CALENDER 2008 FACULTY OF LAW UNDERGRAUATE & POST-GRADUATE
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CALENDER 2008
FACULTY OF LAW
UNDERGRAUATE & POST-
GRADUATE
Potchefstroom CampusCALENDAR 2008
Faculty of Law
DEAN
Prof F Venter
North-West University
Potchefstroom CampusAddress all correspondence to
The Registrar: Academic and Corporate Administration
North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus)
Private Bag X6001
POTCHEFSTROOM
2520
Tel: (018)299-1111/2222
Fax: (018)299-2799
Internet: http://www.nwu.ac.za
PLEASE MENTION YOUR UNIVERSITY NUMBER IN ALL CORRESPONDENCE.
Please note: Although the information in this Calendar has been compiled as accurately as
possible, the Council and Senate of the University accept no liability whatsoever for mistakes
that may appear in this volume.
A Rules appear in a separate volume.
NOTE: Before finalising a module, students should ensure that the modules they elected are
compatible with the time-table. If any clashes arise, students will not be allowed that specific
combination of subjects.
iContents
R.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................1
R.1.1 STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONING OF THE FACULTY................................ 1
R.1.2 DEGREES AND DIPLOMAS............................................................................. 2
R.1.3 MODULES AND CREDITS................................................................................ 3
R.1.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CREDITS AND NOTIONAL STUDY
HOURS .............................................................................................................. 3
R.1.5 RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING............................................................ 3
R.1.6 REGISTRATION ................................................................................................ 4
R.1.7 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS................................................................................. 4
R.1.8 WARNING AGAINST PLAGIARISM................................................................. 4
R.1.9 LANGUAGE MEDIA .......................................................................................... 4
R.1.10 TRANSITIONAL RULES ................................................................................... 4
R.1.11 SUBMINIMUM ................................................................................................... 4
R.1.12 EVALUATION OF ACADEMIC LITERACY ...................................................... 4
R.1.13 TERMINATION OF STUDIES............................................................................ 5
R.2 RULES FOR THE BACCALAUREUS LEGUM
(LL B) DEGREE ..............................................................6
R.2.1 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM DURATION............................................................ 6
R.2.2 ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS......................................................................... 6
R.2.2.1 Determination of the M score ............................................................................. 6
R.2.3 LIST OF MODULES (PROGRAMME CODE: R410P) ..................................... 7
R.2.3.1 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION TO MODULES ...................... 7
R.2.3.1.1 Afrikaans en Nederlands.................................................................................... 7
R.2.3.1.2 African languages .............................................................................................. 7
R.2.3.1.3 German .............................................................................................................. 8
R.2.3.1.4 English ............................................................................................................... 8
R.2.3.1.5 French ................................................................................................................ 8
R.2.3.1.6 Latin ................................................................................................................... 9
R.2.4 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES OF THE LL B ...................................................... 9
R.2.4.1 General .............................................................................................................. 9
R.2.4.2 Primary programme objectives .......................................................................... 9
R.2.4.3 Knowledge and skills outcomes ......................................................................... 9
R.2.4.4 Articulation possibilities .................................................................................... 10
iiR.2.5 PROGRAMME FOR THE LL B DEGREE ....................................................... 11
R.2.5.1 Mini-dissertation (previously Research Report): JURI425 .............................. 14
R.2.5.2 Enrolment according to the timetable............................................................... 14
R.2.6 EXAMINATION ................................................................................................ 14
R.2.6.1 Written work ..................................................................................................... 14
R.2.6.2 Composition of the participation mark.............................................................. 14
R.2.6.3 Admission to the examination .......................................................................... 14
R.2.6.4 Module mark .................................................................................................... 15
R.2.6.5 Requirements to pass ...................................................................................... 15
R.2.6.6 Awarding a degree with distinction and with distinction in a subject ................ 15
R.2.6.7 Repetition of modules ...................................................................................... 15
