Biodegradable Tomato Plant Seedling Trays Made From Tapioca Waste
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616
Biodegradable Tomato Plant Seedling Trays Made
From Tapioca Waste
P.Praveen, S.Santhosh, R.Raaghul, A.S.Pramothkumar
Abstract: The high level of uncontrolled biodegradable waste constantly dumped in our surroundings on a daily basis constitutes nuisanc e in urban
communities. This necessitated the need for new biodegradable trays. Our system was designed and constructed with a slid er crank mechanism which
is operated by a manual effort. The biodegradable waste materials are fed into the loading tray called die and get forced wit h the help of punch to attain
a desired shape. The output becomes useful raw material to replace plastic trays and sand made traditional pots. The machine developed would be
useful in biodegradable waste management in urban cities.
Keywords : Biodegradable trays, Cassava plant, Plastic seedling trays, Sago, Tapioca, Tapioca waste, Tomato seedling trays.
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1 INTRODUCTION:
At present plastic trays are used for tomato plant growth. The green-branched variety root requires treatment to
This type of plastic trays takes long time period to break extract linamarin, a naturally occurring cyanogenic
down in landfill, so the soil gets contaminated, plastic is glycoside in the plant that could otherwise be converted into
non-biodegradable and if it is dumped in the soil, it will cyanide. Konzo (also called mantakassa) is a paralytic
cause harm to the plant life. The aim of the project is to disease associated with several weeks of almost exclusive
produce biodegradable tomato seedling trays by using intake of insufficiently processed bitter cassava. The figure
tapioca waste material which is obtained in cassava plant 1 shows the cassava obtained from the fleshy roots of the
during the extraction of sago. Recycling of waste is cassava plant.
currently believed to be the most acceptable from of
disposal in the long run life of our country. The problem of
plastic litter has exacerbated with rapid economic growth in
a fast growing developing country like India, so we took an
initiative to produce tomato seedling trays from tapioca
waste without adding any polymers and binding materials.
These biodegradable tomato seedling trays have a quality
of proteins to give some energy to plants when it is directly
planted in the soil. In Tamil Nadu nearly 800 sago factories
are functioning out of which 359 factories located in Salem
district. The tubers produced in this district are mainly used
for sago and starch production. The tapioca wastes from
these industries are mainly used as animal feed. So we Fig 2. CASSAVA
have planned to use this waste into different form for
making a useful product. The usages of plastic in nurseries Traditional community-based tapioca processing in Brazil's
for plant seedling are increasing day by day, which is also a north and northeast is a by-product of cassava roots
onetime usage plastic. The main objective of the project is manioc flour production. The manioc is ground to a pulp
to replace the plastic trays with biodegradable trays made with a small hand-powered or diesel-powered mill in this
of Tapioca waste for tomato seedlings. process (after toxicity removal treatment). This masa is then
squeezed to clean it up. The wet masa is packed in a long
woven tube called a tipiti. The top of the pipe is secured
2 TAPIOCA while the bottom of a large branch or lever is inserted into a
Tapioca is a starch from the cassava plant's storage roots loop and used horizontally to stretch the entire device,
(Manihot esculenta). This species is native to Brazil's pushing through the tissue and ends a starch-rich liquid.
northern and central-western region [1] but its use has The fluid is collected and it is allowed to settle the
spread throughout South America. It is a perennial shrub (microscopic) starch grains at the bottom of the container.
suited to the tropical lowlands ' hot conditions. The crop The supernatant water is then washed out, leaving behind a
was exported to most of West Indies and Africa and Asia by damp starch layer that needs to be removed, resulting in
Portuguese and Spanish explorers. Cassava copes better fine-grained tapioca starch powder that looks similar to
than many other food plants with poor soils. The Cassava maize starch. The starch is manufactured commercially in
plant has red or green branches with blue spindles. several forms: hot-soluble paste, meal, pre-cooked fine /
coarse chips, circular sticks and spherical "pearls". Pearls
———————————————— are the type that is most widely available; sizes vary from
• P.Praveen currently working as an Assistant Professor –
about 1 mm to 8 mm in diameter, the most common being
Mechanical in Kongu Engineering College, Erode, TN, India. 2–3 mm. Until baking, chips, sticks and pearls must be
PH-+919865843555. E-mail: praveen.mech@kongu.edu soaked to rehydrate, absorbing water up to twice their
• S.Santhosh, R.Raaghul, A.S.Pramothkumar are currently weight. Tapioca products are leathery and swollen after
pursuing final year Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical at Kongu rehydration. Tapioca processed is usually white, but it can
Engineering College, Erode, TN, India.
