Beirut Municipality Rapid Building-level Damage Assessment - Municipality of Beirut and UN-Habitat October 2020 Working Version
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EXPLOSIONS RESPONSE
BEIRUT PORT
Beirut Municipality Rapid Building-level Damage
Assessment
Municipality of Beirut and UN-Habitat
October 2020
Working Version
With support from
Citation format: Municipality of Beirut and UN-Habitat (2020), Beirut: UN-Habitat Lebanon. Copyright © 2020 Municipality of Beirut and UN-Habitat. All rights reserved. Cover photo: © UN-Habitat (2020).
PARTNERS Engineering and construction companies: Academic institutions: International non-governmental organisations: CREDITS UN-Habitat Lebanon Authors: Elie Mansour; Georges Abi Sleiman. GIS and IM: Christelle Bercachy. Data Analysis/Visualization and Report Production/Design Layout: Georges Abi Sleiman; Joseph Metni. Editor: Suzanne Maguire; Taina Christiansen Municipality of Beirut Head of Engineering Department: Jihad Bekaii. Hani Diab el-Arab; Maroun Abi Najem.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Purpose of report
Administrative boundaries and assessment zones
Background and context
Methodology 3
Zoning
Visual inspection steps for surveyors
Habitability based on signs of damage
Work progress milestones
Findings 7
Coding of buildings for damage and habitability
Assessment findings
Next steps 9
Annex 10
360 degree surveys
Responding to requests for municipal assistance
Rubble removal
Photo gallery
INTRODUCTION
The Port of Beirut explosions of 4th August 2020, evacuation whilst also providing evidence for formulating
ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES AND ASSESSMENT ZONES PURPOSE OF REPORT
situated within the boundaries of the Municipality of early recovery measures.2
Beirut (MoB), resulted in devastating loss of life, injury
and the destruction of vast tracts of urban fabric within This report describes the method and early results of
the municipality and beyond. an ongoing survey initiated by the MoB and conducted
through a collaboration between the engineering
One of several initiatives undertaken in response by department within MoB and UN-Habitat Lebanon in its
the MoB and the Governor of Beirut1 was a rapid visual ongoing role of support to local authorities. Data was
survey at the building level. The survey covered all gathered via field surveyors from several volunteering
building types within a 2km radius of the blast, to gain an engineering consultancy firms from immediately after
understanding of the extent of damage and particularly the blast until 11 September 2020. This report will be
structural impacts, immediately identifying buildings updated with data from the remainder of the survey in
or building elements at risk of collapse and in need of due course.
The Port of Beirut is located within the boundaries of Two zones within MoB were identified for assessment
MoB, which is itself divided into 13 cadastres. The MoB purposes, together covering around half the overall area
spans just under 20 square kilometres in area, and is the of the municipality (Figure 3).
heart of a larger continuously built up urban area reaching
around 110 square kilometres in size (Figures 1 and 2).3
Beirut El Metn
Akkar
North
Baabda
Baalbek - Hermel
Aley
Beirut Figure 2 Explosion site in Municipality of Beirut / Beirut
Governorate, showing Beirut continuously built-up area
Mount
Lebanon Beirut Central
District
Ain El-Mraisse Mdaouar
Mina El-Hosn
Bekaa Foncière
Foncière Marfa’ Foncière Foncière
Bourj
Saifi Hammoud
Zqaq El-Blat Rmeil Foncière
Ras Beirut Foncière
Foncière
Foncière
Bachoura
Foncière
Nabatiyeh
South Achrafieh
Msaitbé Foncière
Foncière Mazraa
Foncière Sinn El-Fil Dekouané
Furn Ech-
Municipality of Beirut Chebbak
Chiyah Mkalles
Figure 1 Beirut Governorate within Lebanon Figure 3 Assessment zones within Beirut Municipality
Municipality of Beirut /
Lebanon boundary Zone 1 Beirut River
Beirut Governorate
Governorate Beirut continuously Zone 2
built-up area
District Explosion site Cadasters
1
Lebanon is divided into eight governorates. The Municipality of Beirut acts also as an independent governorate.
2
The approach is complementary to other assessments conducted at household level, notably the Multisectoral Needs Assessment
of the Lebanese Red Cross undertaken in conjunction with the Lebanese Armed Forces, and may be triangulated with these in due
course.
3
UN-Habitat (forthcoming) “Beirut City Profile”. Beirut, UN-Habitat.