R.2.7 LIST OF MODULES: LL B (PROGRAMME CODE R410P) .......................... 15
R.3 RULES FOR THE DEGREE BACCALAUREUS
ARTIUM WITH LAW SUBJECTS .................................19
R.3.1 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM DURATION.......................................................... 19
R.3.2 ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS....................................................................... 19
R.3.2.1 Determination of the M score ........................................................................... 19
R.3.3 LIST OF MODULES ........................................................................................ 20
R.3.4 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES OF THE BA DEGREE....................................... 20
R.3.4.1 Exit level outcomes .......................................................................................... 20
R.3.4.1.1 Problem solving in the Humanities................................................................... 20
R.3.4.1.2 Application of fundamental and specialised knowledge................................... 20
R.3.4.1.3 Scientific methods, skills and information technology ...................................... 20
R.3.4.1.4 Professional and general communication ........................................................ 21
R.3.4.1.5 Impact of activity in the humanities on the community and the
environment ..................................................................................................... 21
R.3.4.1.6 Team and multidisciplinary work ...................................................................... 21
R.3.4.1.7 Lifelong learning............................................................................................... 21
R.3.4.1.8 Professional ethics and practice ...................................................................... 21
R.3.4.2 Critical outcomes and associated evaluating criteria ....................................... 21
R.3.4.3 Articulation possibilities .................................................................................... 22
R.3.5 PROGRAMME FOR THE BA DEGREE WITH LAW SUBJECTS .................. 23
R.3.5.1 Compulsory modules ....................................................................................... 23
R.3.5.2 Electives........................................................................................................... 23
R.3.6 ENROLMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE TIMETABLE........................... 23
R.3.7 CONFERRING A DEGREE WITH DISTINCTION AND WITH
DISTINCTIONS IN A MODULE ....................................................................... 23
iiiR.3.8 LIST OF MODULES (PROGRAMME CODE: R301P) .................................. 23
R.3.9 PROGRAMME FOR THE BA DEGREE WITH LAW SUBJECTS .................. 27
R.3.9.1 Compulsory modules ....................................................................................... 27
R.3.9.2 Elective modules .............................................................................................. 28
R.3.9.3 Specific requirements for admission to subjects and modules ........................ 29
R.3.9.3.1 Afrikaans en Nederlands.................................................................................. 29
R.3.9.3.2 African languages ............................................................................................ 29
R.3.9.3.3 German ............................................................................................................ 30
R.3.9.3.4 English ............................................................................................................. 30
R.3.9.3.5 French .............................................................................................................. 30
R.3.9.3.6 Latin ................................................................................................................. 30
R.4 RULES FOR THE DEGREE MAGISTER LEGUM
(LL M) AND MAGISTER PHILOSOPHIAE (M
PHIL)..............................................................................31
R.4.1 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM DURATION.......................................................... 31
R.4.2 ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS....................................................................... 31
R.4.3 LIST OF MODULES ........................................................................................ 32
R.4.4 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES ........................................................................... 33
R.4.5 PROGRAMMES FOR THE LL M / M PHIL DEGREE ..................................... 33
R.4.5.1 LL M attained by writing a dissertation............................................................. 33
R.4.5.1.1 Programme: Masters of Law (Programme code: R801P) .............................. 34
R.4.5.2 Structured LL Ms / M Phil................................................................................. 34
R.4.5.2.1 Programme: LLM in Estate Law (Programme code: R802P)......................... 34
R.4.5.2.2 Programme: LLM in Import and Export Law (Programme code:
R803P) ............................................................................................................. 34
R.4.5.2.3 Programme: LL M in Public Law (Programme code: R804P) ........................ 35
R.4.5.2.4 Programme: LL M in Labour Law (Programme code: R805P)....................... 36
R.4.5.2.5 Programme: LL M in Environmental law and Governance
(Programme code: R806P) ............................................................................. 36
R.4.5.2.6 Programme: M Phil in Environmental law and Governance
(Programme code: R801P) ............................................................................. 37
R.4.6 EXAMINATION ................................................................................................ 38
