Battery Metals Report 2019 - Everything you need to know about the Battery Metals Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel and Vanadium!! - Swiss Resource Capital AG
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Battery Metals Report 2019
Everything you need to know about the Battery Metals
Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel and Vanadium!!
www.resource-capital.ch | info@resource-capital.ch
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Table of Contents Imprint
Commodity-TV
The whole world of commodities
in one App!
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our un e! Disclaimer 02
for fre
Table of Contents | Imprint 07
Preface09
The electric revolution is only just really getting underway –
lithium, cobalt, nickel and vanadium play a key role!��������������������������������������� 10
Interview with Tobias Tretter – Manager of the
Structured Solutions Next Generation Resources Fond���������������������������������� 27
Questions to the European lithium expert Vincent Ledoux Pedailles Editor
on Europe‘s future lithium supply������������������������������������������������������������������ 32 Swiss Resource Capital AG
Poststr. 1
9100 Herisau, Schweiz
Firmenprofile Tel : +41 71 354 8501
Fax : +41 71 560 4271
Bankers Cobalt����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40 info@resource-capital.ch
www.resource-capital.ch
Birimian Limited��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 44
Editorial staff
Defense Metals���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 48 Jochen Staiger
Tim Rödel
Energy Fuels���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 52
Layout/Design
Giga Metals������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 56 Frauke Deutsch
Watch Management & Expert Interviews, Site-Visit-Videos,
News Shows and receive top and up to date Infinity Lithium������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60 All rights reserved. Reprinting
material by copying in electronic
Mining Information on your mobile device worldwide! Lithium Chile���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64 form is not permitted.
M2Cobalt���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 68 Deadline 03/01/2019
Amazing features:
Millennial Lithium������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 72 Cover: Matej Kastelic/shutterstock.com
• Company Facts page 12: ©ser_igor/stock.adobe.com
• Global Mining News Neolithium�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 76 page 30: Scharfsinn/shutterstock.com
Back:
• Push Notofications Standard Lithium������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 80 1: canstockphoto
• Commodity-TV, Rohstoff-TV and Dukascopy-TV 2: fotolia,
powered by: Wealth Minerals���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 84 3: Géry Parent
• Live Charts 4: shutterstock
• JRB-Rohstoffblog All images and graphics are, unless
otherwise stated, by the companies.
Charts: 03/20/2019
6 7
Swiss Resource Capital AG | Poststrasse 1 | 9100 Herisau | Schweiz | www.resource-capital.ch www.resource-capital.ch | info@resource-capital.ch
Preface
Dear Readers,
With pride and joy we are already entering the dox battery unit has been under construction
third year of our Battery Metals Report, the in Germany since this year. Jochen Staiger is founder and CEO
successor of our Lithium Special Report. of Swiss Resource Capital AG,
All these will be enormous drivers of the de- located in Herisau, Switzerland. As
Our special report series started with lithium, mand for lithium, cobalt, nickel and vanadium chief-editor and founder of the first
because we see this metal, as well as cobalt, but also copper and you will read in the inter- two resource IP-TV-channels
vanadium and new: nickel, as one of the great views with Tobias Tretter and Vincent Ledoux Commodity-TV and its German
energy future metals and see great opportuni- Pedailles how and where the developments counterpart Rohstoff-TV, he reports
ties and potential in the long term despite the are going. Raw materials are the basis of our about companies, experts, fund
boom that has already taken place. Battery economic activities. Without them, there managers and various themes
developments are only at the beginning of a would be no products and no technical inno- around the international mining
long road and the electric car has yet to con- vations that can be produced with new mate- business and the correspondent
quer its place among consumers and in auto- rials. metals.
motive history. Lithium and cobalt are the
main components of all batteries and rechar- Swiss Resource Capital AG has set itself the
geable batteries available in large series and task of providing commodity investors, inte-
thus the main link of the electric vehicle dre- rested parties and those who would like to
am. A boom of at least the same magnitude become investors with up-to-date and com-
will be experienced in the coming years by prehensive information on a wide variety of
decentralised storage facilities, which will be commodities and mining companies. On our
R o h s t o f f - T V g et able to help to achieve the base-load capaci- website www.resource-capital.ch you will
and
Commodity-TV
ty of wind power and photovoltaic systems find almost 20 companies and lots of infor-
n e s s it d e s e r v es! that has been lacking up to now. This in turn mation and articles about raw materials.
aware
requires larger quantities of vanadium.
