IMB - 2016 Winter School in Mathematical & Computational Biology - Program

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IMB - 2016 Winter School in Mathematical & Computational Biology - Program
2016 Winter School
                 in
Mathematical & Computational Biology

                 4-8 July 2016

                   Auditorium
         Queensland Bioscience Precinct
          The University of Queensland
               Brisbane, Australia

                  Program

                    Hosted by:

                             IMB
IMB - 2016 Winter School in Mathematical & Computational Biology - Program
 
  	
  
2016	
  Winter	
  School	
  in	
  Mathematical	
  and	
  Computational	
  Biology	
  
                                          4-­‐8	
  July	
  2016	
  
                                 http://bioinformatics.org.au/ws16	
  
                                                     	
  
                      Queensland	
  Bioscience	
  Precinct	
  (Building	
  #80)	
  
                             The	
  University	
  of	
  Queensland	
  
                                     Brisbane,	
  Australia	
  
  	
  
                                                     	
  
IMB - 2016 Winter School in Mathematical & Computational Biology - Program
 

MONDAY	
  4	
  JULY	
  2016	
  
	
  
08:00	
  Registration	
  desk	
  open	
  
	
  
NEXT	
  GENERATION	
  SEQUENCING	
  &	
  BIOINFORMATICS	
  
09:00	
  –	
  09:05	
     Welcome	
  and	
  introduction	
  	
  
                          Dr	
  Nicholas	
  Hamilton	
  
                          Research	
  Computing	
  Centre	
  and	
  Institute	
  for	
  Molecular	
  Bioscience	
  
                          The	
  University	
  of	
  Queensland	
  
09:05	
  –	
  09:45	
     Next-­‐generation	
  sequencing	
  overview	
  (Game	
  of	
  Thrones	
  Edition)	
  
                          Dr	
  Ken	
  McGrath	
  
                          Australian	
  Genome	
  Research	
  Facility	
  Ltd,	
  Brisbane	
  	
  
09:45	
  –	
  10:30	
     NGS	
  mapping,	
  errors	
  and	
  quality	
  control	
  
                          Dr	
  Felicity	
  Newell	
  	
  
                          Queensland	
  University	
  of	
  Technology,	
  Brisbane	
  
	
                        	
  
10:30	
  –	
  11:00	
     Morning	
  Tea	
  
                          	
  
11:00	
  –	
  11:45	
     Mutation	
  detection	
  in	
  whole-­‐genome	
  sequencing	
  
                          Dr	
  Ann-­‐Marie	
  Patch	
  
                          QIMR	
  Berghofer	
  Medical	
  Research	
  Institute,	
  Brisbane	
  
11:45	
  –	
  12:30	
     De	
  novo	
  genome	
  assembly	
  
                          A/Professor	
  Torsten	
  Seemann	
  
                          Victorian	
  Life	
  Sciences	
  Computation	
  Initiative,	
  The	
  University	
  of	
  Melbourne	
  
	
                        	
  
12:30	
  –	
  13:30	
     Lunch	
  
                          	
  
13:30	
  –	
  14:30	
     Long-­‐read	
  sequencing:	
  an	
  overview	
  of	
  technologies	
  and	
  applications	
  
                          Dr	
  Mathieu	
  Bourgey	
  
                          Montréal	
  Node,	
  McGill	
  University	
  and	
  Genome	
  Québec	
  Innovation	
  Centre,	
  Canada	
  
14:30	
  –	
  15:15	
     Genomics	
  resources	
  -­‐	
  feeding	
  your	
  inner	
  bioinformatician	
  
                          A/Professor	
  Mik	
  Black	
  
                          University	
  of	
  Otago,	
  Dunedin,	
  New	
  Zealand	
  
	
                        	
  
15:15	
  –	
  15:45	
     Afternoon	
  Tea	
  
                          	
  
15:45	
  –	
  16:30	
     Defensive	
  NGS	
  informatics	
  -­‐	
  what	
  can	
  go	
  wrong	
  and	
  how	
  do	
  you	
  know	
  when	
  to	
  throw	
  in	
  the	
  
                          towel?	
  
                          Mr	
  John	
  Pearson	
  
                          QIMR	
  Berghofer	
  Medical	
  Research	
  Institute,	
  Brisbane	
  
16:30	
  –	
  17:15	
     The	
  current	
  and	
  upcoming	
  challenges	
  and	
  opportunities	
  in	
  bioinformatics	
  
                          Dr	
  Annette	
  McGrath	
  
                          DATA61	
  |	
  CSIRO,	
  Canberra	
  
17:15	
  –	
  17:30	
     Resource	
  talk:	
  what	
  the	
  Australian	
  Bioinformatics	
  and	
  Computational	
  Biology	
  Society	
  can	
  
                          do	
  for	
  you	
  
                          Professor	
  David	
  Lovell,	
  Queensland	
  University	
  of	
  Technology,	
  Brisbane	
  
	
                        	
  
17:45	
                   Social	
  BBQ	
  	
  
                          Venue:	
  Auditorium	
  foyer	
  
                          	
  
	
                                                 	
  

                                                                                  i	
  
                                                                                   	
  
IMB - 2016 Winter School in Mathematical & Computational Biology - Program
 

TUESDAY	
  5	
  JULY	
  2016	
  
NEXT	
  GENERATION	
  SEQUENCING	
  &	
  BIOINFORMATICS	
  
09:00	
  –	
  09:45	
           Analysing	
  RNA-­‐seq	
  data:	
  differential	
  expression	
  and	
  beyond	
  
                                Dr	
  Alicia	
  Oshlack	
  
                                Murdoch	
  Childrens	
  Research	
  Institute,	
  Melbourne	
  
09:45	
  –	
  10:30	
           MicroRNAs	
  -­‐	
  sequencing,	
  analysis	
  ...	
  and	
  then	
  what?	
  