1
BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT
© UN-Habitat (2020)
The Port of Beirut explosions took place in close
proximity to the city centre with its historic core, vibrant
commercial districts and dense urban neighbourhoods,
many of which are vulnerable. It resulted in over 200
deaths, 6,500 injured and 7 missing. The blast caused
material damage to an estimated 77,000 apartments
7 212 6,500
located across 10,000 buildings within a 3km radius of MISSING DEAD INJURED
the blast, impacting around 300,000 people.4 The entry
point to more than 70% of Lebanon’s imports, the port
blast has also affected the availability of goods in the
country.
In the aftermath of the incident, there was a spontaneous 77,000 300,000
proliferation of public and private actors and associated
initiatives seeking to respond to needs on the ground,
DAMAGED RESIDENTS
which underscored the need for an efficient and HOUSING AFFECTED
rationalised response. With support from local and UNITS
international entities, the municipalities remain at the
centre of supporting public safety whilst working towards
inclusive post-disaster planning for urban recovery. In
this context, a building-level damage assessment was
initiated to provide an evidence basis for guiding action,
alongside rubble management efforts already ongoing
on the ground. The MoB requested the support of UN-
Habitat in conducting this assessment, aiming to come
up with a general overview of the damages affected
MoB’s neighbourhoods and to identify the most affected
zones and buildings therein.
© UN-Habitat (2020) © UN-Habitat (2020)
4
Shelter sector dashboard (12 September 2020).
2
METHODOLOGY
ZONING
Beirut Central District
Mdaouar Foncière
Aain El-Mraisse Foncière
Mina El-Hosn Foncière Marfa’ Foncière
Ras Beyrouth Foncière
Zqaq El-Blat Saifi Rmeil Foncière
Foncière Foncière Bourj
Hammoud
Bachoura
Foncière
Msaitbé Foncière Achrafieh Foncière
Mazraa Foncière
Sinn El-Fil
Cadasters Explosion site Zone 1 Zone 2 0 225 550 1100 m
Figure 4 Geographical distribution of zones for the buildings assessment
As shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4, the affected areas Zone 2: Ras Beirut, Mazraa, Msaytbeh, Ain el Mraysseh
within the MoB were divided into two broad zones for and Achrafieh 2.
assessment purposes:
Zone 1: Mdawar, Rmeil, Saifi, Achrafieh 1, Beirut Central The field assessments were launched on the 5th of
District, Marfaa, Zokak el Blat, Bachoura and Minet el August. Assessment of Zone 1 was completed on the
Hosn. 31st of August, while that for Zone 2 is still ongoing.
© MoB (2020) © MoB (2020)
3
Based on the Applied Technology Council’s Field Manual buildings including buildings’ common areas appear
HABITABILITY BASED ON SIGNS OF DAMAGE VISUAL INSPECTION STEPS FOR SURVEYORS
(ATC-20-1),5 the following visual inspection steps were unsafe, advise residents to vacate immediately without
adopted by surveyors: causing panic whilst also expediting notice of unsafety
1. Examine the building’s exterior envelope. to the municipality for taking action including in the
2. Examine the ground and the pavement around the form of serving evacuation notices. The municipality
structure for fissures, bulged ground, or signs of slope then refers cases to the High Relief Council also to
movement. humanitarian agencies working on the ground to assist
3. Enter the building whenever the structure is not clearly evacuated residents.
visible from the outside, and in the case of suspected
or confirmed problems that are non-structural (e.g. Surveying was conducted using the Geopal mobile
collapsed ceiling or damaged partitions). However, application.
do not enter the building if the structure is obviously
unsound.
4. Assess the structure using the visual signs of damage
criteria.
1 2 3
5. Complete a Rapid Assessment Form (REF). Add any
instances of restrictions placed on the use of the
4 5 6
structure to the REF. Questionable buildings should be
flagged for a detailed assessment.
6. Explain the significance of inhabitable or uninhabitable
structures to the building occupants if present. Where
Based on visual signs of damage, buildings were divided Damage limited to windows, doors and non-structural
into those that were uninhabitable requiring evacuation items (that are not at risk of falling onto inhabitants).
and those that remain habitable. Slight cracks in walls (load bearing and/or non-load
bearing), and slight separation between load-bearing
Uninhabitable / Requires evacuation and non-load bearing elements.
Hairline non-diagonal cracks in horizontal reinforced
Total or partial collapse of the building. concrete structural beams.
Major damage and deformation/deviation from the Hairline cracks in load-bearing masonry walls, where
vertical axis of load-bearing structure. the cracking covers less than 30 per cent of the wall
Severe damage to the beam-column joints. area.
Neighbouring structure in danger of collapse onto
building.