c o m p a n y t h e
your
We would like to give you the necessary in-
The annual Paris Motor Show as well as sights through our special reports and provi-
Tokyo and the CES in Las Vegas have been de you with comprehensive information. Ad-
dedicated to electric mobility in recent years. ditionally our two raw material IPTV Channels
The short range inhibitor dissolves faster and www.Commodity-TV.net & www.Rohstoff-TV.net
faster as new battery technologies do it all by are available to you free of charge at any time. Tim Roedel is chief-editorial- and
themselves, which will bring enormous de- If you are on the go, we recommend our new chief-communications-manager at
mand to the electric car. We see 2019 as the Commodity TV App for iPhone and Android, SRC AG. He has been active in the
starting year for electric vehicles on a grand which provides you with real-time charts, commodity sector since 2007 and
scale worldwide, as all well-known manufac- prices and the latest videos. held several editor- and chief-
turers - including the Germans - are launching editor-positions, e.g. at the
more than 50 new electric models on the mar- My team and I hope you enjoy reading the publications Rohstoff-Spiegel,
ket. At last there are models on the road that Battery Metals Special Report and we hope Rohstoff-Woche, Rohstoffraketen,
you can afford and not just fancy studies and to provide you with lots of new information, Wahrer Wohlstand and First Mover.
concept cars. Among experts, the formula impressions and ideas. He owns an enormous commodity
500+200 kilometers i.e. 500 kilometers range expertise and a wide-spread
plus 200 kilometers reserve is valid for a bro- Yours, Jochen Staiger network within the whole resource
ad growth of demand. Then, it is assumed, sector.
even the hard-boiled combustion engine dri-
ver would switch to electric drives. Over the
next 8 years, Volkswagen plans to invest a
good 40 billion euros in electric mobility and
sell one million electric cars a year from 2025.
Meanwhile, the world‘s largest vanadium re-
9
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The electric revolution is only just really getting
underway – lithium, cobalt, nickel and vanadium play
a key role!
Combustion and direct consump- The age of electro tricity, which will account for a total of i.e. a rechargeable battery. In order to be ope-
tion were yesterday - electromobi- about 300,000 to 600,000 vehicles; rated economically in the long term, electric
lity and decentralised storage are mobility has begun! Ford: By 2020, at least 13 models are to vehicles, but also increasingly emerging
the future! be powered electrically, which is about 10 decentralised storage systems - such as for
Many countries are now fully to 25% of the entire model range; photovoltaic or wind power plants - require
Energy turnaround, ban on diesel driving, nuc- committed to the electromobility General Motors: 20 new electric models ever more powerful batteries. In the meanti-
lear phase-out, climate change - these and card by 2023 and complete switch to electric me, the lithium-ion battery has emerged as a
many other terms used in our daily language mobility - period still open; clear favourite. One of the reasons for this is
have led to a true turn of events in recent ye- Above all, several countries have already Honda: In 2030, two thirds of all models that the voltage within a lithium-ion battery is
ars that hardly anyone thought possible 25 jumped on the electric mobility bandwagon are to run with an electric motor - accor- reached by exchanging lithium ions. Due to
years ago: The leap from the age of fossil in order to achieve the climate targets they ding to today‘s figures about 3.3 million; their high energy density, lithium-ion batteries
combustion and consumption as immediate have set themselves and have initiated mea- Hyundai: At least 10% electric vehicle deliver constant performance over the entire
as possible to the decentralisation of energy sures that will further accelerate the process share by 2025 - 800,000 vehicles; discharge period and have no so-called me-
production, the corresponding need for on-si- of turning away from the internal combustion Peugeot: 80% conversion to electric dri- mory effect, i.e. a successive loss of capacity
te storage and, ultimately, to a true revolution engine and towards the electric motor at the ve by 2023; over many years of use or frequent partial
in mobility. After more than 100 years of com- same time. Norway and the Netherlands, for Porsche: Conversion of 90% of the pro- discharge. The name „lithium ion battery“ is
bustion engines, the next stage of develop- example, have decided to ban sales of ve- duct range to electric drives; only the generic term for a whole series of
ment is finally being ignited, and that is called hicles with internal combustion engines from Renault/Nissan: 1.5 million vehicles from possible chemical structures, such as the lithi-
electromobility. 2025. India wants to achieve this by 2030, 2020; um cobalt (dioxide) battery, the lithium man-
France by 2040. Germany wants to ensure Tesla: 1 million vehicles from 2020; ganese (dioxide) battery, the lithium iron
that only emission-free vehicles will be sold Toyota: 50% conversion to electric drive phosphate battery and – less commonly – the
Musk makes it possible – or how a throughout the EU from 2030. In China, at and hybrid by 2030; lithium titanate battery and the tin-sulfur lithi-
South African breaks the omnipo- least 25% of all newly registered vehicles Volvo: 100% conversion to electric and um ion battery.