                                Dr	
  Pamela	
  Mukhopadhyay	
  
                                QIMR	
  Berghofer	
  Medical	
  Research	
  Institute,	
  Brisbane	
  
	
                              	
  
10:30	
  –	
  11:00	
           Morning	
  Tea	
  
                                	
  
TUESDAY	
  5	
  JULY	
  2016	
  
BIOINFORMATICS	
  METHODS,	
  MODELS	
  AND	
  APPLICATIONS	
  TO	
  DISEASE	
  
11:00	
  –	
  11:45	
           Evolution	
  teaches	
  protein	
  prediction	
  
                                Professor	
  Burkhard	
  Rost	
  
                                Technische	
  Universität	
  München	
  (TUM),	
  Munich,	
  Germany	
  
	
                              	
  
11:45	
  –	
  12:45	
           Lunch	
  
                                	
  
12:45	
  –	
  13:30	
           Personalised	
  health:	
  harnessing	
  the	
  power	
  of	
  diversity	
  
                                Professor	
  Burkhard	
  Rost	
  
                                Technische	
  Universität	
  München	
  (TUM),	
  Munich,	
  Germany	
  
13:30	
  -­‐	
  	
  14:15	
     The	
  predictive	
  power	
  of	
  machine	
  learning	
  techniques	
  in	
  data-­‐driven	
  biomedical	
  knowledge	
  
                                discovery	
  
                                Dr	
  Jiangning	
  Song,	
  Monash	
  University	
  
14:15	
  –	
  15:00	
           Personalised	
  medicine:	
  discriminating	
  disease-­‐causing	
  from	
  neutral	
  genetic	
  variations	
  
                                Professor	
  Yaoqi	
  Zhou	
  
                                Griffith	
  University,	
  Brisbane	
  
	
                              	
  
15:00	
  –	
  15:30	
           Afternoon	
  Tea	
  
                                	
  
15:30	
  –	
  16:15	
           Processing,	
  integrating	
  and	
  analysing	
  chromatin	
  immunoprecipitation	
  followed	
  by	
  
                                sequencing	
  (ChIP-­‐seq)	
  data	
  
                                Ms	
  Alexandra	
  Essebier,	
  The	
  University	
  of	
  Queensland	
  
16:15	
  –	
  17:00	
           VariantSpark:	
  applying	
  Spark-­‐based	
  machine	
  learning	
  methods	
  to	
  genomic	
  information	
  
                                Dr	
  Denis	
  Bauer	
  
                                CSIRO	
  Health	
  Program,	
  Sydney	
  
17:00	
  –	
  17:15	
           Resource	
  talk:	
  how	
  QCIF	
  enables	
  research	
  
                                Ms	
  Belinda	
  Weaver	
  
                                e-­‐Research	
  Analyst	
  Team	
  Manager,	
  Queensland	
  Cyber	
  Infrastructure	
  Foundation,	
  Brisbane
	
  
	
                                                    	
  

                                                                                 ii	
  
                                                                                   	
  
IMB - 2016 Winter School in Mathematical & Computational Biology - Program
 

WEDNESDAY	
  6	
  JULY	
  2016	
  
BIOINFORMATICS	
  METHODS,	
  MODELS	
  AND	
  APPLICATIONS	
  TO	
  DISEASE	
  
09:00	
  –	
  09:45	
            The	
  role	
  of	
  common	
  genetic	
  variations	
  in	
  complex	
  diseases	
  and	
  pharmacogenomics	
  studies	
  
                                 Dr	
  Siew-­‐Kee	
  Amanda	
  Low	
  
                                 The	
  University	
  of	
  Sydney	
  
09:45	
  –	
  10:30	
            I've	
  got	
  my	
  list	
  of	
  differentially	
  expressed	
  genes,	
  now	
  what?	
  
                                 Dr	
  Mirana	
  Ramialison	
  
                                 Australian	
  Regenerative	
  Medicine	
  Institute,	
  Monash	
  University,	
  Melbourne	
  
	
                               	
  
10:30	
  –	
  11:00	
            Morning	
  Tea	
  
                                 	
  
11:00	
  –	
  12:00	
            Bioinformatics	
  software	
  testing	
  and	
  quality	
  assurance	
  	
  
                                 Dr	
  Joshua	
  W.K.	
  Ho	
  
                                 Victor	
  Chang	
  Cardiac	
  Research	
  Institute,	
  Sydney	
  
12:00	
  –	
  12:30	
            Panel	
  discussion	
  
                                 Chair:	
  Professor	
  Mark	
  Ragan	
  
                                 Institute	
  for	
  Molecular	
  Bioscience,	
  The	
  University	
  of	
  Queensland	
  
	
  
                                            ***	
  FREE	
  WEDNESDAY	
  AFTERNOON	
  ***	
  
	
  
SPECIAL	
  ACTIVITIES	
  IN	
  THE	
  AFTERNOON	
  
	
                        	
  
12:30	
  –	
  13:00	
     IMB	
  tour	
  (1)	
  –	
  Limited	
  to	
  50	
  attendees	
  only	
  
                          Meeting	
  point:	
  Auditorium	
  foyer	
  
                          	
  
	
                        	
  
13:00	
  –	
  13:30	
     IMB	
  tour	
  (2)	
  -­‐	
  If	
  more	
  requests	
  are	
  received	
  and	
  is	
  also	
  limited	
  to	
  50	
  attendees	
  only	
  
                          Meeting	
  point:	
  Auditorium	
  foyer	
  
                          	
  
14:00	
  –	
  17:00	
     Special	
  Wednesday	
  Afternoon	
  Workshop	
  
                          An	
  introduction	
  to	
  Galaxy	
  with	
  the	
  NeCTAR	
  Genomics	
  Virtual	
  Laboratory	
  
                          Dr	
  Igor	
  Makunin	
  
                          Research	
  Computing	
  Centre,	
  The	
  University	
  of	
  Queensland	
  
                          	
  
                          Venue:	
  Multi	
  Media	
  Room	
  (Room	
  3.141,	
  access	
  through	
  the	
  auditorium	
  foyer)	
  
                          (This	
  workshop	
  is	
  limited	
  to	
  36	
  attendees	
  only	
  and	
  is	
  intended	
  for	
  bench	
  scientists,	
  and	
  no	
  
                          previous	
  informatics	
  experience	
  is	
  needed.)	
  
                          	
  
                          What	
  is	
  required	
  before	
  attending	
  the	
  workshop?	
  
                          Remember	
  to	
  download	
  Galaxy	
  Workshop	
  Information	
  Sheet	
  from	
  the	
  2016	
  Winter	
  School	
  
                          web	
  site.	
  
