Jaunes” both for the French language and
for the French region code. Although this dataset
only allows a partial picture of total views for each
channel, being based only on the top 500 videos, it
allows us to assess the biggest channels producing
the most relevant Yellow Vest content and their
relative strength on YouTube.
The second dataset was obtained by querying RT
France’s channel and other mainstream media
channels - Le Monde, L’Obs, FRANCE 24, Le Figaro,
LeHuffPost - using the YouTube API, and filtering the
data to retain only videos uploaded after September
2018 with the search query “Gilets Jaunes.” This
allows a much more precise comparison of their
viewerships.
The results from both datasets are overwhelmingly
clear: RT France is the most viewed channel on
videos related to the Yellow Vests in France and
accumulated more than twice as many views
(23,1M) than Le Monde, L’Obs, FRANCE 24, Le
Figaro, LeHuffPost combined (10,9M).
According to the US Director of National Intelligence,
RT (Russia Today) is “the Kremlin’s principal
international propaganda outlet” and “contributed
to the influence campaign” of the 2016 US elections5.
In the US, RT has been suspended by Twitter from
ad-buying in the fall-out from the US elections due
to their clear bias6. YouTube rolled out a feature in
the US in 2018 informing users if they’re watching
a video from an organization that receives funding Another observation from Figure 5.1, is that alternative media, YouTuber and citizen
from a government. At the close of this study, journalists, including a few channels featuring conspiracy theories, have more
we have not found that such notifications were visibility on YouTube than most of the traditional media, many of which are not even
shown to YouTube users in Europe, nor do we have featured in the top 20.
indications that this will be implemented in Europe
ahead of the EU elections in May7.
5
https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICA_2017_01.pdf 7
https://youtube.googleblog.com/2018/02/greater-
transparency-for-users-around.html
6
https://www.npr.org/2017/10/26/560199026/twitter-
ends-russian-state-media-advertisements-citing-2016-
interference-efforts?t=1552208868105
20 21RT France’s dominance is even more clear when looking at the number of videos As mentioned above, to further study RT France’s content and publishing
uploaded on Yellow Vests. Among the top 500 YouTube results, the Russian state behavior, we queried RT France’s YouTube channel using the YouTube API. The
media has 3 times more videos (101) than the second biggest publisher (Le original dataset contained 17,340 observations (videos) between September 2014
Media - 30) and more than the next 7 channels cumulatively (100). and March 2019. As a first step, we filtered the data to retain only observations
uploaded after September 2018.
This second dataset strengthens our analysis. 18 out of the 20 most viewed
Figure 5.2 -- Top 20 channels publishing Yellow Vest content, ordered by number of videos on RT France’s YouTube channel since September 2018 are about the
videos uploaded and based on the 500 most relevant Yellow Vest videos, Nov. 11, 2018 Yellow Vests. The following graph shows these top 20 videos by view count. The
- Mar. 7, 2019 orange bars are Yellow Vest-related videos.
Figure 5.3 -- Top 20 RT France’s videos by view count Sep. 1, 2018 - Mar. 6, 2019
FRENCH YOUTUBE CHANNELS WITH THE
HIGHEST NUMBER OF UPLOADED VIDEOS 18 OUT OF 20 OF RT FRANCE’S MOST VIEWED
YOUTUBE VIDEOS ARE ABOUT THE YELLOW VESTS
Top 20 videos by view count since September 2018
22 23RT FRANCE’S VIDEOS ABOUT THE YELLOW VESTS
MARSHALED THE MOST VIEWS
RT France has massively invested in coverage of the Yellow Vest protests, including
hour-long live coverage videos, and as a result, dominated the debate about Based on each channel’s videos published since September 2018
Yellow Vests on YouTube in France more than any other YouTube channel, let
alone mainstream media. RT has permeated the movement to the extent that
protesters at one point chanted “Thank You, RT! Thank You, RT!” which the global
RT network posted directly onto their YouTube channel.