tence of the oil multinationals should be emission-free by 2025. Great Bri- hybrid drive by 2019 (500,000 vehicles);
tain wants to follow by 2040. So is California. VW Group: By 2025, 20 to 25% of all ve-
Even though China has long set the tone, the hicles produced are to be powered purely Vanadium redox batteries are
electro-revolutionary movement is primarily by electricity, which is equivalent to a total better suited for use in the field of
due to one name: Elon Musk! The eccentric Car manufacturers plan to build of around 2 to 3 million vehicles. By 2030, regenerative energies.
South African, who was bullied as a child and many millions of electric vehicles 300 electric models are to be launched on
beaten to unconsciousness and first made the market. The use of lithium, cobalt and nickel in lithi-
headlines with the invention and sale of the These planned measures put the car manu- um-ion batteries or rechargeable batteries of
PayPal payment system to eBay, had a vision facturers under pressure, so that they have In total, the leading car manufacturers plan to the same name in automotive engineering is
of a purely electric locomotive at the begin- already reacted and have spent the following produce more than 20 million electric vehicles one side of the coin. Correspondingly larger
ning of the 21st century and founded Tesla company goals: per year from 2025 alone. From 2030, 25 mil- energy storage facilities are being used more
Motors in 2004. This triggered a real chain re- lion electrically powered vehicles per year are and more for storing electricity from alterna-
action that led many states, companies and BMW: By 2025, 15 to 25% of all vehicles expected, from 2040 even 60 million vehicles tive energy sources. The virtually explosive
private individuals to clearly opt for the elec- produced are to be powered purely by per year. Daimler alone plans to invest over 80 expansion of energy generation from wind
tric motor as their future drive and energy sto- electricity, which is equivalent to a total of billion euros in electric mobility in the coming farms or solar cells is a huge step forward in
rage system. Although Musk did not invent around 300,000 to 600,000 vehicles; years. Bloomberg expects that by 2040 at the terms of environmental protection, but an
the electric motor, he will always be recorded Chevrolet: After 30,000 electric vehicles latest every second new vehicle will be equip- enormous challenge for the electricity grids.
in history books as the one who broke the om- sold in 2017, no concrete targets defined ped with an electric drive. This is because renewable energy sources
nipotence of the oil multinationals and ushe- yet; often exhibit extreme fluctuations in power
red in a new era of locomotion. China: The Chinese carmakers, which generation. When the wind is blowing or the
now number more than 170, want to put Lithium-ion batteries are conside- sun is shining, large amounts of Electricity
at least 4.5 million electric vehicles on the red to be the non-plus-ultra-low „pumped“ into the grid. In the short term,
roads by 2020; battery for electric vehicles. enormous overcapacities of electricity arise,
Daimler: Ten new electric models by some of which are not needed at all. Accor-
2022. By 2025, 15 to 25% of all vehicles The heart of every electric vehicle is not only ding to calculations, up to 20 percent of the
produced will be powered purely by elec- the motor but also the energy storage device, annual yield of a wind farm is already lost
10 11
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today because the turbines have to be shut rily and only releasing it back into the grid
Composition and operating principle of a lithium-ion accumulator down at short notice due to grid overload. when required. Many manufacturers are al-
This can be remedied by storage facilities ready trying their hand at efficient vanadium
that initially absorb the excess energy and redox batteries, which are primarily intended
later release it back into the grid when nee- for decentralised use, such as directly in the
Composition of a lithium-ion accumulator ded, i.e. when there is a threat of undersup- household of a family with a photovoltaic
ply. The vanadium redox accumulator plays system on the roof or near wind farms.
Essentially a lithium-ion accumulator consists of the following components and materials: a decisive role in this process.
Positive electrode (cathode): LITHIUM-ION BATTERY North America is Tesla country ...