                          	
  
                          http://bioinformatics.org.au/ws16/program/	
  
                          	
  
	
                                                      	
  

                                                                                       iii	
  
                                                                                         	
  
IMB - 2016 Winter School in Mathematical & Computational Biology - Program
 

THURSDAY	
  7	
  JULY	
  2016	
  
ADVANCED	
  BIO-­‐DATA	
  VISUALISATION	
  
09:00	
  –	
  10:30	
     Data	
  visualisation	
  in	
  bioinformatics:	
  exploring	
  the	
  ‘dark’	
  proteome	
  
                          Dr	
  Seán	
  O’Donoghue	
  
                          CSIRO,	
  Sydney	
  
	
                        	
  
10:30	
  –	
  11:00	
     Morning	
  Tea	
  

11:00	
  –	
  12:00	
     Experimentation	
  at	
  the	
  interface	
  of	
  art	
  and	
  science:	
  narrative,	
  cognitive	
  embodiment	
  and	
  
                          alternative	
  visual	
  language	
  	
  
                          Dr	
  Kate	
  Patterson,	
  Garvan	
  Institute	
  of	
  Medical	
  Research,	
  Sydney	
  
	
                        	
  
12:00	
  –	
  13:00	
     Lunch	
  

13:00	
  –	
  14:00	
     Network	
  and	
  data	
  visualisation	
  and	
  analysis	
  in	
  Cytoscape	
  	
  
                          Dr	
  Melissa	
  Davis	
  
                          Walter	
  and	
  Eliza	
  Hall	
  Institute	
  for	
  Medical	
  Research,	
  Melbourne
14:00	
  –	
  15:00	
     Big	
  data	
  visual	
  analytics	
  
                          Professor	
  Seok-­‐Hee	
  Hong	
  
                          University	
  of	
  Sydney	
  
	
                        	
  
15:00	
  –	
  15:30	
     Afternoon	
  Tea	
  

15:30	
  –	
  17:00	
     Creating	
  data	
  visualisations	
  that	
  won’t	
  be	
  forgotten	
  using	
  the	
  R	
  programming	
  language	
  
                          Dr	
  Chris	
  Brown	
  
                          Australian	
  Rivers	
  Institute,	
  Griffith	
  University,	
  Brisbane	
  
17:00	
  –	
  17:15	
     Resource	
  talk:	
  what	
  the	
  COMBINE	
  network	
  does	
  for	
  ECRs	
  in	
  bioinformatics	
  and	
  
                          computational	
  biology	
  
                          Ms	
  Leah	
  Roberts	
  
                          Vice	
  President,	
  COMBINE	
  (Computational	
  Biology	
  and	
  Bioinformatics	
  Student	
  Group)	
  
                          School	
  of	
  Chemistry	
  and	
  Molecular	
  Biosciences,	
  The	
  University	
  of	
  Queensland	
  
	
  
	
                                                	
  

                                                                             iv	
  
                                                                               	
  
IMB - 2016 Winter School in Mathematical & Computational Biology - Program
 

FRIDAY	
  8	
  JULY	
  2016	
  
ECOGENOMICS	
  
09:00	
  –	
  09:05	
     Welcome	
  &	
  introduction	
  
                          Professor	
  Gene	
  Tyson	
  
                          Australian	
  Centre	
  for	
  Ecogenomics,	
  The	
  University	
  of	
  Queensland	
  
09:05	
  –	
  09:45	
     The	
  extraordinary	
  evolution	
  of	
  the	
  great	
  ape	
  microbiome	
  
                          Professor	
  Howard	
  Ochman	
  
                          University	
  of	
  Texas,	
  Austin,	
  USA	
  
09:45	
  –	
  10:30	
     Tools	
  and	
  methods	
  for	
  microbial	
  ecological	
  genomics	
  
                          Dr	
  David	
  Wood	
  
                          Australian	
  Centre	
  for	
  Ecogenomics,	
  The	
  University	
  of	
  Queensland	
  
	
                        	
  
10:30	
  –	
  11:00	
     Morning	
  Tea	
  
                          	
  
11:00	
  –	
  11:45	
     Illuminating	
  microbial	
  dark	
  matter	
  via	
  single-­‐cell	
  genomics	
  
                          Dr	
  Christian	
  Rinke	
  
                          Australian	
  Centre	
  for	
  Ecogenomics,	
  The	
  University	
  of	
  Queensland	
  
12:00	
  –	
  13:00	
     IMB	
  Friday	
  Noon	
  Seminar	
  in	
  conjunction	
  with	
  Winter	
  School	
  	
  
                          Towards	
  4	
  dimensional	
  (eco)	
  systems	
  biology	
  in	
  the	
  sea	
  	
  
                          Professor	
  Edward	
  F.	
  DeLong	
  
                          University	
  of	
  Hawaii,	
  Honolulu,	
  USA	
  
	
                        	
  
13:00	
  –	
  13:45	
     Lunch	
  
                          	
  
13:45	
  –	
  14:30	
     Genomes	
  from	
  metagenomes:	
  recovery	
  and	
  analysis	
  of	
  population	
  genomes	
  
                          Dr	
  Kate	
  Ormerod	
  
                          Australian	
  Centre	
  for	
  Ecogenomics,	
  The	
  University	
  of	
  Queensland	
  
14:30	
  –	
  15:15	
     Community	
  diversity	
  in	
  metagenomes:	
  one,	
  many	
  and	
  thousands	
  
                          Dr	
  Ben	
  Woodcroft	
  
                          Australian	
  Centre	
  for	
  Ecogenomics,	
  The	
  University	
  of	
  Queensland	
  
15:15	
  –	
  16:00	
     Comparing	
  the	
  variome	
  and	
  pan-­‐genome	
  of	
  bacterial	
  isolates	
  
                          A/Professor	
  Torsten	
  Seemann	
  
                          Victorian	
  Life	
  Sciences	
  Computation	
  Initiative,	
  The	
  University	
  of	
  Melbourne	
  
	
                        	
  
16:00	
                   Winter	
  School	
  wrap-­‐up	
  and	
  refreshment	
  with	
  IMB/ECRs	
  
                          	
  
                                                                    ~*~*~*~*~	
  

                                                                            v	
  
                                                                             	
  
IMB - 2016 Winter School in Mathematical & Computational Biology - Program
BIOGRAPHY	
  AND	
  ABSTRACT	
  

                                                           Dr	
  Ken	
  McGrath	
  
                                                           Brisbane	
  Node	
  Manager	
  
                                                           Australian	
  Genome	
  Research	
  Facility	
  Ltd	
  (AGRF)	
  
                                                           Brisbane	
  
	
  
Biography:	
  
Ken	
  McGrath	
  is	
  the	
  node	
  manager	
  of	
  the	
  Brisbane	
  Lab	
  of	
  the	
  Australian	
  Genome	
  Research	
  Facility,	
  based	
  at	
  
the	
  UQ	
  St	
  Lucia	
  campus.	
  Ken	
  has	
  worked	
  with	
  plant	
  and	
  microbial	
  genetics	
  and	
  transcriptomics,	
  and	
  completed	
  
his	
   PhD	
   in	
   biochemistry	
   and	
   molecular	
   pathology	
   at	
   UQ	
   in	
   2005.	
   Following	
   this,	
   his	
   postdoctoral	
   research	
  
involved	
  examining	
  the	
  transcriptomes	
  of	
  mixed	
  microbial	
  communities	
  in	
  industrial	
  and	
  agricultural	
  settings.	
  