The load-bearing elements show any deformation.
Floor panels displaced away from original supports.
Load-bearing shear walls show any out-of-plane
deformation.
Significant cracks (>2mm) in load-bearing elements
made of reinforced concrete.
Significant cracks (>2mm) in load-bearing walls.
Hairline cracks in load-bearing masonry walls, where
the cracking covers more than 30 per cent of the wall
area. © UN-Habitat (2020)
Diagonal cracking or crumbling of the material in
the walls between the windows or doors or similar
elements of construction.
Damage, significant distortion or collapse of the roof.
Slight damage, partial or complete sliding of the roof.
Large items that could fall and cause harm, including
glass, detached air conditioner units, water tanks,
cladding, plaster, balconies.
Habitable / Does not require evacuation
Slight cracks in render (plaster) of the wall and/or © UN-Habitat (2020)
ceiling.
5
http://www.atcouncil.org/pdfs/ATC45Rapid.pdf
4
WORK PROGRESS MILESTONES
5/08/2020
Division of areas affected by the blast into Zones 1 and 2.
MoB engineering team mobilization.
Survey template produced.
Dar Al-Handasah (Shair and Partners) Consultants,
Laceco, Advanced Construction Technology Services,
6/08/2020 Notre Dame University engagement in surveys.
UN-Habitat engagement in refining and impoving surveys
and digitizing data.
UK SarAid engagement in rescue missions and assessments.
7/08/2020
Rafik Khoury & partners, M1 Group, Erga group and
independent engineers’ engagement in surveys.
8/08/2020
International rescue teams’ engagement: France,
Switzerland, Italy, Czech Republic, Netherlands, Germany.
12/08/2020
Training on conducting surveys by UK SarAid and UN-
Habitat.
15/08/2020
Departure of all international teams.
Number of Cumula�ve
assessments
Ongoing
number of
collected assessments
Number of assessments Cumulative number of
collected assessments
Zone 1 completed / Zone 2 started
6,000
5,367 5,367
5,239
5,119
5,000 4,997
4,871
4,686
4,502 4,502
4,319
4,136
4,000 3,953
3,420
3,000 2,853
2,419
2,000 1,940
1,616
1,228
1,000
784
586
406 444 388 479 434 567 533
128 219 324
128 187 180 198 183 183 183 184 185 126 122 120 128
91
0
8/ 20
10 0
11 0
12 0
13 0
14 0
15 0
16 0
17 0
18 0
19 0
20 0
21 0
22 0
23 0
24 0
25 0
26 0
27 0
28 0
29 0
30 0
0
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
8/ 202
02
20
/2
8/
9/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
8/
Figure 5 Damage assessment progress
5
© UN-Habitat (2020) 10 6
FINDINGS
CODING OF BUILDINGS FOR DAMAGE AND HABITABILITY
© UN-Habitat (2020) © UN-Habitat (2020)
Total collapse6 Unsafe / evacuate
Buildings that had experienced total structural failure. Buildings that are structurally unsound and require
evacuation.
© UN-Habitat (2020) © UN-Habitat (2020)
Restricted use Safe / minor damage
Buildings that were subjected to considerable damages Buildings that were subjected to minor defects, such as
in their architectural components (falling architectural broken glass. Buildings that were not affected at all also
elements that might affect public safety). fall under this category.
? © UN-Habitat (2020).
Unclassified © UN-Habitat (2020).
Buildings that are not yet visually surveyed.
6
The category “Total collapse” was added to the ATC1-20 coding list by the Municipality of Beirut in coordination with the Order of
Engineers and Architects and Khatib & Alami to adapt the assessment categories to building conditions observed post-Beirut Port
explosions.
