2019 REPORT The State of the Food System in the San Diego Region
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2019 REPORT The State of the Food System in the San Diego Region COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO
The State of the Food System in the San Diego Region 2019 REPORT C OUNTY OF SAN DIEGO NOVEMBER 2019
Contents
ix Executive Summary 75 Section 6: Nutrition and
Food Security
5 Introduction
93 Section 7: Labor and Employment
11 Section 1: Inputs in the Food System
19 Section 2: Food Production 101 Section 8: Education and
Workforce Development
37 Section 3: Food Manufacturing
and Processing 117 Section 9: Wasted Food
47 Section 4: Storage and Distribution 138 Acknowledgments
63 Section 5: Consumer Demand 140 Appendices
E XECUTI VE SUMM A RY
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
A food system includes all processes and infrastructure in place to feed a
population. The overarching components of the food system are inputs, production,
manufacturing and processing, storage and distribution, consumption, labor and
workforce development, and disposal of food and food-related products. All these
components are interconnected and can effect positive or negative impacts to the
social, environmental, and economic conditions of a population, also known as
the triple bottom line. Using this triple bottom line as a lens to assess the conditions
of a food system and to guide its future state recognizes the role that the food
system plays in people’s health and wellbeing, as well as its effect on environmental
sustainability and on the economic welfare of society.
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In 2016, the County of San Diego (County*) and areas of opportunity. The report also government agencies, nonprofits, academic The State of California was in a five-year
Board of Supervisors initiated the Live Well identifies metrics to track progress in the and research institutions, and industry groups drought from 2012 through 2016 where San
San Diego Food System Initiative to work different areas of the food system. The from throughout the San Diego region. Diego county was mandated to reduce water
towards a robust and resilient local food goal is for this report and its future iterations consumption by 25 percent in urban areas,
Next steps will include establishing
system that builds healthy communities, to serve as an informative resource for and farmers were faced with a mandatory
partnerships to identify, prioritize, and pursue
supports the economy, and enhances the community education and engagement 15 percent reduction on water usage. San
key opportunities that stem from this report
environment. One of the main priorities for and also help inform programs and policy Diego county has responded to water supply
and previous efforts to make improvements THE FOOD SYSTEM REQUIRES CRITICAL
the Food System Initiative is to develop the change. challenges through diversification efforts
in the different areas of the food system. This NATURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND
State of the Food System Report for the (e.g. groundwater, recycled water, seawater
The creation of the State of the Food effort will require the continued collaboration ECONOMIC INPUTS.
San Diego Region on a cyclical basis. desalination and conservation, and water
System Report was led by the County in of all organizations and stakeholders involved supplied through multiple irrigation districts),
For example, agricultural land, soil, water,
The purpose of this report is to understand close collaboration with the San Diego in the creation of this report as well as the which have resulted in high water costs.
ocean and coastal waters, energy and
what the food system looks like in San Diego Food System Alliance and with the input engagement of community, industry, and This has led to innovation in water use
equipment, and labor are essential. In San
county, its current state, its challenges, and contributions of representatives from decision makers in the region. technology, such as automatic drip irrigation,
Diego county, 242,554 acres of land are
occupied by the agricultural industry for and the use of hydroponics and aquaponics.
grazing, orchards, vineyards, and the
With San Diego county located along the
cultivation of field and specialty crops.
Pacific Ocean, commercial fishing and
There are 5,082 farms in San Diego county
aquaculture utilize the bays and coastal
where approximately 70 percent are
waters to produce and harvest fish and
considered small as they operate on less
seafood. There are three commercial
than 10 acres. San Diego county has year-
fishing harbors in San Diego county with
round agricultural production due to the
infrastructure that comprises only about 4
mediterranean climate and the diversity of
percent of the water and 1 percent of the
soils that support different commodities
land area that are potentially suitable for
across marine to desert landscapes. Soils are
commercial fishing. Commercial aquaculture
crucial for the health of crops and to protect
is at a smaller scale in San Diego county,
San Diego county agricultural land from
with only one farm, which is located in the
destructive natural events such as flooding,
Agua Hedionda Lagoon.
wildfires, and drought.
*For the purposes of this report, County with a capital “C” refers to the County of San Diego government organization; whereas county with a lowercase “c” refers to the
geographical area of the county.
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growers generating over $71 million in upwards of $10 million annually. Methods responsibly sourced in the world. Although, Commercial aquaculture, or the farming of
total organic product sales. The highest and techniques used for fishing comply local seafood is responsibly sourced, seaweeds, fish and/or shellfish in tanks on
yielding edible crops grown in San Diego with strict regulations and science-based there is a lack of waterfront infrastructure, land or in coastal waters, is a relatively young
county are avocados, citrus, and vine- management meant to safeguard against including offloading and storage, to support industry in the region. As such, there are
ripened tomatoes. Conducting business overharvest of stocks, capture of bycatch, and distribution, regulatory limitations, and a lack regulatory obstacles in siting facilities in San
and profitability, along with water, soil, environmental impacts, making San Diego of workforce training and development which Diego county, and California in general
and pest management were identified as county’s local catch some of the most is limiting further expansion of the industry.
ALTHOUGH 95 PERCENT OF AGRICULTURAL
key challenges for commercial agriculture.
LAND IN THE COUNTY IS DEDICATED TO
Furthermore, climate change may have an
FOOD PRODUCTION, ONLY 30 PERCENT
increased impact on production challenges,
OF THE TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE OF
such as increased heat and a diminishing
AGRICULTURE DERIVES FROM FOOD
water supply.