R.4.6.1 LL M obtained through the writing of a dissertation ......................................... 38
R.4.6.2 Structured LL M's / M Phil ................................................................................ 38
R.5 RULES FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR LEGUM
(LL D).............................................................................39
R.5.1 LL D OBTAINED BY WRITING A THESIS ..................................................... 39
ivR.5.2 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM DURATION.......................................................... 39
R.5.3 ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS....................................................................... 39
R.5.4 LIST OF MODULES AND PROGRAMME ...................................................... 39
R.5.5 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES ........................................................................... 40
R.5.6 EXAMINATION ................................................................................................ 40
R.6 RULES FOR THE POST-GRADUATE DIPLOMA
IN ESTATE LAW (PROGRAMME CODE:
R501P)...........................................................................41
R.6.1 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM DURATION.......................................................... 41
R.6.2 ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS....................................................................... 41
R.6.3 LIST OF MODULES ........................................................................................ 41
R.6.4 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES ........................................................................... 41
R.6.5 EXAMINATION ................................................................................................ 42
R.7 RULES FOR THE POST-GRADUATE DIPLOMA
IN IMPORT AND EXPORT LAW (PROGRAMME
CODE: R502P) .............................................................43
R.7.1 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM DURATION.......................................................... 43
R.7.2 ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS....................................................................... 43
R.7.3 LIST OF MODULES ........................................................................................ 43
R.7.4 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES ........................................................................... 44
R.7.5 EXAMINATION ................................................................................................ 44
R.8 MODULE OUTCOMES..................................................45
R.8.1 MODULES OFFERED IN THE FACULTY OF LAW ....................................... 45
R.8.2 MODULES OFFERED BY THE FACULTY OF ARTS (SCHOOL OF
LANGUAGES) ................................................................................................. 62
R.8.3 MODULES OFFERED BY THE FACULTY OF ARTS (SCHOOL FOR
SOCIAL AND GOVERNMENTAL STUDIES) ................................................. 67
R.8.4 MODULES OFFERED BY THE FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (SCHOOL OF ACCOUNTING)............................ 68
R.8.5 MODULES OFFERED BY THE FACULTY OF THEOLOGY (THE
SCHOOL OF BIBLICAL STUDIES AND ANCIENT LANGUAGES) .............. 69
R.8.6 MODULE OFFERED BY THE FACULTY OF ARTS (SCHOOL FOR
PHILOSOPHY) ................................................................................................ 70
R.8.7 MODULES OFFERED BY THE FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND
MANAGEMENT SCIENCES............................................................................ 70
vR.8.8 OUTCOMES FOR POST-GRADUATE MODULES ........................................ 72
R.8.8.1 LL M IN PUBLIC LAW...................................................................................... 72
R.8.8.2 LL M IN LABOUR LAW .................................................................................... 73
R.8.8.3 LL M IN IMPORT AND EXPORT LAW ............................................................ 74
R.8.8.4 LL M IN ESTATE LAW..................................................................................... 76
R.8.8.5 LL M IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND GOVERNANCE................................. 76
R.8.8.6 MASTERS OF LAW ......................................................................................... 78
R.8.9 MODULES FOR POST-GRADUATE DIPLOMAS .......................................... 79
R.8.9.1 POST-GRADUATE DIPLOMA ......................................................................... 79
R.8.9.2 POST-GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN IMPORT AND EXPORT LAW .................... 79
viOFFICE BEARERS
DEAN
Prof F Venter
DIRECTORS
RESEARCH UNIT (DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONSTITUTIONAL STATE)
Prof W du Plessis
LEGAL EDUCATION
Dr PJW Schutte
PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
Prof JA Robinson
CENTRE FOR COMMUNITY LAW AND DEVELOPMENT
Mr SWJ Meyer
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGER
Ms A Marais
FACULTY BOARD
Representative of the SRVP Meyer SWJ
Apolus SM Monare AT
Booysen I Monchusi PJ
Crous AJ Pienaar GJ
De la Harpe SPLR Rautenbach C
Du Plessis AA Robinson JA
Du Plessis W Roos MC
Du Toit PG Scholtz W
Feldhaus C Schutte PJW
Ferreira GM Stander AL
Horsten DA Van der Merwe APS
Jansen van Rensburg L Van der Schyff E
Kloppers HJ Venter F
Kotze LJ Vorster A
viiHONORARY PROFESSORS
SW van der Merwe
DH van Zyl
L Wessels
EXTRAORDINARY PROFESSORS
F Diedrich
NJJ Olivier
GH Pienaar
JM Pienaar
I Klynsmith
E de Wet
EXTRAORDINARY SENIOR LECTURERS
T van der Walt
PH Myburgh
viiiRULES: FACULTY OF LAW
R.1 INTRODUCTION
These rules must be read in conjunction with and subject to the A rules of the
University.