78
ASSESSMENT FINDINGS
Beirut Central District
Mdaouar Foncière
Aain El-Mraisse Foncière
Marfa’ Foncière
Mina El-Hosn Foncière
Ras Beyrouth Foncière
Rmeil Foncière
Saifi Foncière
Zqaq El-Blat Foncière Bourj Hammoud
Bachoura Foncière
Msaitbé Foncière Achrafieh Foncière
Mazraa Foncière Sinn El-Fil
0 225 550 1100 m
Explosion site Unsafe / evacuate Safe / minor damage Vacant
Total collapse Restriced use Unclassified Unsurveyed land
Figure 6 Detailed map showing damage categories of assessed plots as at 5 September 2020.Land
Red (unsafe/evacuate) Yellow (restriced use) Green (inspected)
Total collapse No decision taken
Total collapse Restricted use
Building Damage Assessment Assessment 0.1% 4.7%
Category Count %
Total collapse 7 0.1 Unsafe / evacuate
2.0%
Unsafe / evacuate 208 2.0
Restricted use 483 4.7
Safe / minor damage 6,822 66.4 Unclassified
21.8%
Vacant plot 524 5.1
Unclassified 2,236 21.8
Vacant plot Safe / minor damage
Total 10,280 100
5.1% 66.4%
Table 1 Number of assessed buildings by category Figure 7 Percentage of assessed buildings by category
Beirut Central
District
Mdaouar
Ain El-Mraisse Foncière
Foncière Mina El-Hosn
Marfa’ Foncière
Foncière
Ras Beirut
Foncière
Zqaq El-Blat Saifi Rmeil Foncière
Foncière Foncière
Msaitbé
Foncière Bachoura Achrafieh
Foncière Foncière
Mazraa Beirut Governorate Assessed area Port area
Foncière boundary
Explosion site 0 550 1100 2200 m
High impact Low impact
Figure 8 Radius of impact of explosion Figure 9 Schematic section AA
NEXT STEPS
The findings of the Beirut Municipality Rapid Building-level
Damage Assessment serves to inform the ongoing blast
response, recovery and reconstruction of the impacted
areas. The data is intended to contribute to guiding the
prioritization of interventions, highlighting the most
affected areas within Beirut administrative boundaries
and pinpointing structurally unsound buildings and the
households whose shelters and livelihoods have been
impacted as a result. The assessment can be used in
complement to other assessments, and notably the
household level Multisectoral Needs Assessment of
the Lebanese Red Cross undertaken in conjunction with
the Lebanese Armed Forces and may be triangulated
with these in due course. Data from the assessment
can be accessed through the Municipality of Beirut by
contacting: adressecj@hotmail.com or +961 71 028 977.
© UN-Habitat (2020)
9ANNEX
Other municipal services and related initiatives undertaken in response to the blast are outlined below.
MoB worked with XYZ Survey Lebanon to produce reference in highlighting the amount of damage caused
360 DEGREE SURVEYS
360-degree street view surveys along Gemmayzeh and by the explosion and to visually measure the rehabilitation
Mar Mekhayel streets for the purpose of serving as a efforts at a later stage.
360 Survey completed by XYZ Survey Lebanon
On a daily basis, the Engineering Department at the PROCESSED ONGOING
RESPONDING TO REQUESTS FOR MUNICIPAL ASSISTANCE
MoB and UN-Habitat received requests for assistance
or ‘claims’ from residents affected by the Beirut Port
blast. As per the availability of resources, 92% of received
claims have been addressed, with 8% are still ongoing.
8%
Claims pertain to issues such as electric hazards,
water disconnection, dangerous and at risk of collapse 92% 8%
building elements, among others. Upon receipt of a
claim, municipal engineers are immediately mobilized to
investigate and respond to the reported threat.
Ongoing claims Processed claims Ongoing claims
Claims No threat Threat identified and addressed
200 188
180
160
140
120 115
100
80
61
60 54
46
40 31
23 20
20 16 15 17 13 11 8
6 6 3 2 7 5
3 3 4 2 1 4 3 1 3 1 1 2 1
0
FigureClaims
10 Claims by cadasters
No threat Threat iden�fied
and addressed
10The MoB supported UN-Habitat with its rubble and
MIXED RUBBLE GLASS
RUBBLE REMOVAL
debris removal initiative which took place accross all
84% 16%
public domains surrounding the affected buildings in
collaboration with several unions of municipalities,
municipalities, private contractors, and both local and
international NGOs. The rubble was later disposed of in
plot Mdawar 1343 owned by the MoB in Karantina area.
© MoB (2020)
PHOTO GALLERY
© MoB (2020) © UN-Habitat (2020)
© UN-Habitat (2020) © MoB (2020)
11© MoB (2020) © MoB (2020)
© MoB (2020) © UN-Habitat (2020)
© MoB (2020) © MoB (2020)
© UN-Habitat (2020). © UN-Habitat (2020).
© UN-Habitat (2020) © UN-Habitat (2020)
12A better quality of life for all
in an urbanizing world
@UNHABITATLB
UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAM
E: unhabitat-lebanon@un.org
T: +961 1 985484
www.unhabitat.org/Lebanon
@BEIRUTMUNICIPALITY
@CITY.OF.BEIRUT
@CITYOFBEIRUT
MUNICIPALITY OF BEIRUT
E: beirutmn@beirut.gov.lb
T: +961 1 987979
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