PRODUCTION WITH THE REMAINING
70 PERCENT DERIVING FROM NURSERY Urban agriculture is emerging in densely
AND CUT FLOWER PRODUCTS. populated areas of San Diego county to
provide food access and promote community THE NEXT STAGE OF THE FOOD SYSTEM
Commercial agriculture as a whole ranks as
development. Examples of urban agriculture IS MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING
one of the largest industries in San Diego
are community or school gardens, community WHICH TRANSFORMS RAW INGREDIENTS
county and contributes significantly to the
supported agriculture based in urban LIKE LIVESTOCK AND AGRICULTURAL
local economy through $1.8 billion in annual
areas, and the use of innovative food CROPS INTO EDIBLE PRODUCTS FOR
total sales and a total economic impact of
production methods such as hydroponics CONSUMPTION.
$2.8 billion.
and aquaponics in urban settings. Some
Approximately 91 percent of farms in the challenges with urban agriculture in San San Diego county imports raw products
county are under 50 acres, and about 70 Diego county are the high cost of real estate, (e.g. wheat flour, corn meal, and yeast) for
percent of the total farms are less than 10 high cost of water at residential rates, and the the production and manufacturing of bakery
acres, well below state averages, highlighting diversity of policies and regulations related products and tortillas. Also, San Diego county
the prevalence of small farms in San Diego to urban agriculture throughout San Diego imports cacao and coffee beans from overseas
county. San Diego county has the highest county’s 19 jurisdictions. and locally manufactures chocolate (valued
concentration of organic farmers in the at $27.8 million in 2015) and coffee (valued
Commercial fishing operations in San at $63.4 million in 2015). In addition to
United States with more than 350 U.S.
Diego county currently harvest from the importing, San Diego county exports milk
Department of Agriculture Certified Organic
wild and land over 60 species valued at production valued at $6.9 million in 2015
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to be pasteurized and packaged. Similarly, The manufacturing and processing industry is Diego-sourced seafood within the city of
meat processing of cattle and calves valued regulated through a hierarchy of jurisdictions San Diego was limited to seafood markets
at $26.8 million in 2015 does not occur from the national to local level in order to and restaurants located within 1 km (0.6
within the county. However, the largest ensure the nation’s food system protects miles) of the coast.
crops produced in San Diego county the public from foodborne illness through
There is high demand for locally
are citrus (valued at $151.7 million) and food safety practices and regulations.
sourced food; however, distributors lack
avocados (valued at $121 million) which Inspection and permitting for all local retail FOOD PRODUCED IN SAN DIEGO a coordinated system or platform for SAN DIEGO COUNTY’S DEMOGRAPHICS
are sold whole rather than going through food facilities is conducted by the San Diego COUNTY IS DISTRIBUTED THROUGH viewing the crop supply by farm in order AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS DRIVE
processing and manufacturing. County Department of Environmental Health. THREE PATHWAYS: to meet demand of locally sourced food. CONSUMER DEMAND FOR LOCAL FOOD.
On the other hand, small producers do
1) Directly to the consumer through farmers’
not benefit from economies of scale and San Diego county is home to approximately
and fishermen’s markets and shares in
it is difficult for them to meet the volume 3.3 million people with the second highest
consumer supported agriculture (CSA), 2)
demanded from larger organizations and percentage of millennials (born between 1980
directly to organizations and businesses
businesses. The challenges of distributors and 1994) in the nation, comprising nearly
and 3) through traditional distributors to
and producers are passed on to the one-third of the San Diego county population.
organizations and businesses.
consumer in the form of higher prices. Through food choices, consumers influence
The prevalence of small farms in San Diego Therefore, a concerted effort needs to food production, food processing, and
county present challenges for farmers to take place to build up community ultimately food prices. Consumer purchasing
work with distributors because the revenue awareness around the value of local food, behaviors – particularly among the
splits required to do so cut into profits to in order for businesses, organizations, and millennial age cohort, the largest, most
levels that are not economically sustainable communities to place a higher value on diverse cohort in U.S. history – have shifted
for the farmers. Therefore, some small farms local food. Efforts also need to take place due to the growing awareness of the
choose to sell directly to small businesses to address equity issues for disadvantaged connection between food, the environment,
and organizations and to consumers through communities who may not be able to access and health. This awareness has led to
CSA deliveries. and afford higher-priced, local food. increased consumer demand for better
food, food that is fresh, healthy, local,
There is a strong geographic barrier to organic, and sustainable.
access locally sourced seafood if not directly
from the fishermen’s market. Two recent With these purchasing behaviors and San
studies revealed that the availability of San Diego county’s strong tourism industry,
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HOW CAN RESIDENTS SUPPORT THE LOCAL FOOD SYSTEM? recent laws and regulations like the advances have led to a rise in the production
Cottage Food Law, Pacific to Plate, and of inexpensive, highly processed, and
the Agricultural Promotion Program in nutritionally poor foods.
unincorporated San Diego county present
Prices and access to healthy foods remain
unique opportunities for producers to
a significant barrier to healthy eating.
diversify their operations and revenue
International organizations define food
sources and for consumers to engage with
insecurity as a situation that exists when
local producers. San Diego county has 36
Choose stores and Ask for locally-sourced seafood Visit and shop at local Sign up for Community people lack secure access to sufficient
restaurants that at markets and restaurants Certified Farmers’ Markets Supported Agriculture to Certified Farmers’ Markets, 21 farm stands,
amounts of safe and nutritious food for
source food locally and try the San Diego local and the Fishermen’s Market. receive a share of fresh 17 CSA programs, 1 dockside fishermen’s
normal growth and development and an
and support workers. varieties of seafood. produce from a local farm. market, and an emerging local farm-to-
active and healthy life. In 2017, an estimated
table and ocean-to-table movement.
443,000 (1 in 7) people in San Diego
county experienced food insecurity.
In addition to food insecurity, food deserts
also persist in San Diego county. Food
deserts are residential areas with limited
access to affordable and nutritious food.