YT CHANNEL UPLOADED VIDEOS TOTAL VIEWS
RT France 588 23,128,218
RT France Total 588 23,128,218
Le Monde 18 3,216,740
To assess the full reach of RT France on YouTube, we compared the channel’s total L’Obs 24 3,014,017
views with those of the the largest mainstream media in France by retrieving all
FRANCE 24 157 2,513,408
videos about the Yellow Vests since September 2018 from the YouTube channels
of LeMonde, L’Obs and LeHuffPost (all of which were present in the top 20 Le Figaro 43 1,342,060
channels of the first data set). In addition, we retrieved videos from two more
LeHuffPost 14 795,934
channels which are among the most well-known and highest-circulation media,
France 24 and Le Figaro. Mainstream 5 Total 256 10,882,159
The results show that on YouTube, the information diet is not mainly made up RT France / Mainstream 5 230% 213%
of quality journalism from within France - but by Russian state media and lots of
fringe actors (see initial analysis on 500 most relevant videos):
• RT France has accumulated more than twice as many views (23.1M) as Le Note: The difference in the total views for RT France from the first dataset (13M views)
Monde, L’Obs, FRANCE 24, Le Figaro and LeHuffPost combined (10.9M) and the second dataset (23M views) derives from the fact that the first dataset looked
at the 500 most relevant YouTube Videos on Yellow Vests in France, and thus only
• RT France has also uploaded more than twice as many videos (588) than Le taking into account 101 videos from RT France, arriving at 13M views within the top
Monde, L’Obs, FRANCE 24, Le Figaro and LeHuffPost combined (256) 500 search queries from September 2018 to March 2019. The second dataset queried
the entire RT France YouTube channels and retrieved a total of 588 videos for the
query “Gilets jaunes”, arriving at a total of 23M views since September 2018.
24 256
THE SOLUTION:
CORRECT In our view,
Correct the Record would be
Corrections work:
Multiple peer-reviewed studies
THE RECORD.
a five-step process: have demonstrated that effective
corrections can reduce and
even eliminate the effects of
disinformation. Additional studies
1. DEFINE: The obligation to correct the record disproved the theory of the “backfire
would be activated when effect,” showed that corrections do
Avaaz believes that the fake news surrounding the not entrench false beliefs and came
• Independent fact-checkers verify that
Yellow Vests has been especially impactful, because to the conclusion that corrections
content is false or misleading;
the vast majority of millions of French citizens work. Meanwhile, researchers are
exposed to it have never been informed if they • A significant number of people, e.g. converging on best practices for
have seen fake news, or seen factual corrections. 10,000, viewed the content. effective corrections like emphasizing
Because even if content is fact-checked and found factual information while avoiding,
to be untrue, Facebook only shows what they call whenever possible, repeating the
“related articles” to a very small percentage of the 2. DETECT: platforms must
original misinformation.
users who have actually seen the fake news (mostly • Deploy an accessible and prominent
people who shared or want to share the content). mechanism for users to report
But the solution to this problem is simple: disinformation;
Platforms must themselves work with fact- • Provide independent fact-checkers with
checkers to “Correct the Record” by distributing access to content that has reached e.g.
independent third party corrections to EVERY 10,000 or more people. To the right is a mock up suggestion
SINGLE person who saw the false information of what the corrections could look
in the first place. Newspapers publish corrections like on users’ timelines:
3. VERIFY: Platforms must work with
on their own pages, television stations on their own
independent, third-party, verified fact-
airwaves; platforms should do the same on their
checkers to determine whether reported
own channels. No one else can do it.
content is disinformation within 24 hours.
Avaaz believes that Correct the Record is likely the
most powerful action platforms can take ahead of
the upcoming EU elections to restore the public’s 4. ALERT: Each user exposed to verified
trust and to ensure the integrity of the elections. disinformation should be notified immediately
It has been portrayed as a “radical new proposal using the platform’s most visible notification
[that] could curb fake news on social media” by standard.
TIME magazine.