In	
   2009,	
   Ken	
   joined	
   the	
   AGRF,	
   and	
   currently	
   manages	
   a	
   range	
   of	
   lab	
   processes	
   and	
   sequencing	
   projects	
  
including	
  next-­‐generation	
  sequencing	
  platforms.	
  Ken	
  is	
  also	
  a	
  founding	
  member	
  of	
  the	
  “eXtreme	
  Microbiome	
  
Project”	
   -­‐	
   an	
   international	
   collaboration	
   studying	
   microbial	
   communities	
   of	
   the	
   extreme	
   environments	
   around	
  
our	
  planet.	
  
	
  
Date:	
  Monday	
  4	
  July	
  2016	
  	
  
	
  
Presentation	
  title:	
  Next-­‐generation	
  sequencing	
  overview	
  (Game	
  of	
  Thrones	
  Edition)	
  
	
  
Abstract:	
  
The	
   “Next-­‐Generation	
   Sequencing”	
   landscape	
   is	
   one	
   of	
   constant	
   change,	
   with	
   new	
   and	
   emerging	
   technologies	
  
always	
  competing	
  with	
  established	
  platforms	
  -­‐	
  much	
  like	
  the	
  different	
  characters	
  and	
  families	
  from	
  the	
  “Game	
  
of	
   Thrones”	
   universe.	
   Using	
   this	
   analogy,	
   Ken	
   talks	
   about	
   the	
   sequencing	
   technologies	
   that	
   have	
   had	
   their	
   day	
  
on	
  the	
  throne,	
  and	
  looks	
  in	
  detail	
  at	
  the	
  current	
  rulers	
  –	
  and	
  who	
  is	
  best	
  positioned	
  to	
  usurp	
  them.	
  In	
  doing	
  so,	
  
Ken	
  will	
  explain	
  how	
  the	
  sequencing	
  technologies	
  work	
  and	
  give	
  examples	
  of	
  projects	
  that	
  can	
  be	
  run	
  on	
  them,	
  
as	
  well	
  as	
  hint	
  at	
  what’s	
  “next”	
  in	
  Next-­‐Gen.	
  
	
  
	
                                                           	
  

                                                                                          1	
  
IMB - 2016 Winter School in Mathematical & Computational Biology - Program
BIOGRAPHY	
  AND	
  ABSTRACT	
  

                                                               Dr	
  Felicity	
  Newell	
  
                                                               Research	
  Fellow	
  in	
  Computational	
  Biology	
  	
  
                                                               Queensland	
  University	
  of	
  Technology	
  
                                                               Brisbane	
  
	
  
Biography:	
  
Felicity	
   Newell	
   originally	
   trained	
   in	
   the	
   fields	
   of	
   molecular	
   and	
   cellular	
   biology,	
   and	
   received	
   her	
   PhD	
   from	
   The	
  
University	
   of	
   Queensland	
   in	
   2007.	
   Following	
   this,	
   she	
   completed	
   a	
   Master	
   of	
   Information	
   Technology	
   at	
   the	
  
Queensland	
  University	
  of	
  Technology.	
  She	
  has	
  worked	
  as	
  a	
  bioinformatics	
  programmer,	
  developing	
  biological	
  
web	
  applications	
  at	
  QFAB	
  and	
  software	
  for	
  the	
  analysis	
  of	
  cancer	
  sequencing	
  data	
  at	
  the	
  Queensland	
  Centre	
  
for	
   Medical	
   Genomics	
   at	
   UQ.	
   Since	
   then,	
   she	
   has	
   conducted	
   postdoctoral	
   research	
   at	
   The	
   University	
   of	
  
Queensland	
  Diamantina	
  Institute,	
  and	
  this	
  year	
  she	
  joined	
  QUT	
  as	
  a	
  Research	
  Fellow	
  in	
  Computational	
  Biology.	
  
Her	
  current	
  interests	
  involve	
  using	
  next-­‐generation	
  sequencing	
  data	
  to	
  investigate	
  the	
  genetics	
  of	
  autoimmune	
  
diseases	
  and	
  cancer.	
  	
  
	
  
Date:	
  Monday	
  4	
  July	
  2016	
  
	
  
Presentation	
  title:	
  NGS	
  mapping,	
  errors	
  and	
  quality	
  control	
  
	
  
Abstract:	
  
The	
  first	
  step	
  that	
  is	
  often	
  required	
  to	
  analyse	
  next	
  generation	
  sequencing	
  data	
  is	
  to	
  align	
  the	
  reads	
  that	
  are	
  
generated	
   to	
   a	
   reference	
   genome.	
   Current	
   sequencing	
   platforms	
   can	
   generate	
   high	
   volumes	
   of	
   raw	
   read	
   data.	
  
Such	
   reads	
   are	
   usually	
   short	
   in	
   length	
   and	
   may	
   contain	
   sequencing	
   errors.	
   Therefore	
   tools	
   that	
   perform	
  
mapping	
   need	
   to	
   be	
   able	
   to	
   efficiently	
   identify	
   the	
   location	
   of	
   a	
   read	
   within	
   the	
   reference	
   genome	
   while	
  
accounting	
  for	
  real	
  sequence	
  variations	
  as	
  well	
  as	
  technical	
  artefacts.	
  In	
  this	
  presentation	
  I	
  will	
  describe	
  some	
  
of	
   the	
   approaches	
   to	
   sequence	
   alignment,	
   highlighting	
   some	
   of	
   the	
   popular	
   tools	
   that	
   are	
   in	
   use.	
   A	
   good	
  
understanding	
  of	
  the	
  common	
  errors	
  and	
  biases	
  that	
  can	
  occur	
  with	
  mapping	
  is	
  necessary	
  in	
  order	
  to	
  obtain	
  
high	
  quality	
  data	
  from	
  downstream	
  analyses	
  such	
  as	
  variant	
  detection.	
  I	
  will	
  also	
  discuss	
  some	
  of	
  these	
  errors	
  
and	
  outline	
  some	
  quality	
  controls	
  steps	
  that	
  can	
  be	
  performed.	
  	