Get involved with Buy produce Buy “ugly” produce, which Track where and how food Living in a food desert has been linked
community gardens and that is in season. is aesthetically unappealing is wasted at home and to poor diet and greater risk of obesity,
urban agriculture. but just as nutritious. reduce portion sizes.
while people who live near grocery stores
THE QUALITY AND AVAILABILITY OF are more likely to consume fruits and
THE FOOD AND DRINK WE CONSUME vegetables and less likely to be obese. In
IMPACTS THE HEALTH AND WELLBEING 2010, approximately 23 percent (or over
OF ALL PEOPLE ACROSS OUR LIFE SPAN. 700,000 people) of the San Diego county
The methods of production, processing and population lived in a food desert. As
preparation, as well as consumption, all play researchers have documented in the San
Donate excess edible food at Contact a gleaning group to Volunteer with a small- Limit your use of plastic a role in whether food helps to nourish the Diego region and other regions in the U.S.,
your local pantry or food bank donate any excess produce scale farm, food bank, (straws, silverware, bags, food deserts have emerged over time as
body or results in adverse health impacts.
(San Diego Food Bank and grown at home. gleaning group, or local etc.) and styrofoam (takeout the result of policy and planning decisions
Feeding San Diego). pantry. containers, dinnerware). A shift towards large-scale commodity crop
production coupled with technological that often times have not been favorable to
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historically disadvantaged groups and Even though the food services and drinking face similar challenges in education and programs. Educational opportunities are
have led to white flight, suburbanization, places is one of the largest and fastest workforce development with the average further limited because the populations who
disinvestment and store closures among growing segments of the regional food age of commercial farmers and fishermen could most benefit from training or further
these areas. Organizations and programs economy, they are the lowest paid jobs in about or over 50 years old. Therefore, San education face numerous barriers to program
such as BrightSide Produce and the Live Well the San Diego food system. Furthermore, Diego county food system education participation, including transportation,
Community Market Program work to reach overall wages within the San Diego food and workforce development is key to childcare, financial support during the
food insecure and low-income communities system are significantly lower than in remain sustainable and resilient in the duration of programs, and stable housing.
with healthy affordable food. the rest of the economy. In addition to IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT A WELL-TRAINED long term. Educational programs, formal
low wages, food system workers face other WORKFORCE BE PREPARED TO ADDRESS and non-formal, are available in the county
economic and social issues, including THE CHALLENGES OF THE FUTURE ACROSS to provide the region and its residents
inconsistent implementation of legal ALL ASPECTS OF THE FOOD SYSTEM. access to information and classes. However,
protections, wage disparities, and economic there is a greater need than the collective
insecurity. These issues are also related Agriculture and seafood production capacity of providers for food system training
to race, ethnicity, immigration status, and
gender of food system workers. In 2017, 37
percent of food system workers in San Diego
county were immigrants (compared to 27 WASTED FOOD OR FOOD LOSS IS ANY
HUMAN LABOR IS ESSENTIAL FOR EVERY percent in non-food jobs) and 64 percent FOOD THAT IS GROWN AND PRODUCED
COMPONENT OF THE FOOD SYSTEM. were people of color (compared to 51 FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION, BUT THAT
percent in non-food jobs). The vast majority IS ULTIMATELY NOT EATEN.
Ten percent of San Diego county’s
of workers throughout the food system were
economy is represented by food system In the United States, 40 percent of the food
Latinos, especially in farming where Mexican
jobs. There are approximately 163,281 jobs that is grown is never consumed, resulting in
immigrants alone represent 55 percent of
in San Diego county’s food economy. The over 50 million tons of wasted food that ends
the workforce.
majority of food-related employment is up in landfills annually. At the State level, 6
found in food service, eating and drinking million tons of food is thrown away each year,
places, accounting for over 100,000 jobs or which makes up 18 percent of all the material
63 percent of the food economy, which is that goes to the landfills. It is estimated that
consistent with the strong tourism industry in in San Diego county, over 500,000 tons of
the San Diego region. food is wasted each year, while 1 out of
every 7 residents face food insecurity. In
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addition to source reduction and prevention, designed to divert organic material from • Support water, waterfront, and land uses • Support land use policies and regulations that addresses common concerns
there are efforts to recover edible food landfills, including food, as a way to reduce that help take advantage of the available that accommodate more urban surrounding fishing and aquaculture
before it is wasted through pantries and greenhouse gases. Moreover, there are laws potential of the commercial fishing and agriculture. For instance, the Urban (e.g., environmental impacts and health
gleaning organizations. that support reduction of wasted food by aquaculture industries. Agriculture Incentive Zones Act. concerns).
facilitating food donation and helping people
In 2016 the County of San Diego led the FOOD PRODUCTION • Incentivize the inclusion of urban • Seek opportunities to expand the
make informed decisions about when food
creation of a Food Donation Action Plan that agriculture components as part of new distribution of local aquaculture products
is still safe to eat versus when it should be • Commit financial resources to incentivize
was produced in collaboration with food housing developments. throughout the San Diego region.
discarded. farmers and ranchers to implement
system and food donation stakeholders
carbon-farming practices and to support • Make parkland available for community MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING
in the region. The goal of the plan is to
support and improve food donation in the WHERE DO WE GO FROM pilot projects. gardens.
• Support food manufacturing and
San Diego region in order to help address HERE? • Promote “dense” planting among • Improve waterfront infrastructure in the processing infrastructure that promotes
food and nutrition insecurity, while also growers. The practice puts more trees San Diego region to capture a share of the a shared economy by encouraging
reducing food loss. In support of the Continued collaboration and engagement in production per acre than previous $28 million worth of fish and seafood that the development and shared use of
Food Donation Action Plan, the County of key stakeholders and decision makers will practices. Outcomes include increased is landed annually by San Diego county community kitchen spaces.
Board of Supervisors took action on be key to the sustainability and advancement production per acre, reduced labor per fishermen in ports north of the county.