Governments protect consumers and participants 5. CORRECT: Each user exposed to
in financial and energy markets from false and disinformation should receive a correction that
misleading information, including by making it is of at least equal prominence to the original
possible to issue corrections when disinformation content and that follows best practices, which
could influence people’s decisions. We should could include:
offer our democracies the same protections we
• Offering reasoned alternative
offer our markets.
explanation, keeping the user’s worldview
in mind;
• Emphasizing factual information while
avoiding, whenever possible, repeating
the original misinformation;
• Citing endorsement by sources the user
is likely to trust.
26 27ABOUT AVAAZ Avaaz is a global citizens movement with over 50 million supporters in every country of the world, including about 20 million members in Europe. The research for this study was carried out by a team of investigative reporters, researchers, and data analysts set up by Avaaz to detect and deter disinformation ahead of the EU elections. Over the next few months, Avaaz members from across Europe will be working alongside this newly launched team to monitor disinformation operations across the European Union, help identify fake news and prevent their viral spreading, support in uncovering the networks driving it, and work with platforms and governments to correct false or misleading content and hold perpetrators accountable. Avaaz is aiming to provide more of such in-depth reports to inform the public and decision makers about the spread of disinformation across the continent. If you want to schedule an interview with one of Avaaz’s campaign directors or simply stay informed about further reports and investigations from our team - please get in touch with Julie Deruy: +33676477259 / julie@avaaz.org Andrew Legon: +447429865292 / andrew.legon@avaaz.org
12/03/2019
Annex - The 100 top fake news analyzed in this
study
Name of Video Views Shares Link to Fake news Link to Fact-Check
https://observers.france24.com/fr/2
https://www.facebook.com/pa 0181203-emmanuel-macron-danse-
t51343/videos/vb.100007099 il-alors-mouvement-gilets-jaunes-de
055800/2072455656334383/ bute?fbclid=IwAR0BgNafi_T-HSbU
Macron dances while ?type=2&video_source=user 53vPSZtOIVtx4YYjywhN8wXODfhK
France is protesting 5,700,000 183,392 _video_tab ypfB2nGtXh-qCHM
https://web.archive.org/web/2
0181210110228/www.facebo
ok.com/photo.php?fbid=1021 https://factuel.afp.com/non-gerard-l
7401146005830&set=a.1020 anvin-nest-pas-lauteur-dune-lettre-o
Fake Gerard Lanvin 1689078253956&type=3&the uverte-anti-macron-tres-virale-sur-f
letter 6,467,620 252,000 ater acebook
https://factuel.afp.com/la-police-bor
deaux-retire-son-casque-en-soutien
Police officers taking -aux-gilets-jaunes-une-interpretatio
https://www.facebook.com/be n-douteuse?fbclid=IwAR16c-pRvPI
off their helmets - njamin.e.dupouy/videos/1021 wyGS48Tehpj-c7856YsrHSdQT0Pz
Bordeaux 3,300,000 121,983 8125252782142/ qXI0hdjmo3uuLagoDtSI
Police officers taking
off their helmets
allegedly in support
https://www.facebook.com/gi
of Yellow Vest no.glaco.5/posts/5435501028 https://www.facebook.com/afpfactu
protesters - Pau 777,000 26,815 28676 el/posts/417881982085211
https://www.facebook.com/sn https://observers.france24.com/en/2