The General Academic rules appear on http://www.nwu.ac.za/
opencms/export/NWU/html/gov-man/policy/a-rules-NWU-2005-11-24.pdf. or
http://www.nwu.ac.za under “Governance and Management” / “Policy & Rules” /
“General Academic Rules”. Printed copies of these rules may be consulted in
the Ferdinand Postma Library and at the Director: Academic Administration.
R.1.1 STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONING OF THE FACULTY
The Faculty of Law functions in three components: the undergraduate teaching
programme, post-graduate education and research and professional services.
The undergraduate teaching programme is managed by the Director: Legal
Education.
Post-graduate education and research is managed by the Director:
Research Unit.
Professional Services are managed by the Director: Professional Services
and the Director of the Centre for Community Law and Development.
The primary focus at undergraduate level is on the LL B programme. Post-
graduate education and research is undertaken in the Research Unit
Development in the South African Constitutional State. The Centre for
Community Law and Development offers legal aid, community services and
training as well as consultation and advisory services. The Diploma in Law
(Paralegal Practice) is offered by the Centre, only in English.
1R.1.2 DEGREES AND DIPLOMAS
The following degrees are conferred by the Faculty of Law:
QUALIFICATION ABBRE- QUALIFICATION PROGRAMME CURRIULUM
VIATION CODE CODE
Baccalaureus LL B 607 104 (phased R410P Full time
Legum out in 2007) R410P Telematic**
(phased out in
607 107 (as from 2007)
2007)
R410P Full time
R410P Telematic**
(as from 2007)
Baccalaureus Artium BA 100 145 Law Subjects R301P Full time
R301P Telematic**
Magister Legum LL M 604 110 Masters of Law R801P Full time
R801P Part time
604 111 Estate Law R802P Full time
R802P Part time
604 112 Import and R803P Full time
Export Law R803P Part time
604 113 Public Law R804P Full time
R804P Part time
604 114 Environmental R806P Full time
Law and R806P Part time
Governance
604 115 Labour Law R805P Full time
R805P Part time
Magister M Phil 187 101. Environmental R801P Full time
Philosophiae Law and
Governance R801P Part time
Doctor Legum LL D 605 110 Law R901P Full time
R901P Part time
** No new first registration for these degrees are accepted since 2006 onwards. In 2007,
first year modules for these degrees were offered telematically for the last time. In
2008, second year modules for these degrees will be offered telematically for the last
time and in 2009 and 2010 the third – and fourth year modules will be phased out.
2The following diplomas are conferred by the Law Faculty:
QUALIFICA- ABBRE- QUALIFICATION PROGRAMME CURRIKULUM
TION VIATION CODE CODE
Post graduate Dip 606 102 Estate Law R501P Full time
diploma** R501P Part time
Post graduate Dip 608 102 Import and R502P Full time
diploma** Export Law R502P Part time
R.1.3 MODULES AND CREDITS
The subject matter for every degree is divided into modules and every module
has a specific credit value. Every module is examined separately.
R.1.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CREDITS AND NOTIONAL STUDY
HOURS
The number of credits allocated to each module according to rule A.1.12 is
indicated in R.2.5, R.3.8. R.4.3, R.5.4, R.6.3, R.7.3 and R.8.3.