December 12, 2018, to waive Department of the food system in the San Diego region. STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION
unit produced, and reduced water use
of Environmental Health permit and The following areas of opportunities can • Promote the practice of harvesting lightly
per unit produced. • Increase opportunities for seafood
registration fees for pantries and to inform next steps for improving the different across an array of fish species to reduce
direct marketing and other alternative
provide funding to support food donation components of the local food system: • Support experimental plantings that the risks of impacting stocks, increase
marketing arrangements where fishermen
efforts and food safety. could lead to established commercial our ability to respond to climate change
INPUTS sell to restaurants and markets, which
production, which are currently taking challenges, and provide a more stable
Not only are valuable resources wasted would result in shorter, more local
place with coffee, dragon fruit (pitahaya), business model.
when food is not consumed, organic material • Continued support of land preservation seafood supply chains that potentially
olives, mandarins, and other crops.
that is left to decompose in landfills creates efforts to secure land for agricultural uses. • Seek opportunities to expand the increase the availability of local product
methane, a greenhouse gas that contributes • Support the expansion of hydroponic establishment of fishermen’s markets in within the county. An added benefit of
• Support farmers to implement smart
to climate change. Food that is no longer and aquaponic production methods as the San Diego region. more direct sales is the connection of
irrigation technology to help reduce
suitable for donation can be diverted from environmentally sustainable alternatives seafood producers and consumers which
water use and costs. • Provide consumer education on
landfills for agricultural and industrial uses for food production that can also help raises awareness of local fisheries.
species that are sourced locally and
and for composting and anaerobic energy • Investment is needed in infrastructure address issues of land availability.
how to prepare them and provide more • Create a coordinated system or platform
production. In addition to local efforts, State that supports commercial fishing, such as
information/conduct public outreach for displaying and sharing crop supply by
and federal legislation and regulations are storage and processing facilities.
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farm and develop methods for providing underserved communities to ensure that and supporting small stores through • Seek opportunities to connect existing programs and grants that help address incorporate use of alternative energy
greater real-time transparency of crop it can be available to all. financial, marketing and technical farmers and fishermen with new infrastructure needs, such as storage, sources and mitigate the environmental
availability for distributors and buyers. assistance. generations of producers to share refrigeration, and transportation. and economic impact of wasted food.
• Seek opportunities to develop niche knowledge and expand workforce
• Seek opportunities for small farmers to products and markets to cater to the • Consider the effects of gentrification, development in these sectors. • Support gleaning organizations with • Invest in infrastructure to process food
aggregate their crops for distribution region’s diverse ethnic groups and suburbanization and disinvestment over funding and infrastructure to expand scraps and explore opportunities to co-
in order to reduce costs and build their unique preferences for flavors and historically disadvantaged groups when WASTED FOOD food rescue efforts. locate organic waste processing facilities
collective economies of scale, such as the products from their native lands. developing policies and plans that affect at landfill and wastewater treatment sites.
• Develop and fund directed educational • Seek opportunities to connect potential
development of a local food hub. food access.
NUTRITION AND FOOD SECURITY campaigns to teach people how to donors of food not suitable for human • Increase education and training around
• Seek opportunities for fishermen LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT properly store food, shop smarter, cook consumption to farms in need of spent on-site residential and commercial
• Continue to support nutrition assistance
to collaborate with other producers from root-to-leaf/nose-to-tail, and how to grain and other food donations to feed composting and develop policies that
programs that help secure access • Support policies that promote and
(e.g. through port-wide marketing meal plan to reduce wasted food. animals. support these efforts.
to nutritious food for underserved advance fair labor practices for all.
associations) to help meet demand and
populations. • Support the food donation network in the • Explore strategies to utilize wasted food
take advantage of economies of scale. EDUCATION AND WORKFORCE San Diego region by investing in incentive for biofuel and bio-products in order to
• Seek opportunities to address DEVELOPMENT
• Conduct outreach to raise public
underlaying poverty conditions that lead
awareness around the value of local food, • Seek opportunities to make education
to food insecurity.
in order for businesses, organizations, and training opportunities related to the
and communities to place a higher value • Support breastfeeding practices by food system accessible to disadvantaged
in local food. advocating for worksite breastfeeding populations.
policies, breastfeeding friendly community
CONSUMER DEMAND • Seek opportunities to expand Farm to
healthcare centers and childcare providers,
School programs by developing policies
• Develop methods to track and home visiting programs, educational
and funding infrastructure to support
understand how much food produced forums for families and providers, scientific
consistency in programming at schools.
locally remains within the county so research, direct breastfeeding counseling,
opportunities can be identified to and the establishment of the first milk • Provide economic incentives for small
increase local food production and bank in San Diego. school districts to start a Farm to School
consumption in the region. program.
• Pursue opportunities to address food
• Increase the accessibility of local food to deserts by building on existing resources
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INTRODUCTION
THE SAN DIEGO REGION FOOD SYSTEM
A food system includes all processes and infrastructure in place to feed a population;
from all the inputs that are necessary to grow food, to the management of wasted
food at the tail end, and everything in between: production, manufacturing and
processing, storage and distribution, consumption, and disposal of food and
food-related products. Each of these overarching components include other sets
of systems that support more specialized functions, such as water systems for
growing, supply chain for distribution, etc. All the components of the food system
are interconnected and can have positive or negative impacts on the social,
environmental, and economic conditions of a population, also known as the triple
bottom line. Using this triple bottom line as a lens to assess the conditions of a food
system and to guide its future state recognizes the role that the food system plays in
people’s health and wellbeing, as well as its effect on environmental sustainability and
on the economic welfare of society.