Fake police violence oirotetthielen/posts/19716360 0181129-debunked-videos-yellow-v
pictures 3,511,456 136,818 99572802 ests-france-protests
Mother stopped in
the Netherlands as
she allegedly didn’t
https://www.facebook.com/mf https://factuel.afp.com/gilets-jaunes
want to take off her amediagroup/videos/3815877 -acte-viii-le-ballet-des-vraies-et-faus
yellow vest 1,300,000 31,915 19256076/ ses-informations
Mother stopped in https://www.facebook.com/id
the Netherlands as entitaitalianuova/videos/1960
she allegedly didn’t 103320710589/UzpfSTEwMz
EyMzQ3OTQ6MTAyMTUyO https://factuel.afp.com/gilets-jaunes
want to take off her TA5MDYwMzkxOTU/?__tn__ -acte-viii-le-ballet-des-vraies-et-faus
yellow vest 676,000 21,616 =-R ses-informations
https://twitter.com/AfpFactuel/status
/1066992424361312256?fbclid=Iw
https://www.facebook.com/ya AR2DqhCcUFpETKnaTBdFs9t8Pd
Macron dances while nn.juarez/posts/28509526115 Xc-mHjU3Uuz_pnrh4X3SSCKe8Ue
France is protesting 4,944,624 192,659 87557 _Ov5t8https://www.facebook.com/ph
Police allegedly oto.php?fbid=196905169654
8925&set=pb.100003323406
supporting Yellow 258.-2207520000.154444768 https://twitter.com/AfpFactuel/status
Vest protesters 4,619,857 180,005 8.&type=3&theater /1066818934664511489
Video of police https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.f
officers taking off r/occitanie/herault/montpellier/herau
https://www.facebook.com/gr lt-melenchon-victime-infox-confond-
their helmets - oups/283520695621830/per frontignan-bordeaux-chaleur-soutie
Montpellier 4,468, 048 174,090 malink/293590931281473 n-1579669.html
Police officers taking
off their helmets
allegedly in support https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/
https://www.facebook.com/An 2018/12/04/des-policiers-ont-ils-enl
of Yellow Vest tiMacron/videos/3469978994 eve-leur-casque-face-aux-gilets-jau
protesters - Pau 567,000 19,320 12658/ nes_1695952
Police officers taking
off their helmets
allegedly in support https://www.facebook.com/W https://factcheck.afp.com/police-taki
arPlanPurple/videos/vb.8053 ng-their-helmets-support-yellow-ves
of Yellow Vest 79166327747/568837880219 ts-misleading-interpretation-real-vid
protesters - Pau 39,000 760 601/?type=2&theater eo
Police officers taking
off their helmets
allegedly in support
of Yellow Vest https://www.20minutes.fr/societe/23
https://www.facebook.com/En 88375-20181205-forces-ordre-elles
protesters - Causee/videos/56690287707 -retire-casque-soutenir-gilets-jaune
Bordeaux 17,000 550 9641/ s
https://factuel.afp.com/hors-context
e-anciennes-ou-faussement-legend
Police beating https://www.facebook.com/w eestoutes-les-images-de-violences-
students (outdated) 3,600,000 161,862 atch/?v=348619922581785 en-marge-du-mouvement
Outdated police
violences and https://www.facebook.com/gr
allegedly being oups/298362254331895/per https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
erased 3,516,127 137,000 malink/317972172370903 qNvdpPHzniY
Disobedience call https://www.20minutes.fr/societe/23
https://www.facebook.com/dj 82079-20181128-video-gilets-jaune
from an alleged ohn.attend.5/videos/2139730 s-policier-vraiment-publie-videos-so
policeman 3,900,000 248,867 536342642/ utien-mouvement
Macron hired
mercenaries; secret http://www.leparisien.fr/societe/gilet
https://www.facebook.com/ni s-jaunes-les-mercenaires-de-macro