  	
  
	
  
	
                                                        	
  

                                                                                           2	
  
IMB - 2016 Winter School in Mathematical & Computational Biology - Program
BIOGRAPHY	
  AND	
  ABSTRACT	
  

                                                       Dr	
  Ann-­‐Marie	
  Patch	
  
                                                       Senior	
  Research	
  Officer	
  
                                                       Medical	
  Genomics	
  Group	
  
                                                       QIMR	
  Berghofer	
  Medical	
  Research	
  Institute	
  
                                                       Brisbane	
  
	
  
Biography:	
  
Ann-­‐Marie	
  is	
  currently	
  a	
  Senior	
  Research	
  Officer	
  within	
  the	
  Medical	
  Genomics	
  group	
  led	
  by	
  Dr	
  Nicola	
  Waddell,	
  
at	
  the	
  QIMR	
  Berghofer	
  Medical	
  Research	
  Institute.	
  Her	
  current	
  research	
  focuses	
  on	
  cancer	
  genomics	
  working	
  
with	
   large	
   collaborative	
   groups	
   to	
   identify	
   the	
   molecular	
   basis	
   of	
   melanoma	
   and	
   mesothelioma.	
   The	
   detection	
  
and	
   advancement	
   in	
   the	
   understanding	
   of	
   the	
   consequences	
   of	
   structural	
   variants	
   in	
   cancer,	
   linking	
   to	
  
understanding	
  the	
  mechanisms	
  of	
  DNA	
  repair	
  are	
  of	
  particular	
  interest	
  to	
  her.	
  With	
  a	
  PhD,	
  gained	
  in	
  2006	
  from	
  
the	
   University	
   of	
   Exeter	
   UK,	
   that	
   combined	
   bioinformatics	
   and	
   laboratory	
   approaches	
   to	
   study	
   fission	
   and	
  
budding	
  yeast	
  genetics	
  she	
  joined	
  the	
  intertwined	
  research	
  and	
  diagnostic	
  teams	
  of	
  Prof.	
  Andrew	
  Hattersley	
  
and	
  Prof.	
  Sian	
  Ellard	
  at	
  the	
  Peninsula	
  College	
  of	
  Medicine	
  &	
  Dentistry	
  and	
  Royal	
  Devon	
  and	
  Exeter	
  Molecular	
  
Genetics	
  Laboratory	
  using	
  next-­‐generation	
  sequencing	
  to	
  identify	
  monogenic	
  causes	
  of	
  neonatal	
  diabetes	
  and	
  
causal	
  mutations	
  for	
  a	
  broad	
  spectrum	
  of	
  genetic	
  disorders.	
  Cancer	
  genomics	
  has	
  been	
  her	
  focus	
  for	
  the	
  last	
  
five	
   years	
   leading	
   the	
   analysis	
   of	
   the	
   ovarian	
   cancer	
   data	
   as	
   part	
   of	
   the	
   Australian	
   ICGC	
   team	
   led	
   by	
   Prof.	
   Sean	
  
Grimmond	
  that	
  she	
  continues	
  in	
  her	
  current	
  role.	
  
	
  
Date:	
  Monday	
  4	
  July	
  2016	
  
	
  
Presentation	
  title:	
  Mutation	
  detection	
  in	
  whole-­‐genome	
  sequencing	
  
	
  
Abstract:	
  
Through	
   landmark	
   studies	
   carried	
   out	
   as	
   part	
   of	
   the	
   Australian	
   International	
   Cancer	
   Genome	
   Consortium	
  
projects	
  studying	
  the	
  molecular	
  basis	
  of	
  pancreatic,	
  ovarian	
  and	
  now	
  melanoma	
  tumours	
  the	
  development	
  of	
  
robust	
   mutation	
   detection	
   methods	
   has	
   been	
   key.	
   Initially	
   at	
   the	
   Queensland	
   Centre	
   for	
   Medical	
   Genomics,	
   at	
  
IMB	
  and	
  now	
  at	
  the	
  QIMR	
  Berghofer	
  Medical	
  Research	
  Institute	
  an	
  expert	
  team	
  of	
  researchers	
  and	
  informatics	
  
specialists	
  have	
  set	
  up	
  a	
  high	
  performing	
  framework	
  to	
  enable	
  the	
  analysis	
  of	
  whole	
  human	
  genomes	
  for	
  the	
  
presence	
  of	
  DNA,	
  RNA	
  and	
  epigenetic	
  variants	
  that	
  are	
  associated	
  with	
  the	
  hallmarks	
  of	
  cancer.	
  This	
  talk	
  will	
  
describe	
   and	
   discuss	
   the	
   principles	
   and	
   challenges	
   of	
   identifying	
   the	
   full	
   range	
   of	
   mutation	
   types	
   including	
  
single	
   nucleotide	
   variants,	
   indels	
   up	
   to	
   large	
   structural	
   variants	
   (SVs)	
   using	
   whole	
   genome	
   sequencing.	
   I	
   will	
  
present	
   the	
   bases	
   of	
   mutation	
   detection	
   for	
   ICGC	
   projects	
   with	
   examples	
   of	
   how	
   mechanisms	
   driving	
  
tumorigenesis	
  may	
  be	
  identified.	
  
	
  
	
                                                           	
  

                                                                                                3	
  
BIOGRAPHY	
  AND	
  ABSTRACT	
  

                                                     A/Professor	
  Torsten	
  Seemann	
  
                                                     Lead	
  Bioinformatician	
  
                                                     Victorian	
  Life	
  Sciences	
  Computation	
  Initiative	
  and	
  	
  
                                                     Microbiological	
  Diagnostics	
  Unit	
  Public	
  Health	
  Laboratory	
  
                                                     The	
  University	
  of	
  Melbourne	
  
	
  
Biography:	
  
A/Prof.	
  Torsten	
  Seemann	
  is	
  lead	
  bioinformatician	
  at	
  the	
  Victorian	
  Life	
  Sciences	
  Computation	
  Initiative	
  and	
  the	
  
Microbiological	
  Diagnostics	
  Unit	
  Public	
  Health	
  Laboratory,	
  both	
  at	
  the	
  University	
  of	
  Melbourne.	
  His	
  work	
  uses	
  
bioinformatics	
   and	
   genomics	
   to	
   better	
   understand	
   the	
   spread	
   and	
   evolution	
   of	
   bacterial	
   pathogens	
   and	
  
antimicrobial	
   resistance.	
   He	
   is	
   best	
   known	
   for	
   his	
   software	
   tools	
   which	
   are	
   used	
   internationally,	
   and	
   he	
   is	
   a	
  
strong	
  supporter	
  of	
  open	
  science.	
  