Lithium-Cobalt(III)-oxide
CHARGE Vanadium redox battery –
ELECTROLYTE
Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt-Oxide SEPARATOR Higher operational reliability than Outside Asia, North America in particular
ANODE (-)
Oxygen
COPPER
lithium-ion battery, but not has taken the dominant position in lithi-
Aluminum as conductor material CATHODE (+) suitable for electric vehicles um-ion battery production. Tesla Motors has
ALUMINIUM a lot to say about this. The company is cur-
Negative electrode (anode): The vanadium redox accumulator is a so-cal- rently building its so-called „Gigafactory 1“
Graphite or related carbon materials led flux accumulator which uses vanadium in Nevada. Since 2016, lithium-ion batteries,
Silicon compounds in aqueous solutions in both battery packs, electric motors and drive
Tin dioxide electrolytes. Vanadium redox flow cells offer units for up to 500,000 electric vehicles per
Copper as conductor material a very high operational reliability compared year have been built there.
to other storage systems (especially lithi-
Electrolyte (solution) CARBON um-ion accumulators), as the electrolyte is
(GRAPHITE) neither flammable nor explosive due to its ... but the music is made in Asia!
Separator of polymer membrane LITHIUMION high water content. The commercial batteries
OXYGEN + METAL currently available are used exclusively in Although Tesla will account for about 8 to
ELECTRON COBALT/NICKEL/MANGANESE stationary applications, such as regenerative 10% of total global lithium and cobalt de-
energy sources for peak load coverage and mand when its Gigafactory 1 is completed, it
load balancing, and uninterruptible power is already clear that much more material will
Operating principle of a lithium-ion accumulator supplies. By mid-2017, more than 40 large be needed in Asia. China alone already ac-
vanadium redox flow batteries were in opera- counts for about one third of total demand.
In simple terms a lithium-ion accumulator electrically neutral. The negative electro- tion worldwide. However, the vanadium re- According to expert estimates, this will re-
generates an electromotive force by the de is a so-called graphite intercalation dox accumulator is not an option for power- main the case for the time being, as China
movement of lithium-ions. During char- compound where lithium exists as cati- ful electric cars, as the volumetric energy still has by far the largest output of recharge-
ging the positive lithium-ions migrate th- on. During discharge the intercalation density of the battery is much too small, i.e. able batteries and accumulators. This stimu-
rough the electrolyte and the separator compound emits electrons which flow the battery needs too much space. lates the country‘s immense consumption of
from the positive to the negative electro- back to the positive electrode via the lithium and cobalt. It is also expected that
de. In the process the lithium-ions can extern circuit. Simultaneously many China will continue to see the strongest an-
move freely between the two electrodes Li+ ions migrate from the intercalation The largest application for nual increase in lithium and cobalt demand
through the electrolyte within the accu- compound through the electrolyte also to vanadium redox batteries in the of all major market players over the next 5 to
mulator. Unlike the lithium-ions the tran- the positive electrode. At the positive future: decentralized energy 10 years, mainly due to the expected multip-
sition metal and graphite structures of electrode the lithium-ions do not receive storage lication of the number of rechargeable batte-
the electrodes are stationary and protec- the electrons of the external circuit but ries. Other major suppliers of lithium-ion bat-
ted by a separator from a direct contact. the present structures of the transition So-called smart grid systems require a large teries, including South Korea and Japan, are
The mobility of the lithium-ions is neces- metal compounds. Depending on the number of short- and medium-term energy also expected to guarantee a robust increa-
sary for the compensation of the external type of accumulator these are cobalt, ni- storage devices that absorb too much gene- se in lithium and cobalt demand. The elec-
current during recharging and dischar- ckel, manganese or iron ions that change rated energy and can later release it back tronic giants Panasonic, Samsung, LG
ging so that the electrodes stay largely their charge. into the grid when wind and sun are absent. Chem, BYD, Boston Power, Lishen, CATL,
Vanadium redox batteries can clearly reme- Dynavolt and Great Wall are to be mentioned
dy this by storing too much energy tempora- above all here.
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Lithium production is either chloride. This solution is concentrated in
tedious or expensive the vacuum evaporator until the chloride
crystallises out.
Worldwide lithium production is divided into 2. So-called „Hard Rock Spodumene“, i.e.
several different branches that produce the hard rock pegmatite deposits: Lithium
following types of lithium compounds: compounds are not obtained from the salt
of lakes, but from spodumene, a lithi-
1. Lithium carbonate, um-bearing aluminium silicate mineral.
2. Lithium hydroxide, The concentrate obtained is often conver-
3. Lithium chloride, ted to lithium carbonate with a purity of
4. Butyllithium and more than 99.5% using conventional mi-
5. Lithium metal. ning technology. The intensive thermal
and hydrometallurgical process required
Metallic lithium is usually produced from lithi- for this is considered to be very costly.