services support cole.guegan.735/videos/2709 n-et-autres-intox-qui-pullulent-sur-fa
Yellow Vest protests 3,500,000 135,169 389059285694/ cebook-05-12-2018-7961382.phphttps://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeu
rs/article/2018/12/06/vendre-la-fran
ce-a-l-onu-de-donald-trump-aux-gil
ets-jaunes-l-itineraire-mondial-d-un
e-intox_5393268_4355770.html?fbc
https://www.facebook.com/ro lid=IwAR06HAH5kjMq5XITvN2a3H
Marrakech Pact meo.piacquaddio/videos/143 ZdkVhIp-dx-RdjgZvndaXiF1zbuzaF
conspiracy 3,100,000 108,617 0180387116830/ yCfBsfI
Migration conspiracy https://news.konbini.com/societe/m
https://www.facebook.com/m acron-va-vendre-la-france-le-pacte-
- Macron is selling axime.nicolle/videos/1021769 de-marrakech-la-nouvelle-fake-new
France to the UN 217,000 4,923 8440910128/ s-en-vogue
https://factuel.afp.com/non-la-france
Marine Le Pen -ne-va-pas-abandonner-sa-souverai
speech on nete-migratoire-en-signant-un-pacte
Marrakech Pact (FB -des-nations-unies?fbclid=IwAR2P
https://www.facebook.com/gr H9HiPSbbi2UpEiNMRMlzlzwAPne
group still active, oups/278399246342519/per SEvHqDA6s7SNFdrWkQrvCKFOrO
need to be member) 1,770,896 69,000 malink/300627614119682 CM
https://factuel.afp.com/non-la-france
-ne-va-pas-abandonner-sa-souverai
nete-migratoire-en-signant-un-pacte
Marrakech Pact -des-nations-unies?fbclid=IwAR2P
https://www.facebook.com/gr H9HiPSbbi2UpEiNMRMlzlzwAPne
Conspiracy - MEP oups/278399246342519/per SEvHqDA6s7SNFdrWkQrvCKFOrO
misinformation 1,000,000 56,858 malink/300627614119682 CM
Marrakech Pact
Conspiracy -
https://factuel.afp.com/non-la-france
Misinterpretation -ne-va-pas-abandonner-sa-souverai
about the pact nete-migratoire-en-signant-un-pacte
("organizing total -des-nations-unies?fbclid=IwAR2P
https://www.facebook.com/an H9HiPSbbi2UpEiNMRMlzlzwAPne
migration from Africa nie.duzan/posts/2157874307 SEvHqDA6s7SNFdrWkQrvCKFOrO
to France") 1,066,182 41,542 557657 CM
Marrakech Pact
conspiracy - says
that the pact will
https://factuel.afp.com/non-la-france
promote immigration, -ne-va-pas-abandonner-sa-souverai
institutionalize the nete-migratoire-en-signant-un-pacte
right to migrate and -des-nations-unies?fbclid=IwAR2P
https://www.facebook.com/ni H9HiPSbbi2UpEiNMRMlzlzwAPne
encourage media colasdupontaignan/videos/51 SEvHqDA6s7SNFdrWkQrvCKFOrO
censorship 905,343 40,225 1614106004087/ CM
https://factuel.afp.com/non-la-france
-ne-va-pas-abandonner-sa-souverai
nete-migratoire-en-signant-un-pacte
Marrakech Pact https://www.facebook.com/ph -des-nations-unies?fbclid=IwAR2P
oto.php?fbid=211198205578 H9HiPSbbi2UpEiNMRMlzlzwAPne
conspiracy - misc. 2206&set=a.1862137867433 SEvHqDA6s7SNFdrWkQrvCKFOrO
misinformation 568,637 22,156 294&type=3&theater CMhttps://factuel.afp.com/non-la-france
-ne-va-pas-abandonner-sa-souverai
https://www.facebook.com/M nete-migratoire-en-signant-un-pacte
yleneTroszczynskiFN/videos/ -des-nations-unies?fbclid=IwAR2P
pacte-de-marrakech-trahison- H9HiPSbbi2UpEiNMRMlzlzwAPne
Misinformation about de-nos-%C3%A9lites/197409 SEvHqDA6s7SNFdrWkQrvCKFOrO
the Marrakech Pact 86,000 5,624 6169347223/ CM
https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeu
rs/article/2019/01/31/dans-le-facebo
ok-des-gilets-jaunes-le-vrai-du-faux
-des-affirmations_5417270_435577
YV protest picture 0.html#episode_cette_image_montr