	
  
Date:	
  Monday	
  4	
  July	
  2016	
  
	
  
Presentation	
  title:	
  De	
  novo	
  genome	
  assembly	
  
	
  	
  
Abstract:	
  
How	
  do	
  we	
  generate	
  the	
  genome	
  sequence	
  of	
  our	
  favourite	
  organism?	
  In	
  this	
  talk	
  I	
  will	
  introduce	
  the	
  problem	
  
of	
   de	
   novo	
   genome	
   assembly;	
   describe	
   the	
   strategies	
   and	
   caveats	
   of	
   the	
   way	
   the	
   problem	
   is	
   tackled;	
   and	
  
outline	
   ways	
   to	
   assess	
   the	
   results.	
   The	
   related	
   problems	
   of	
   transcriptome	
   and	
   metagenome	
   assembly,	
   and	
  
how	
  the	
  latest	
  technologies	
  are	
  transforming	
  de	
  novo	
  assembly,	
  will	
  also	
  be	
  touched	
  upon.	
  
	
  
	
                                                     	
  

                                                                                         4	
  
BIOGRAPHY	
  AND	
  ABSTRACT	
  

                                             Dr	
  Mathieu	
  Bourgey	
  
                                             Bioinformatics	
  Manager	
  
                                             Canadian	
  Centre	
  for	
  Computational	
  Genomics	
  (C3G)	
  
                                             Montréal	
  Node,	
  McGill	
  University	
  and	
  Genome	
  Québec	
  Innovation	
  Centre	
  
                                             Montréal,	
  Canada	
  
	
  
Biography:	
  
Mathieu	
   Bourgey	
   is	
   the	
   manager	
   of	
   the	
   Research	
   and	
   Development	
   team	
   at	
   the	
   Montréal	
   node	
   of	
   the	
  
Canadian	
  Centre	
  for	
  Computational	
  Genomics.	
  He	
  completed	
  his	
  Master	
  degree	
  with	
  honours	
  in	
  2003	
  at	
  the	
  
Université	
  Pierre	
  et	
  Marie	
  Curie	
  -­‐	
  Paris	
  VI	
  (France)	
  working	
  on	
  developing	
  evolution	
  model	
  of	
  genomics	
  large	
  
repeats.	
  He	
  transitioned	
  to	
  Université	
  Paris-­‐Sud	
  XI	
  (France)	
  for	
  his	
  PhD	
  work	
  on	
  modeling	
  risk	
  of	
  developing	
  the	
  
coeliac	
   disease	
   based	
   on	
   genetic	
   and	
   familial	
   information.	
   Following	
   this,	
   his	
   postdoctoral	
   research	
   at	
  
Université	
   de	
   Montréal	
   focused	
   on	
   modeling	
   gene-­‐gene	
   interactions	
   and	
   foeto-­‐maternal	
   interactions	
   in	
   the	
  
susceptibility	
  to	
  childhood	
  leukemia.	
  After	
  completing	
  his	
  postdoctoral	
  studies	
  in	
  2010,	
  he	
  participated	
  at	
  the	
  
development	
  of	
  the	
  bioinformatics	
  side	
  of	
  a	
  large	
  next	
  generation	
  sequencing	
  project	
  of	
  Acute	
  Lymphoblastic	
  
Leukemia	
  samples.	
  In	
  2011,	
  Mathieu	
  joined	
  the	
  bioinformatics	
  platform	
  of	
  the	
  McGill	
  University	
  and	
  Genome	
  
Québec	
  Innovation	
  Centre	
  (MUGQIC)	
  as	
  senior	
  analyst	
  where	
  he	
  was	
  involved	
  in	
  the	
  analysis	
  of	
  a	
  wide	
  range	
  
of	
   genomics	
   projects	
   from	
   bacteria	
   to	
   humans	
   using	
   all	
   the	
   various	
   type	
   of	
   sequencing	
   technology	
   available	
  
(Illumina,	
   454,	
   Life	
   Technology	
   and	
   PacBio).	
   In	
   2014,	
   he	
   became	
   team	
   leader	
   of	
   the	
   data	
   production	
   and	
  
service	
  at	
  the	
  MUGQIC	
  bioinformatics	
  platform	
  and	
  in	
  2015	
  he	
  started	
  managing	
  the	
  bioinformatics	
  research	
  
and	
   development	
   group.	
   He	
   manages	
   software	
   and	
   analysis	
   pipeline	
   development	
   on	
   a	
   wide	
   range	
   of	
   next-­‐
generation	
   sequencing	
   platforms	
   technology	
   and	
   takes	
   part	
   in	
   national	
   and	
   international	
   projects	
   studying	
  
cancer	
   genomics,	
   genome	
   assembly	
   and	
   transcriptomics.	
   He	
   is	
   also	
   involved	
   in	
   the	
   organisation	
   of	
  
international	
  genomics	
  workshops.	
  
	
  
Date:	
  Monday	
  4	
  July	
  2016	
  
	
  
Presentation	
  title:	
  Long-­‐read	
  sequencing:	
  an	
  overview	
  of	
  technologies	
  and	
  applications	
  
	
  
Abstract:	
  
Next-­‐generation	
   sequencing	
   technologies	
   offer	
   vast	
   improvements	
   over	
   traditional	
   Sanger	
   sequencing.	
  
However,	
  these	
  major	
  sequencing	
  technologies	
  suffer	
  from	
  a	
  main	
  limitation,	
  the	
  short	
  lengths	
  of	
  their	
  reads.	
  