be painted with sticks and pearls. Traditionally, brown was
the most common colour applied to tapioca, but recently
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616
pastel colours are available. Tapioca pearls are normally polythene and paper increasing tapioca starch loading
transparent when raw, but when cooked in boiling water, decreases strength and rigidity, but improves biocomposite
they become translucent. ductility. [1] The higher the glycerol concentration, the lower
the tensile strength level of the material, but the higher the
2.1 Tapioca Waste elongation value. Within six weeks, plastics with a high
Tapioca waste is a by-product obtained from cassava fleshy content of glycerol will result in a higher mass loss so that it
roots during the production of sago. It's also called a will degrade more quickly. [3]
pomace of cassava. Cassava roots yield approximately
equal quantities of starch and pomace that have less value 5 PROBLEM DEFINITION & METHODOLOGY
for feed than cassava root meal but can be included in The usages of plastic in nurseries for plant seedling are
cattle rations. Tapioca waste is estimated to be usable at increasing day by day, which is also a onetime usage
0.065 million tons. Most of it is used as feed for animals. It plastic. The usage of these kinds of plastics increases the
has approximately 8-12 percent CP. It is a good energy accumulation of plastic waste and it affects the
source (60-65% TDN). It contains hydrocyanic acid (HCN), environment. So in order to avoid the usage of plastic in
so after HCN analysis it should be fed. The figure 2 shows nurseries these trays can be used. The waste material from
the tapioca waste in wet condition which is obtained after tapioca starch production is reused.
starch extraction from cassava fleshy roots.
Fig 2. TAPIOCA WASTE IN WET CONDITION
Fig 4. METHODOLOGY CHART
3 PLASTIC TOMATO SEEDLING TRAYS
Tomato seedling trays which are currently in use are mostly The tapioca waste is maintained in a wet condition and then
made of PVC material. The tray thickness is up to 1 mm. It the waste is stirred in a closed container. A male and
has a 2.5-6.9 M capacity. The tomato seedling and plastic female die is made for the required shape ofthe tray and it
tray used for it has been shown in the below figure 3. is fixed in the machine. The machine works on the principle
of crank and slot lever mechanism. After stirring the tapioca
waste is loaded into a die. Once the loading is done,
manual effort is applied to the setup with the help of hand
lever. By rotating the hand lever crank plate coupled with it
tends to rotate about its fixed axis, which tends to change
the position of connected coupler link and ram. The ram
moves linearly towards top and bottom with the help of inter
connected coupler link, this movement helps to move the
die attached with it against the tapioca waste loaded inside
the die. Thus it applies the compressing load on materials,
which helps them to attain a shape as per the two dies. This
produces the final shape of the tray and it is dried in
sunlight. After the drying process it can be used to store the
tomato seedlings in nurseries.
Fig 3. TOMATO SEEDLING TRAYS
6 MACHINE SETUP
4 LITERATURE REVIEW The design has been made with the help of the modeling
Cassava starch is the cheapest carbon in the world and will software and the following figure 5 shows the machine
be used in the future to manufacture biodegradable design of the biodegradable seedling tray.
plastics. [7] The growth of the fungi on the tapioca starch
biocomposite was clearly visible after 21 days. [13] The
tensile strength of the cassava peel starch bioplastics
improved from 0.88 MPa for pure bioplastic starch to 9.12
MPa. [4] Compared to two other packaging materials, the
tensile strength of the film produced was almost the same;
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616
The table 1 provides the details of various parts used in the
machine setup and its purposes.
Fig 7. BIODEGRADABLE TAPIOCA WASTE SEEDLING
TRAY
The final product biodegradable tapioca waste seedling tray
has been shown in the figure 7. The samples are made and
dried in sunlight for the final usage.
7 CONCLUSION
Plastic trays which harm our environment, human health
Fig 5. MACHINE DESIGN and moreover they are not degradable. So we designed a
biodegradable tray which will not only be eco-friendly and
The line diagrams of the machine setup with detailed degradable, but also will have high load carrying capacity,
marking of the various parts used are shown in the figure 6. and nice aesthetics. Tapioca waste from tapioca starch
production will be used as a raw material for manufacturing
trays of our design. A manufacturing setup for producing
our designed tray was fabricated. This machine is cheaper
and compact. The usage of plastics will be reduced
drastically and the effective usage of Tapioca waste will be
made. The reduction in usage of one time use plastics will
reduce the dumping of plastic wastes in our environment.
The future scope in this area is to use the Tapioca waste in
various products as a replacement of one time usage
plastics.
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Fig 6. LINE DIAGRAM OF MACHINE SETUP RafizianaM.Kasmanib,NorazanaIbrahimb, Siti N. H.
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