https://www.facebook.com/gr ant_des_gilets_jaunes_rassembles
being deliberately oups/1136704289828258/per _pres_de_larc_de_triomphe_a_t_ell
deleted by Facebook 8,967,432 349,401 malink/1144241582407862 e_ete_censuree
https://factuel.afp.com/non-la-france
-ne-va-pas-abandonner-sa-souverai
Conspiracy and nete-migratoire-en-signant-un-pacte
disinformation about -des-nations-unies?fbclid=IwAR2P
https://www.facebook.com/Li H9HiPSbbi2UpEiNMRMlzlzwAPne
the Marrakech Pact gueDuMidi/videos/16134328 SEvHqDA6s7SNFdrWkQrvCKFOrO
(post removed) 87,000 4,518 02089721/ CM
https://www.facebook.com/43 https://www.franceculture.fr/geopolit
UN plot to take over 1870643589953/posts/19213 ique/le-pacte-de-marrakech-provoq
the world 6,057 236 40811309588 uera-t-il-une-invasion-migratoire
UN planning the https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeu
replacement of https://www.facebook.com/m rs/article/2018/12/06/vendre-la-fran
onot.bernard/videos/3615535 ce-a-l-onu-de-donald-trump-aux-gil
European population 17934236/?v=361553517934 ets-jaunes-l-itineraire-mondial-d-un
by migrants 2,000,000 72,457 236 e-intox_5393268_4355770.html
Police creating
violence with https://www.francetvinfo.fr/economi
undercover agents + e/transports/gilets-jaunes/on-a-pass
missing license e-au-crible-les-rumeurs-relayees-pa
https://www.facebook.com/m r-fly-rider-la-star-des-gilets-jaunes-d
plates + migration axime.nicolle/videos/1021769 ont-les-videos-cartonnent-sur-faceb
conspiracy 288,000 8,550 3779593598/ ook_3085529.html
https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeu
rs/article/2016/12/30/quels-pays-eur
Untrue claim that opeens-remunerent-le-mieux-leurs-
French MPs salary elus_5055895_4355770.html?fbclid
https://www.facebook.com/gr =IwAR2cfuA6o14zjzwcQLuZE0aUB
higher than in oups/310403819778193/per eWM1N2AYwYyXlboVYxc8hBfhAQ
Germany 2,406,288 93,757 malink/342917016526873 Z0hwSH-M
https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/faits-
divers-justice/fausse-video-de-l-agr
Picture of rugby ession-d-un-handicape-a-quimper-l
supporters used for e-prefet-du-finistere-porte-plainte-1
https://twitter.com/AfpFactuel/ 542826305?fbclid=IwAR0FHiBoSF
illustrating YV status/106428747588611276 AYEJU94YHw4bOKTLgOKV833Llx
protest 2,277,655 88,745 8/photo/1 oG-1wc8X_wwP8RAS7B9G5Hkhttps://factuel.afp.com/non-la-presid
ente-croate-na-pas-vendu-lavion-pr
Croatia president esidentiel-et-baisse-son-salaire-de-
https://www.facebook.com/gr 30?fbclid=IwAR3jPjnc5Ocrt02lweCj
giving up her oups/310403819778193/per kUSKb3Rh2m8DJAlM18_5O7fz8z
presidential plane 1,918,240 74,741 malink/332905080861400 OYrQ_EClVFhyo
Police intentionally https://factuel.afp.com/des-policiers
-visent-deliberement-ce-gilet-jaune-
throwing a grenade https://www.facebook.com/w avec-une-grenade-la-police-et-le-m
at a protester 1,600,000 57,807 atch/?v=290734811786372 anifestant-ne
French debt created
by a https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeu
Pompidou-Giscard-R rs/article/2018/12/13/non-la-loi-pom
https://www.facebook.com/gr pidou-giscard-rothschild-de-1973-n-
othschild pact in oups/310403819778193/per a-pas-cree-la-dette-francaise_5397
1973 1,470,126 57,281 malink/349923912492850 066_4355770.html
Old picture of a
https://www.facebook.com/ph
guillotine posing as oto.php?fbid=102174292771 https://factuel.afp.com/la-fausse-gui