R.1.5 RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING
This University accepts the principles underlying outcomes directed, source
based and lifelong learning, in which considerations of articulation and mobility
play a meaningful role. It supports the view that recognition of prior learning,
whether acquired in formal instruction learning programmes at this or another
institution, or informally (through experience), forms an essential element in the
decision on admission to and granting of credits with a view to placing students
in a specifically chosen instruction and learning programme of the University.
The recognition of prior learning (refer to rule A.4.2.1.3) deals with verifiable
knowledge and learning that an applicant has acquired, whether through
following formal instruction learning programmes or through experience. The
question at all times will be what level of skill, evaluated in the context of the
exit level skills required for the proposed instruction learning programmes or
modules within it, or status for which the applicant has applied, and not merely
the experience that an applicant can record. Recognition of prior learning thus
takes place in terms of the applied competencies that the applicant has
demonstrated in the application, with due consideration to the exit outcomes
required for the chosen instruction learning programme.
This University accepts that the recognition of prior learning can and must take
place within the normal, existing policy regarding the admission of and granting
of credits to prospective or existing students – whether from this or another
institution – in a valid, reliable and fair manner.
For the processing of an application for recognition of prior learning, a non-
repayable administrative fee is payable, as determined from time to time by the
University.
3R.1.6 REGISTRATION
Registration constitutes the prescribed completed process that a student is
required to follow to be enrolled as a student of the University.
An admitted student registers annually for the duration of the study for a
specific study programme at the venue and time as determined by the
University. The process includes payment of the prescribed registration fee,
completion of the registration form and appending of the necessary signatures
thereto.
The registration form is submitted by the student to the registration department
whereupon proof of registration will be issued.
R.1.7 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Legal studies give access to the legal profession. To be admitted to the legal
profession an applicant must be deemed a fit and proper person to serve in the
profession. Due to the high ethical standards in the legal profession it is
improbable that a person who has been convicted and sentenced in a court of
law or against whom disciplinary measures have been taken as a result of
conduct which amounts to dishonesty will be admitted to the legal profession,
notwithstanding good academic results.
R.1.8 WARNING AGAINST PLAGIARISM
Assignments are individual tasks and not group activities (unless explicitly
indicated as group activities). For further details see:
http://www.puk.ac.za/beheer-bestuur/beleid-reels/index_e.html
R.1.9 LANGUAGE MEDIA
Full-time undergraduate programmes are presented in Afrikaans. Interpreting
from Afrikaans to English is available in 2007 in the law modules of the first,
second and third study year in the full-time programme. The telematic
programme is presented in English. Examinations, assessments and
correspondence in all programmes may be conducted in Afrikaans or English,
according to the preference of the student.
R.1.10 TRANSITIONAL RULES
The Director: Legal Education makes transitional rules when necessary in
order to facilitate the transition from existing programmes to new programmes.
R.1.11 SUBMINIMUM
The examination subminimum for modules in the Faculty of Law with a JURI,
JURE and JURP code is 45.
R.1.12 EVALUATION OF ACADEMIC LITERACY
i. All new first year students at the University must present themselves for a
compulsory skills test in order to have their competence to function in an
academic environment evaluated.
ii. The aim of the test is to help students in identifying shortcomings in good time
and then getting the necessary guidance.
4iii. This test is taken during the orientation period in the different hostels.
iv. Students who do not reside in or take part in hostel activities must present
themselves at the office of the academic literacy programme on campus.
v. The curriculum for which the students register, determines the language i) in
which the tests are taken and ii) assistance is offered. It will determine whether
students register for AFNL 116/126 (mother tongue speakers of Afrikaans),
AFNL 117/127 (non-mother tongue speakers of Afrikaans), or ENGL 116/126
(general English competence).
vi. If a student is identified as a candidate for one of the courses, the particular
course has to be passed before the student can register for the second study
year.
R.1.13 TERMINATION OF STUDIES
A student's studies may be terminated if the student has been issued with three
letters of warning. A letter of warning is issued by the faculty if a student fails to
obtain permission to write the exam in three or more modules in one semester or
if the student fails three or more modules in the examination.
5R.2 RULES FOR THE BACCALAUREUS LEGUM (LL B)
DEGREE
R.2.1 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM DURATION
The duration for the Baccalaureus Legum (LL B) degree is a minimum of four
years and a maximum of five years.