(Source: Nemaska Lithium / own chart) um carbonate in a multi-stage process and is Such deposits are currently almost exclu-
usually traded with a purity of 99.5%. This sively exploited in Australia, and most of
More Gigafactories are already in Lithium metallic lithium is used as a catalyst in the the processing takes place in Chinese fa-
the making chemical and pharmaceutical industries and cilities.
The Element Lithium for the production of aluminium-lithium alloys.
Tesla is by far not the only lithium and cobalt
consumer planning to produce more lithi- Lithium is a light metal from the group of alka- The industry essentially distinguishes three New processes and lithium
um-ion batteries. LG Chem already started li metals. It has the lowest density of all known types or qualities of lithium compounds: sources could revolutionize
production for Chevy in Michigan in October solid elements. It is only about half as heavy production
2015. Furthermore, Foxconn, BYD (the wor- as water, silver white by nature and relatively 1. „Industrial grade“, with a purity of over
ld‘s largest producer of rechargeable batte- soft. Lithium is highly reactive, which is why it 96%, mainly for glass, casting powder Recently, more and more exploration and de-
ries, especially for mobile phones), Lishen, and lubricants, velopment companies have been relying on
CATL and Boston Power are working on the 2. „Technical Grade“, with a purity of about new technologies to help them extract lithi-
construction of their own Gigafactories, also [HE] 2s1 99.5%, mainly for ceramics, lubricants um from brine deposits within days and even
3
Li
for so-called Power Banks, i.e. decentralized and batteries and hours, rather than by means of natural
power storage units. Outside Asia and North 3. „Battery Grade“, with a purity of over evaporation, using specially developed pro-
America there are currently only a few serious 99.5%, especially for high-end cathode cesses in corresponding plants. The proces-
players to be found. Worth mentioning are materials in batteries and accumulators. ses of Tenova Bateman and IBC Advanced
Northvolt from Sweden and Terra E Holding Technologies should be mentioned here.
Melting Point 180,54° C
from Germany, each of which is aiming for a
Boiling Point 1330°C
production capacity similar to Tesla. There are two types of lithium In addition, a third lithium source was identi-
LITHIUM deposits fied by several lithium development compa-
nies. This makes it possible to extract lithium
Lithium-ion batteries are the latest Lithium is generally obtained from two diffe- from old, exploited oil reservoirs. The lithium
state of the art and market leaders always occurs in nature as a lithium com- rent sources. is extracted from the waste water remaining
pound. It starts up rapidly in the air, which is in the reservoirs. The fact that this process
In addition to the aforementioned raw materi- due to the formation of lithium oxide and lithi- 1. So-called „brine“, i.e. (salt) sheet or brine works has already been proven several times.
als lithium, cobalt, nickel and manganese, a um nitride. In pure oxygen, it burns with a deposits: Lithium carbonate is obtained In addition, this seemingly unusual lithium re-
lithium-ion battery essentially consists of alu- bright red flame at 180°C to form lithium oxi- mainly in salt lakes from salt solutions covery also seems to be economically fea-
minum, copper, graphite, zinc, tin, silver and de. Lithium reacts very strongly with water to containing lithium by evaporation of the sible. This means that brine-containing (for-
steel. The majority of (lithium-ion) batteries form lithium hydroxide. water and addition of sodium carbonate. mer) oil fields will also become a focus of the
currently on the market are lithium-cobalt (di- To obtain metallic lithium, the lithium car- lithium industry.
oxide) batteries, which is why this report de- bonate is first converted with hydrochloric
als primarily with the „battery metals“ lithium, acid. This produces carbon dioxide, which
nickel and cobalt. escapes as a gas, and dissolved lithium
14 15
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Larger lithium deposits concen- long-term supply contracts with relatively rolytic production of aluminium, in the ceramic
trated in a few regions small development companies, some of and pharmaceutical industries and in alloying
which will not provide subsidies before 2020. technology. Special degrees of purity of lithi-
Lithium accounts for about 0.006 % of the As a result of this offer oligopoly, lithium is um carbonate in the form of very fine powder
earth‘s crust and is therefore somewhat less currently also not traded on the stock exch- (battery grade powder) are suitable as raw
abundant than zinc, copper and tungsten and ange, the actual trading prices are strictly materials for the production of lithium ion bat-
somewhat more abundant than cobalt, tin confidential. teries. The extraction and processing of
and lead. Estimates by the US Geological One reason for this, which is always menti- (especially high-grade) lithium is considered
Survey assume that around 40 million tonnes oned by the few suppliers, is that the availab- to be very costly.
of lithium can be extracted worldwide. About le and required lithium qualities are too diffe-
65% of them in the South American countries rent for a standardized stock exchange.