YV stunt 1,328,685 51,770 44713 llotine-des-gilets-jaunes
Misleading
calculation of the
France minimum
wage (SMIC) after https://www.20minutes.fr/economie/
https://www.facebook.com/gr 2394647-20181213-gilets-jaunes-n
Macron’s oups/277506326438568/per on-100-euros-supplementaires-vont
announcement 1,017,803 39,657 malink/352579665597900 -rendre-smicards-imposables
Misleading
calculation of the
France minimum
wage (SMIC) after https://www.20minutes.fr/economie/
https://www.facebook.com/gr 2394647-20181213-gilets-jaunes-n
Macron’s oups/2195779013808193/per on-100-euros-supplementaires-vont
announcement 386,723 15,068 malink/2229245273794900 -rendre-smicards-imposables
Misleading
https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeu
calculation of the rs/article/2018/12/11/smic-et-prime-
France minimum d-activite-les-annonces-d-emmanue
wage (SMIC) after l-macron-en-8-questions_5395831_
https://www.facebook.com/An 4355770.html?fbclid=IwAR0mkhlCc
Macron’s tiMacron/posts/35863787490 eI0r8GW93Bh0dP52Cxq7bx7RF46
announcement 514,612 20,051 1218 omzGSmJ9V9NJqtGhwK8pKDo
Misleading
calculation of the
France minimum
wage (SMIC) after https://www.20minutes.fr/economie/
https://www.facebook.com/ev 2394647-20181213-gilets-jaunes-n
Macron’s ents/2214783942114494/per on-100-euros-supplementaires-vont
announcement 9,624 375 malink/2220474998212055/ -rendre-smicards-imposables
Vandalized cars https://factuel.afp.com/des-voitures-
without plates in sans-plaque-dimmatriculation-detrui
Paris (need to be tes-samedi-paris-non-il-ne-sagit-pa
https://www.facebook.com/gr s-dun-complot?fbclid=IwAR1WYBh
member of FB group oups/298362254331895/per 9tOM2g4ITeLMZFCJpq3yqFZzFnJ
to visualize) 898,281 35,000 malink/320514445450009 QIQ1XunPapIwxtaGGYgIFFD3ohttps://factuel.afp.com/des-voitures-
sans-plaque-dimmatriculation-detrui
Vandalized cars https://www.facebook.com/pe tes-samedi-paris-non-il-ne-sagit-pa
rmalink.php?story_fbid=7512 s-dun-complot?fbclid=IwAR1gdp3y
without plates in 53611904495&id=100010595 _WHl38swkzYxTJC5MI6yg7AEzXB
Paris 592,070 23,069 882897 3co85eVBic0cCv-XpYDOY0Ts
https://factuel.afp.com/des-voitures-
https://factuel.afp.com/sites/d sans-plaque-dimmatriculation-detrui
Vandalized cars efault/files/styles/adaptative/a tes-samedi-paris-non-il-ne-sagit-pa
daptive-image/public/medias/ s-dun-complot?fbclid=IwAR1gdp3y
without plates in factchecking/france/collage.jp _WHl38swkzYxTJC5MI6yg7AEzXB
Paris (screenshots) 386,261 15,050 g?itok=5q_pfZ9T 3co85eVBic0cCv-XpYDOY0Ts
https://factuel.afp.com/des-voitures-
sans-plaque-dimmatriculation-detrui
Vandalized cars tes-samedi-paris-non-il-ne-sagit-pa
https://www.facebook.com/Pa s-dun-complot?fbclid=IwAR1gdp3y
without plates in scal.alias.Abdelhakim/posts/1 _WHl38swkzYxTJC5MI6yg7AEzXB
Paris 79,562 3,100 0211989245758799 3co85eVBic0cCv-XpYDOY0Ts
https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/
2019/01/29/non-les-deputes-ne-vie
nnent-pas-d-augmenter-leur-indem
Wrong or misleading nite-chomage_1705341?fbclid=IwA
https://www.facebook.com/thi R2J1M8g4EYDHlBR3AXJN6ZXXR
information about erry.alaux.11/posts/23107831 WnSYChDoyBVDQciwf_irr62K2IDZ
French MPs' salaries 975,276 38,000 52487792 ek-lU
https://www.facebook.com/Pe https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/
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