Short	
   reads	
   are	
   poorly	
   suited	
   to	
   study	
   complex	
   genomic	
   regions	
   or	
   for	
   nonreference-­‐based	
   analysis.	
   Long	
  
reads	
   offer	
   an	
   alternative	
   approach	
   to	
   overcome	
   many	
   of	
   these	
   limitations.	
   With	
   longer	
   reads	
   we	
   can	
  
sequence	
  through	
  extended	
  repetitive	
  regions,	
  detect	
  base	
  modifications,	
  identify	
  gene	
  isoforms	
  and	
  assemble	
  
finished	
  genomes.	
  Pacific	
  BioSciences,	
  Oxford	
  Nanopore	
  and	
  Illumina	
  are	
  the	
  three	
  major	
  competitors	
  which	
  
developed	
  different	
  long	
  reads	
  sequencing	
  technologies.	
  Each	
  of	
  their	
  technologies	
  has	
  specific	
  limitations	
  that	
  
need	
  to	
  be	
  taken	
  into	
  consideration	
  while	
  designing	
  a	
  long	
  read	
  sequencing	
  project.	
  	
  	
  	
  
	
  
	
                                                        	
  

                                                                                   5	
  
BIOGRAPHY	
  AND	
  ABSTRACT	
  

                                                     Associate	
  Professor	
  Mik	
  Black	
  
                                                     Department	
  of	
  Biochemistry	
  
                                                     University	
  of	
  Otago	
  
                                                     Dunedin,	
  New	
  Zealand	
  
	
  
Biography:	
  
Mik	
   received	
   a	
   BSc	
   (Hons)	
   in	
   statistics	
   from	
   the	
   University	
   of	
   Canterbury,	
   and	
   an	
   MSc	
   (mathematical	
   statistics)	
  
and	
  PhD	
  (statistics)	
  from	
  Purdue	
  University.	
  After	
  completing	
  his	
  PhD	
  in	
  2002,	
  Mik	
  returned	
  to	
  New	
  Zealand	
  to	
  
work	
  as	
  a	
  lecturer	
  in	
  the	
  Department	
  of	
  Statistics	
  at	
  the	
  University	
  of	
  Auckland.	
  An	
  ongoing	
  involvement	
  in	
  a	
  
number	
   of	
   Dunedin-­‐based	
   collaborative	
   genomics	
   projects	
   resulted	
   in	
   a	
   move	
   to	
   the	
   University	
   of	
   Otago	
   in	
  
2006.	
   Mik's	
   research	
   focuses	
   on	
   the	
   development	
   and	
   application	
   of	
   statistical	
   methods	
   for	
   the	
   analysis	
   of	
  
data	
   from	
   genomics	
   experiments,	
   with	
   a	
   particular	
   emphasis	
   on	
   human	
   disease.	
   Mik	
   is	
   also	
   heavily	
   involved	
   in	
  
two	
  major	
  initiatives	
  designed	
  to	
  put	
  in	
  place	
  sustainable	
  national	
  research	
  infrastructure	
  for	
  NZ:	
  NZGL	
  (New	
  
Zealand	
   Genomics	
   Ltd)	
   for	
   genomics	
   (where	
   he	
   was	
   the	
   interim	
   Bioinformatics	
   Team	
   Leader	
   during	
   2012-­‐
2013),	
  and	
  NeSI	
  (New	
  Zealand	
  eScience	
  Infrastructure)	
  for	
  computing/eResearch.	
  
	
  
Date:	
  Monday	
  4	
  July	
  2016	
  
	
  
Presentation	
  title:	
  Genomics	
  resources	
  -­‐	
  feeding	
  your	
  inner	
  bioinformatician	
  
	
  
Abstract:	
  
In	
   the	
   current	
   research	
   environment,	
   the	
   ability	
   to	
   manage,	
   analyse	
   and	
   interpret	
   data	
   produced	
   by	
   high-­‐
throughput	
   sequencing	
   platforms	
   has	
   become	
   an	
   essential	
   skill	
   for	
   both	
   wet-­‐	
   and	
   dry-­‐lab	
   researchers.	
   While	
   a	
  
number	
  of	
  options	
  exist	
  for	
  outsourcing	
  these	
  tasks,	
  the	
  reality	
  is	
  that	
  researchers	
  still	
  need	
  (and	
  desire)	
  a	
  level	
  
of	
  analytic	
  skill	
  that	
  allows	
  them	
  to	
  perform	
  basic	
  exploratory	
  analysis	
  of	
  their	
  data,	
  without	
  having	
  to	
  rely	
  on	
  
external	
  assistance.	
  
	
  
In	
  this	
  talk,	
  I	
  will	
  discuss	
  some	
  of	
  the	
  initiatives	
  that	
  have	
  been	
  undertaken	
  in	
  New	
  Zealand	
  and	
  Australia	
  to	
  
provide	
   both	
   genomics	
   and	
   bioinformatics	
   support	
   for	
   researchers,	
   as	
   well	
   as	
   highlighting	
   some	
   of	
   the	
   tools	
  
and	
  skills	
  that	
  help	
  to	
  ensure	
  the	
  robustness	
  and	
  reproducibility	
  of	
  the	
  analyses	
  being	
  carried	
  out.	
  
	
  
	
                                                            	
  

                                                                                        6	
  
BIOGRAPHY	
  AND	
  ABSTRACT	
  

                                                Mr	
  John	
  Pearson	
  
                                                Team	
  Leader	
  
                                                Genome	
  Informatics	
  	
  
                                                QIMR	
  Berghofer	
  Medical	
  Research	
  Institute	
  
                                                Brisbane	
  
	
  
Biography:	
  
John	
   Pearson	
   has	
   spent	
   25	
   years	
   as	
   a	
   bioinformatician	
   creating	
   software	
   for	
   medical	
   researchers	
   and	
   has	
  
worked	
   at	
   NIH,	
   UQ,	
   QIMR	
   Berghofer	
   and	
   was	
   a	
   founding	
   Faculty	
   member	
   at	
   the	
   Translational	
   Genomics	
  
Research	
  Institute	
  (TGen)	
  in	
  Phoenix,	
  Arizona.	
  John	
  has	
  held	
  software	
  development	
  grants	
  from	
  Microsoft,	
  the	
  
American	
   Cancer	
   Society,	
   and	
   the	
   National	
   Institutes	
   of	
   Health	
   and	
   has	
   participated	
   in	
   the	
   1000	
   Genomes	
  
Project	
  and	
  the	
  International	
  Cancer	
  Genome	
  Consortium.	
  