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San Diego county is known for its nice a shortage of waterfront and regionwide about the value of food and the importance consciously willing to adapt and to adopt settings. San Diego county farmers look for
weather, which favors the region’s $1.7 billion seafood system infrastructure, regulatory of preventing its waste and rescuing edible practices that enhance the environment opportunities to save water and implement
agriculture industry where a third of the crops limitations, a lack of workforce training and food from going to the landfill to repurpose and make the region more resilient against water-saving irrigation techniques as a way of
grown are food. However, climate change development, and the potential negative it for higher uses, such as feeding people climate change. The very challenges that facing the challenges that drought conditions
presents an important challenge to the local effects of climate change. who experience food insecurity. There is also threaten our food supply have given way to and water costs present to their operations.
food supply. With the changing climate the growing interest in “zero waste” policies that innovation in the way we grow our food. The As the changing climate will continue to
While most of the population in the San
region has already started to experience keep organics, including food, out of the use of aquaponics and hydroponics are rising present challenges to local agriculture,
Diego region enjoys a secure and varied
more severe droughts and wildfires, which landfills to prevent greenhouse gas emissions as new efficient, environmentally friendly climate-smart agricultural and ranching
food supply, food access continues to be an
negatively affect the agriculture industry. as a result of the decomposing process. food production methods which can also practices have the potential to significantly
issue to 1 in 7 San Diego county residents
Additionally, the high costs of land and Additionally, San Diego county farmers are be implemented out of the fields in urban lower greenhouse gas emissions while
who are food insecure. This comes at a
water present an important barrier for new improving soil health, reducing water use,
time when 40% of the food produced in
and young farmers to enter the commercial increasing crop yields, improving livestock
the nation is wasted. Sometimes, the very
agriculture market, a concerning situation health, and protecting lands against the
people working to produce that food and
when considering that the average age of threat of wildfires.
make it available to society face challenges
the region’s farmers is over 60 years, with no
to access it for themselves and their families. The steady growth of San Diego county’s
succession plan in place.
While California has a number of labor laws agricultural diversity indicates that the
The region’s commercial agriculture protecting workers, protections for workers agricultural industry is working to become
landscape includes thousands of small farms across the food system are not implemented more resilient to economic shocks and
(less than 10 acres) which are successful at consistently and food system workers tend natural and/or human-driven hazards that
producing a variety of food crops. These to have lower wages than workers from have the potential to disrupt production.
small farms face important obstacles to other industries. This situation coupled with New experimental crops continue to emerge
help get that food onto people’s plates our region’s high cost of living (housing, as viable economic opportunities for the
locally, such as lack of economies of scale to transportation, etc.) can negatively impact region’s growers. This is an important
compete with larger out-of-county producers the quality of life of local food system opportunity to the local food system as
and lack of infrastructure and few marketing workers. market niches can develop for new and
channels that fit their production scale. diverse crops taking advantage of the ethnic
However, the food system in the San Diego
Comparable challenges are shared by the and cultural diversity of county residents and
region is well positioned to positively
local fishing industry, which once gave the their unique tastes and needs for food. The
contribute to the triple bottom line. There
region the title of the ‘Tuna Capital of the regions diverse population includes a large
is a growing awareness in San Diego county
World’ and today faces challenges with group of millennials who have an increased
ProduceGood gleans citrus from San Diego residential orchards that would otherwise go to landfill.
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sense of awareness of the implications of are its challenges and areas of opportunity. of San Diego county. Data and metrics charts, and maps to produce the report. data was not available. Data has not been
their food choices for the triple bottom line, The report also identifies metrics to track identified by these two efforts were included With close collaboration of County staff, captured/researched for a number of metrics
of knowing where their food comes from, progress in the different areas of the food in the State of the Food System Report. content contributors, and the consultant that were identified by the Stakeholder
what is in it, and how it is produced. As the system. The goal is for this report and its MIG Communications, the final report was Advisory Group as key to tracking progress
The creation of the State of the Food
focus on local food continues to grow, it is future iterations to serve as an informative produced. in the different areas of the San Diego region
System Report was led by the County in
important to take advantage of the region’s resource for community education and food system. A table with existing food
close collaboration with the San Diego Next steps will include establishing
unique strengths and opportunities to engagement and also help inform programs system metrics is included as an appendix to
Food System Alliance and with the input partnerships to identify, prioritize, and pursue
continue to build a thriving food system for and policy change. this report. A wish list of additional metrics is
and contributions of dozens of food key opportunities that stem from this report
San Diego county. also included to help inform potential future
Other important efforts in the region have system stakeholders throughout the San and previous efforts to make improvements research opportunities to help close the gap
STATE OF THE FOOD SYSTEM REPORT taken place in previous years to examine the Diego region (a full list is included in in the different areas of the food system. This for local food system data.
FOR THE SAN DIEGO REGION: PURPOSE, local food system: 1) the 2010 report Assessing the Acknowledgments page) including effort will require the continued collaboration
PROCESS, AND NEXT STEPS the San Diego County Food System: representatives from government of all organizations and stakeholders involved Some of the main data sources for this
Indicators for a More Food Secure Future agencies, nonprofits, academic and in the creation of this report as well as the report include reports such as the United
In 2016, the County of San Diego (County) from UC Davis Agricultural Sustainability research institutions, and industry groups. engagement of community, industry, and State Department of Agriculture’s Census of
Board of Supervisors initiated the Live Well Institute and the San Diego Food System Stakeholder input was included through an decision makers in the region. Agriculture (Ag Census), which is produced
San Diego Food System Initiative (Food Working Group; and 2) the 2011 Final initial stakeholder meeting in January 2018, every five years. Given the availability
System Initiative) to work towards a robust DATA LIMITATIONS
Recommendations of the San Diego Urban- to help inform the content and develop of data to inform the State of the Food
and resilient local food system that builds Rural Roundtable (SDURR), convened by the an outline for the report. Subsequently, System Report, from the Ag Census and
The creation of the State of the Food
healthy communities, supports the economy, San Diego Food System Working Group a Stakeholder Advisory Group—a subset other important data sources that update
System Report required the research and
and enhances the environment. The Food and the nonprofit Roots for Change. The from the initial stakeholder meeting—was information on a periodic basis, this report
analysis of existing data from local, State
System Initiative supports the County’s San Diego Food System Working Group was formed and continued to convene through will be updated on a five-year cycle.
and federal sources, including government
Live Well San Diego vision of a region that an ad hoc collaboration of growers, public late 2019 to refine the content/outline of the agencies, research institutions, and nonprofit
is building better health, living safely, and health and environmental experts from local report as well as select metrics to research organizations. Primary research was not
thriving. One of the main priorities for the government and nonprofit agencies, and and include for the different areas of the included within the scope of this report.