Bolivia, Chile and Argentina alone. The largest The manufacture of lithium-ion
lithium carbonate production currently takes batteries requires a large quantity
place in Salar de Atacama, a salt lake in the Main fields of application are of lithium
northern Chilean province of Antofagasta. alloys, lubricants and rechargeab-
Around 30 percent of global lithium producti- le batteries. A large quantity of lithium is required for the
on comes from this region. There are also si- production or operation of lithium-ion batte-
gnificant lithium deposits in North America, Its above-mentioned special and versatile ries. Every smartphone, for example, cont-
Australia and China. properties make lithium a sought-after materi- ains between 5 and 7 grams of LCE (lithium
al in many different applications. So, it should carbonate equivalent). With a notebook or
come as no surprise that the main field of ap- tablet it is already 20 to 45 grams. Electric
plication for lithium has constantly changed in tools such as cordless screwdrivers or elec-
the past. Initially mainly used in medicine, the tric saws require about 40 to 60 grams for
element began its triumphal march in the their batteries. A 10 KWh storage unit for do-
1950s as a component of alloys. Its low mestic use requires around 23 kilograms of
weight, but also its positive properties in terms LCE, while batteries for electric cars require
of tensile strength, hardness and elasticity, between 40 and 80 kilograms. An energy sto-
made it an integral part of aerospace techno- re with 650 MWh capacity needs about 1.5
logy. This picture has changed once again in tons of LCE. With quantities in the billions
the past 20 years. In the course of the begin- (smartphone) or in the millions (notebook,
ning electrical revolution one recognized quite tools, cars, e-bikes, etc.), several 100,000 (Source: Infinity Lithium Corporation/Roskill)
fast that it is suitable due to its low normal po- tons of LCE demand per year quickly accu-
tential almost perfectly as an anode in batte- mulate. The decisive factor is always the
ries. Lithium batteries are characterized by a price, which is relatively insignifi-
very high energy density and can generate cant for battery production!
(Source: Infinity Lithium) particularly high voltages. Lithium batteries Lithium production will (and must)
Lithium production currently are not rechargeable. Lithium-ion batteries, on increase sharply Ultimately, it is the price alone that decides
concentrates mainly on four the other hand, have this property, in which whether the existing lithium deposits are eco-
countries and four companies lithium metal oxides such as lithium cobalt In 2015, worldwide lithium production (often nomically viable. And this has picked up
oxide are connected as cathode. As a raw referred to as LCE for standardization purpo- strongly in recent months. While in mid-2015
These three countries plus Australia currently material for the production of rechargeable ses, which stands for „lithium carbonate the price was still around US$ 6,000 per tonne
account for around 80 percent of the world‘s batteries, however, higher purity grades than equivalent“) amounted to around 175,000 of lithium carbonate, since then it has peaked
total lithium production, which is divided bet- 99.5% are required. Lithium hydroxide is used metric tons of LCE. Projections assume that at over US$ 20,500. Certainly just a snapshot.
ween four companies. As a result, the entire in the „Industrial“ quality as a raw material for this figure could rise to around 330,000 ton- It can be assumed that in the medium to long
lithium market is very non-transparent, which lubricants and coolants, among other things; nes of LCE by 2020, although no concrete term this will settle at between US$ 10,000
is why the large battery and accumulator ma- with the higher „Technical“ quality grade, it is mine extensions or new mines have yet been and US$ 12,000 per tonne of lithium carbona-
nufacturers such as Panasonic and the lea- also used in battery and battery production. identified for the time being, so that lithium is te. One way or another a lucrative business for
ding electric car manufacturers, above all Lithium carbonate - crystalline, granulated or likely to run into a huge supply deficit. the producers, the pure production costs for
Tesla Motors, have recently relied primarily on powdered - is used, for example, in the elect- the current projects are only around 3,200 to
16 17
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