	
  
Date:	
  Monday	
  4	
  July	
  2016	
  
	
  
Title:	
  Defensive	
  NGS	
  informatics	
  -­‐	
  what	
  can	
  go	
  wrong	
  and	
  how	
  do	
  you	
  know	
  when	
  to	
  throw	
  in	
  the	
  towel?	
  
	
  
Abstract:	
  
Next-­‐generation	
  sequencing	
  has	
  radically	
  changed	
  medical	
  research	
   by	
  allowing	
  deep	
  interrogation	
  of	
  the	
  DNA	
  
and	
  RNA	
  of	
  pathogenic	
  organisms,	
  families	
  with	
  inherited	
  disorders	
  and	
  the	
  de-­‐novo	
  mutations	
  responsible	
  for	
  
tumourigenesis.	
  	
  As	
  with	
  any	
  new	
  technology,	
  a	
  "gold	
  rush"	
  mentality	
  can	
  arise	
  where	
  being	
  first	
  to	
  the	
  a nswer	
  
can	
   push	
   rigour	
   and	
   methodological	
   soundness	
   into	
   the	
   background.	
   In	
   this	
   seminar,	
   I'll	
   talk	
   from	
   QCMG	
  
experience	
  about	
  some	
  of	
  the	
  ways	
  sequencing	
  can	
  go	
  wrong,	
  how	
  the	
  problems	
  became	
  apparent,	
  what	
  we	
  
did	
  about	
  them,	
  and	
  tools	
  we	
  developed	
  to	
  try	
  to	
  catch	
  the	
  same	
  problems	
  in	
  future.	
  
	
  
	
                                                      	
  

                                                                                   7	
  
BIOGRAPHY	
  AND	
  ABSTRACT	
  

                                                             Dr	
  Annette	
  McGrath	
  
                                                             Principal	
  Research	
  Scientist	
  and	
  	
  
                                                             Team	
  Leader	
  in	
  Life	
  Science	
  Informatics	
  	
  
                                                             DATA61	
  |	
  CSIRO	
  
                                                             Canberra	
  
	
  
Annette	
  McGrath	
  graduated	
  from	
  the	
  National	
  University	
  of	
  Ireland	
  with	
  a	
  PhD	
  in	
  molecular	
  biology	
  and	
  from	
  
The	
   University	
   of	
   Queensland	
   with	
   a	
   graduate	
   diploma	
   in	
   statistics.	
   Following	
   postdoctoral	
   work	
   in	
  
bioinformatics	
  on	
  multiple	
  sequence	
  alignment,	
  she	
  worked	
  for	
  three	
  years	
  as	
  a	
  staff	
  scientist	
  and	
  team	
  leader	
  
in	
  a	
  biotech	
  company	
  in	
  Auckland,	
  New	
  Zealand.	
  She	
  then	
  spent	
  eight	
  years	
  as	
  Head	
  of	
  Bioinformatics	
  at	
  the	
  
Australian	
  Genome	
  Research	
  Facility,	
  followed	
  by	
  Head	
  of	
  Bioinformatics	
  at	
  Queensland	
  Facility	
  for	
  Advanced	
  
Bioinformatics	
   in	
   2010.	
   In	
   2011	
   she	
   was	
   recruited	
   to	
   establish	
   and	
   lead	
   the	
   CSIRO	
   Bioinformatics	
   Core,	
  
dedicated	
   to	
   enhancing	
   capability	
   in	
   bioinformatics	
   across	
   CSIRO.	
   She	
   is	
   a	
   Principal	
   Research	
   Scientist	
   and	
  
Team	
  Leader	
  in	
  life	
  science	
  informatics	
  in	
  CSIRO	
  Data61	
  with	
  interests	
  in	
  the	
  application	
  of	
  ‘omics	
  technologies	
  
and	
  big	
  data	
  and	
  with	
  a	
  passion	
  for	
  bioinformatics	
  education	
  and	
  training.	
  
	
  
Date:	
  Monday	
  4	
  July	
  2016	
  
	
  
Presentation	
  title:	
  The	
  current	
  and	
  upcoming	
  challenges	
  and	
  opportunities	
  in	
  bioinformatics	
  	
  
	
  
Abstract:	
  
Molecular	
   biology	
   has	
   become	
   a	
   data	
   science,	
   driven	
   by	
   advances	
   in	
   measurement	
   and	
   data	
   acquisition	
  
technologies	
   that	
   allow	
   very	
   substantial	
   amounts	
   of	
   data	
   to	
   be	
   readily	
   produced	
   and	
   aided	
   by	
   spectacular	
  
drops	
   in	
   the	
   price	
   of	
   this	
   data.	
   The	
   impact	
   of	
   this	
   shift	
   to	
   a	
   data-­‐driven	
   science	
   can	
   be	
   seen	
   across	
   a	
   broad	
  
range	
   of	
   applications	
   –	
   from	
   human	
   health,	
   advanced	
   manufacturing,	
   agriculture	
   and	
   ecosystems.	
   As	
  
molecular	
   techniques	
   improve,	
   many	
   practical	
   and	
   methodological	
   challenges	
   are	
   presented	
   by	
   increased	
   in	
  
data	
   volumes,	
   complexity	
   and	
   dimensionality	
   of	
   the	
   data.	
   Bioinformatics	
   is	
   facing	
   challenges	
   in	
   managing,	
  
storing,	
  processing,	
  analysing	
  and	
  integrating	
  different	
  types	
  of	
  molecular	
  biological	
  information.	
  	
  
	
  
Nonetheless,	
  there	
  is	
  a	
  wealth	
  of	
  research	
  opportunities	
  emerging	
  for	
  bioinformaticians	
  as	
  effective	
  analysis	
  
and	
   interpretation	
   of	
   molecular	
   bioscience	
   data	
   offers	
   new	
   ways	
   to	
   uncover	
   hidden	
   patterns	
   in	
   data	
   and	
   to	
  
build	
  better	
  predictive	
  models.	
  
	
  
This	
  talk	
  will	
  present	
  an	
  overview	
  of	
  where	
  genomics	
  and	
  bioinformatics	
  are	
  currently	
  having	
  an	
  impact	
  and	
  
will	
   also	
   take	
   a	
   look	
   at	
   some	
   of	
   the	
   challenges	
   and	
   opportunities	
   likely	
   in	
   coming	
   years	
   in	
   the	
   field	
   of	
  
bioinformatics.	
  
	
  
	
                                                              	
  

                                                                                                  8	
  
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