Food System Initiative is to develop the State other food system stakeholders. The SDURR food system. The Stakeholder Advisory Although the focus of the report is on the
of the Food System Report for the San Diego consisted of a series of meetings among Group also helped identify contributors local food system (for the purposes of this
Region on a cyclical basis. numerous leaders and stakeholders from from different sectors who would provide report, local is being defined as contained
The purpose of this report is to understand throughout the San Diego region to develop content and data to help write the different within the boundaries of the county of San
what the food system looks like in San Diego a set of recommendations with the goal of sections of the report. Content contributors Diego), State and national data are also
county, what is its current state, and what improving the food system for all residents provided key information, data, pictures, referenced in the report whenever local
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INPUTS
SECTION 1
INPUTS
WHAT ARE THE INPUTS THAT ARE REQUIRED FOR FOOD
PRODUCTION?
Food production requires natural, environmental, and economic inputs. The
commercial agriculture industry requires land that is suitable for raising animals and
growing crops, animal feed, nutrient-rich soil, seeds, fertilizer, and clean water to
support food production. Healthy fish populations, waterfront property, and access to
harbor water are essential inputs for commercial fishing and aquaculture operations,
or farmed seafood, which is the breeding and cultivation of plants and animals in all
water environments (1). Finally, energy, equipment, and labor are essential inputs
to all food production methods. The availability and cost of each of these inputs is
subject to a range of natural, market, and regulatory forces.
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INPUTS
AGRICULTURAL LAND Agriculture (3). Approximately 70 percent of exceeds 62 years (4). Many new farmers who SOIL related environmental co-benefits is largely resulted in a two-fold increase in water prices
these farms are categorized as “small” as they do enter the food production market tend dependent on the ability and/or willingness over the past 12 years, which makes the
According to the San Diego County 2018 operate on less than 10 acres (3). to be older and have access to adequate Soil health and quality is crucial for food of farmers and ranchers to commit financial production of several water-intensive food
Crop Statistics & Annual Report, in San Diego financial resources. Interestingly, farming is production. A wide variety of soils exist resources to this effort (8). It is difficult to crops financially challenging in San Diego
county, 242,554 acres of land are occupied by High property values in San Diego county not the only source of income for the majority in San Diego county due to the region’s boost soil health quickly because agriculture county (11). Although the diversification of
the agricultural industry for grazing, orchards, make the purchase of agricultural land an of agricultural producers in San Diego county. Mediterranean climate, location, unique management practices that sequester carbon water supply by local agencies has helped
vineyards and the cultivation of field and ongoing challenge for entry-level farmers. According to the University of California geologic features and hazards (e.g. active are long-term processes. However, other to secure municipal water for agriculture,
specialty crops. Approximately 95 percent Land ownership is more desirable for Cooperative Extension (UCCE) 2018 Growers’ fault lines, steep topography, earthquakes and environmental co-benefits from these practices, it is worth noting that San Diego county
of agricultural land (230,279 acres) in the San agriculture than leasing because farmers Needs Assessment survey, roughly 74 percent weathering). The diversity of soils and geologic such as climate resilience, erosion prevention, is currently in abnormally dry conditions
Diego region is dedicated to food production are hesitant to make long-term capital of agricultural producers have an income features, specifically 34 soil classifications, and improving the soil’s ability to absorb despite the State of California no longer
with the remaining 5 percent to nursery and investments on leased land. Because land outside of farming (4). The U.S. Department of contribute to the microclimates that support and hold water can be realized more rapidly, being in a drought since 2017. Regions with
cut flowers (12,275 acres) (2). As a whole, prices serve as a barrier to entry-level farmers, Agriculture also highlights a similar statistic of roughly 30 natural vegetation communities and allowing soil to regenerate and boost nutrients abnormally dry conditions experience some
the San Diego region farmland is comprised land prices are also a contributing factor to the off-farm sources of income, which, on average, the growth of over 200 different commodities (9). More information on carbon sequestration water deficits and a slowing of crop growth
of 5,082 farms, more than any other county aging population of principal farm operators account for more than 90 percent of all farm across marine to desert landscapes (6,7). practices is included in Section 2. (12), so the availability of municipal water for
in the U.S., according to the U.S. Census of in San Diego county whose average age now household incomes in the U.S. (5). The combination of the climate and the soil agriculture becomes even more relevant for
varieties provide year- round agricultural WATER our region’s agricultural production.
production in San Diego county (7).
According to the San Diego County Water The State of California was in a drought
Time, climate variation, human impacts, as Authority, 95 percent of water was imported from 2012 to 2016, where in early 2014, then
PURCHASE OF AGRICULTURAL The County of San Diego has an agricultural conservation program known as the Purchase of
well as physical, chemical, and biological by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern Governor Jerry Brown declared a State
CONSERVATION EASEMENT Agricultural Conservation Easement (PACE) Program. The PACE Program promotes the long-
characteristics all play a role in soil health and California in 1991. In an effort to diversify drought emergency. In the State declaration,
term preservation of agriculture in the County of San Diego.
PROGRAM (PACE) quality (8). Even though healthy soil develops and secure the region’s water supply, by 2020 residents of California were urged to
Under the PACE Program, willing agricultural property owners in the County unincorporated over thousands of years, this resource has not about one third of the San Diego region’s voluntarily reduce water usage by 20 percent
communities are compensated for placing a perpetual easement on their property that limits traditionally been well understood or highly water will be supplied by the Metropolitan and that individual municipalities would
future uses to agriculture. As a result, the agricultural land is preserved and the property regarded. Through educational campaigns, Water District, about one third by the implement mandatory water restrictions
owner receives compensation making the land’s continued use for agriculture more viable. healthy soil and vegetation are increasingly Imperial Irrigation District Transfer, and the (13,14). In response to the declaration, the San
recognized as necessary to protect San remaining one third of water will be supplied Diego County Water Authority implemented
Since the inception of the County of San Diego’s PACE program in 2013, 26 properties Diego county lands from wildfires, flooding, through local diversification of groundwater,
covering approximately 2,328 agricultural acres have been preserved. The cost of these PACE a “drought alert” which mandated water
drought and other destructive events. recycled water, seawater desalination and conservation up to 20 percent (15). Local
easement acquisitions is approximately $5.99 million at an average cost of $2,600 per acre, not The ability of the agricultural industry to conservation (10). The cost to diversify
including administrative costs. growers and farmers who purchased
improve soil health and address other and secure the water supply has, however, water from local agencies did not face the
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INPUTS
same restrictions as were experienced by sensors in the soil of his avocado orchard, An estimated 21 acres of harbor water and The operational aquaculture facilities land dedicated to commercial fishing and a loss of responsibly sourced food, job
residential and commercial users. which enables the farmer to monitor and 8.5 acres of waterfront land is dedicated to seem relatively small scale but estimating aquaculture is a relatively small fraction opportunities, and money. In 2019 the
adjust the irrigation when necessary. With the commercial fishing across the county’s three the water area that is potentially available of potentially suitable area. Regulatory Southwest Fisheries Science Center revealed
However, with the continuation of the implementation of this technology, the farmer commercial fishing harbors: San Diego Bay, for aquaculture is difficult and requires challenges surrounding seafood production, that between 1997-2016, San Diego county
drought, in early 2015, then Governor Jerry is saving on water and overall production Mission Bay, and Oceanside Harbor. These assessments of not only the physical and consumer choices (imports vs locally sourced lost out on an average of 57,197 metric tons
Brown issued an Executive Order (EO B-29- costs (2). Other innovative strategies to estimates total only about 4 percent of the biological requirements of the farmed seafood), and the community’s decisions of seafood landings per year valued at $28.3
15) which mandated reductions in water address water constraints is the use of water area and 1 percent of the land area species and farm infrastructure, but also regarding competing water and waterfront million per year to ports north of the county
use statewide, specifically, reducing water hydroponics, or the production of food or that are potentially suitable for commercial the needs of a multitude of other ocean land uses, all contribute to a seafood industry due to a lack of supporting infrastructure and
consumption in urban areas by 25 percent plants without soil, and aquaponics which fishing, but that are dedicated to other users. A Preliminary Assessment Report with that operates well below its potential in resources in the San Diego region (25-27).
(16). In this case, farmers and growers in San is a subset of hydroponics, where fish and uses that have similar requirements. These such analysis was recently conducted for San Diego county. The impacts of this are
Diego county experienced a mandatory plants are produced utilizing the methods of other uses include operations and berthing the San Diego Bay and adjacent waters by
15 percent restriction in water use for the hydroponics and aquaculture (19). Through by commercial marine sales and services, the San Diego Ocean Planning Partnership
remainder of the drought. an aquaponics production system, a farmer commercial recreational fishing and boating, concluding that 1,800 acres inside the bay
In addition to potentially being affected by in San Diego county is concurrently growing and private sportfishing (20-22). and about 7,000 acres outside the bay were
possible water usage restrictions during lettuce and tilapia fish. This production farmable; however, commercial fishing
An estimated 2.5 acres of land and 25 acres
drought events, farmers operating in system allows the farmer to use less water as and environmental groups have concern
of water of the 66-acre outer area of Agua
groundwater basins governed by the State the soilless water that flows through the fish over the amount and location of identified
Hedionda Lagoon in Carlsbad, are dedicated to
of California’s Sustainable Groundwater tanks carries nutrients and acts as a filter to areas. Using only this San Diego Bay region
commercial aquaculture for food production at
Management Act (Upper San Luis Rey, the lettuce (2). information on potentially available area for
the Carlsbad Aquafarm. An additional estimated aquaculture in San Diego (i.e., not including
Borrego Valley, San Diego River Valley, and OCEAN 0.14 acres of water in San Diego Bay are
San Pasqual Valley) may be subject to new potential aquaculture sites in or adjacent
dedicated to businesses piloting operations to the county’s other coastal waters), only
well-monitoring and pumping restrictions Ocean inputs support San Diego county’s in hopes of establishing the production of
as a result of this regulation, in order to commercial fishing industry and aquaculture. about 0.3 percent (27.5 out of 8,800 acres) of
shellfish and seaweed for food. An offshore available water area is currently utilized by
strengthen management and sustainability of Fish and shellfish (e.g., lobster, crabs, prawns, fish farm, the Pacific Ocean Aquafarms
local groundwater (17, 18). sea urchins, snails) are wild harvested, and aquaculture (24).
Project (formerly Rose Canyon Fisheries) led
at a smaller scale aquaculture is utilized by Hubbs Sea World Research Institute, has Although difficult to assess in absolute terms
In response to pressures on the cost and for seafood (e.g., clams, mussels, oysters,
supply of water, farmers have invested in been proposed for a location three to four due to a lack of information on potentially
seaweed) production which is grown in tanks miles off of Mission Beach in Federal waters, useable land and water area in the entire San
water use technology. For example, a San on land or using gear (e.g., lines, racks, bags)
Diego county farmer adopted an automatic but has not yet been permitted (20, 23). Diego region, the total area of San Diego
in local coastal waters. coastal waters and adjacent waterfront
drip irrigation system along with wireless
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INPUTS
References (13) California Department of Water Resources. Water Basics: Drought. https://water. Collaborative Fisheries Research West. https://caseagrant.ucsd.edu/sites/default/files/
ca.gov/Water-Basics/Drought marketers%20summary_0.pdf
(14) NPR. Jerry Brown Declares A Drought Emergency In California. 2014. https://www.npr. (27) Talley, T. S., H. Warde, N. Venuti. 2016. Local Seafood Availability in San Diego,
(1) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). US Department of
org/2014/01/17/263494972/jerry-brown-declares-a-drought-emergency-in-california California Seafood Markets. Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society 4 (2):
Commerce. Aquaculture, Overview. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/aquaculture
40-49. Available at https://caseagrant.ucsd.edu/sites/default/files/TalleyEtAl2016_FOFJ_
(15) KPBS. Drought-Stricken California Ramps Up Water Restrictions. 2015. https://www.
(2) Crop Statistics & Annual Report 2018. Department of Agriculture Weights and Measures, SeafoodMkts.pdf
kpbs.org/news/2015/mar/17/tougher-drought-regulations-expected-be-approved-c/
County of San Diego. https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/awm/crop_statistics.html
(16) Executive Order B-29-15 State of Emergency Due to Sever Drought Conditions.
(3) Census of Agriculture, 2017 Census Volume 1, Chapter 2: County Level Data. United
Economic Impact Analysis.2015.https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/ Resources
States Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Agriculture Statistics Service. https://
programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/econ_analysis.pdf
www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_2_
County_Level/California/ (17) California Department of Water Resources. SGMA Groundwater Management. https:// CAF (Carlsbad Aquafarm) 2017. Carlsbad Aquafarm, Inc. http://carlsbadaquafarm.com/
water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management
(4) University of California Cooperative Extension (UCCE), San Diego. Grower Needs City of Carlsbad, Agua Hedionda Lagoon: https://www.carlsbadca.gov/residents/fun/
Assessment for Sustainable Food Production in San Diego County. September 30, 2018. (18) County of San Diego Planning and Development Services. San Diego County lagoons/agua.asp
https://f2icenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Growers-Needs-Assessment.pdf Sustainable Groundwater Management. https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/pds/SGMA.html
THDM (Tuna Harbor Dockside Market). 2017. Tuna Harbor Dockside Market. Available at:
(5) Unites States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Economic Research Service. Farming (19) United States Department of Agriculture. National Agricultural Library. Production http://thdocksidemarket.com/new/index.html
and Farm Income. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/ag-and-food-statistics-charting- Practices. https://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/production-practices-0
the-essentials/farming-and-farm-income/ (20) Port of San Diego Master Plan. 2017. San Diego Unified Port District. https://
pantheonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/waterfront-development/Port-Master-Plan.zip
Section Contributors
(6) USDA SCSFS (United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service and
Forest Service). 1973. Soil Survey: San Diego Area, California. Available at: https://www. (21) Mission Bay Master Plan Update. 2002. City of San Diego. https://www.sandiego.gov/
nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA638/0/part1.pdf. Accessed 25 July sites/default/files/mb_park_master_plan.pdf Ann Baldrige, Resource Conservation District of Greater San Diego
2019. Chandra Richards, Resource Conservation District of Greater San Diego
(22) Hill, T. 2011. Oceanside Harbor: San Diego County’s Northernmost Anchorage. The
(7) County of San Diego and American Farmland Trust. 2009. San Diego County Farming Log: California’s Boating and Fishing News. 21 Nov 2011. Available at: https://www.thelog. Domingo Vigil, County of San Diego Land Use and Environment Group
Program Plan. Accessed 25 July 2019. Available at: https://www.farmlandinfo.org/sites/ com/local/oceanside-harbor-san-diego-county-s-northernmost-anchorage/ Accessed 14
default/files/San%20Diego%20FPP.pdf Eric Larson, San Diego County Farm Bureau
May 2019.
(8) Doran, John W. 2002. Soil health and global sustainability: translating Nina Venuti, California Sea Grant, UC San Diego
(23) Anderson, Erik. 2018. Port Hopes Seaweed Farm Takes Root In San Diego Bay.
(9) Building a Climate Friendly San Diego from the Ground Up. San Diego County Farm September 6 2018. KPBS. Available at: https://www.kpbs.org/news/2018/sep/06/port- Rebeca Appel, County of San Diego Land Use and Environment Group
Bureau, San Diego Food System Alliance, and Batra Ecological Strategies. May 2018. hopes-seaweed-farm-takes-root-san-diego-bay/ Accessed 06 April 2019 Sheryl Landrum, Resource Conservation District of Greater San Diego
http://www.sdfsa.org/carbon-farming (24) San Diego Ocean Planning Partnership. 2018. Preliminary Assessment Report. https:// Theresa S. Talley, P.h.D. California Sea Grant, UC San Diego
(10) San Diego County Water Authority. Water Supplies. https://www.sdcwa.org/water- www.slc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/SDOPP-Preliminary-Assessment-Report-
supplies; https://www.sdcwa.org/annualreport/2017/water-supply-reliability.php December-2018.pdf
(11) Voice of San Diego. 2017. San Diegans Pay Some of the Highest Water Rates in the (25) Southwest Fisheries Science Center) 2019. Fact sheet: The Importance of Working
State and Country by Ry Rivard. https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/government/san- Waterfronts to Providing a Sustainable Supply of Seafood to U.S. Consumers: A San Diego
diegans-pay-some-of-the-highest-water-rates-in-the-state-and-country/ Example. NOAA. 11 February 2019.
(12) National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS). Drought in California. https:// (26) Talley, T. S., A. Batnitzky. 2014. Testing the feasibility of urban coastal direct seafood
www.drought.gov/drought/states/california?places=san+diego+county markets. Final report in fulfillment of a project funded by the Ocean Protection Council and
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