The LL B can also be obtained as a second Baccalaureus degree. A student
can, for example, enrol for the Baccalaureus Artium (BA) degree with Law
Subjects in this Faculty or for a Baccalaureus Commercii (B Comm) degree
with Law Subjects offered by the Faculty of Economic and Management
Sciences. Law subjects passed during the course of these degrees need not
be repeated in the LL B. The consequence of this is that the LL B can be
obtained after only, but at least, two further years of study. The duration of LL
B studies that follow on the above-mentioned baccalaureus degrees is a
maximum of three years.
R.2.2 ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS
(i) No tertiary education qualification is required for admission to the degree.
(ii) A prospective student with matriculation exemption and a M-score of 16
or higher qualifies for admission to LL B studies.
R.2.2.1 Determination of the M score
Taking due cognisance of the General Rules and Faculty Rules as contained
in the relevant Calendars and with specific reference to Rule A.4.2 (which
determines that School End Certificates must be endorsed to state that the
minimum statutory requirements for admission to B.degree studies at a
university in the RSA have been complied with - i.e. full matriculation
exemption/conditional exemption), the University reserves the right to apply
the following selection model, on the basis of which consideration will be given
to candidates' applications.
Screening model
Subject symbol Higher Grade Standard Grade
A 6 5
B 5 4
C 4 3
D 3 2
E 2 1
F 1 0
6A maximum of 4 subjects is used to determine the M score.
N.B. The score of the most appropriate subject presented for the relevant field of study will
carry double weight.
Calculation of M Score for the LL B degree
M Score: Medium of instruction of proposed qualification (Afrikaans or English) x 2 + 3 best
subjects.
Degree Required Rating for Selection test
school admission (M
subjects score required)
LL.B 16
4 Year undergraduate
course 607 107 – R410P
R.2.3 LIST OF MODULES (PROGRAMME CODE: R410P)
Refer to R.2.7 below.
R.2.3.1 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION TO MODULES
NOTE: From 2007 onwards no other language modules, except AFNT112 and AFNT121,
will be offered Telematically.
R.2.3.1.1 Afrikaans en Nederlands
a) To be admitted to Afrikaans: Language without borders (AFNL 111) and
Afrikaans and Dutch Language and Literary study (AFNL 121) at least an
E symbol is required for Afrikaans first Language (Higher Grade) or a C
symbol for Afrikaans Second Language (Higher grade) at matriculation
level.
b) To be admitted to The study of Afrikaans: mother tongue (AFNT 112) and
Afrikaans language and literary study (AFNT 121) at least an E symbol is
required for Afrikaans First Language (Higher Grade) or a D symbol for
Afrikaans Second Language (Higher Grade) on matriculation level.
c) AFNT112 and AFNT121 are only offered via the University’s telematic
programme.
d) Students who successfully completed the telematic course units in
Afrikaans (AFNT112, 121, AFNT211, AFNT221, AFNT311, AFNT321)
and who wish to switch to the fulltime course units in Afrikaans and Dutch
(AFNL211,221, AFLN311, 321), should apply to the subject chairperson.
Extra work in Dutch to the satisfaction of the subject group may be
required from such students.
e) Students complying with the entrance requirements for AFNL111,121 or
AFNT112,121 but still experiencing communication problems, are referred
to the chairperson for the Subject Group Afrikaans and Dutch.
R.2.3.1.2 African languages
a) A student who has passed a Sotho language like Tswana, South Sotho
or North Sotho First Language in the matriculation examination or who
7has one of these languages as mother tongue may not register for third
language modules of Tswana (ATSW114, ATSW124).
b) A student who has passed Zulu First Language in the matriculation
examination or who has this language as a mother tongue may not
register for third language modules in Zulu (AZOE114, AZOE124).
c) A student who has had Xhosa or Swati First Language in the
matriculation examination or who has one of these languages as mother
tongue may register for third language modules of Zulu (AZOE114,
AZOE124).
d) If Tswana is taken as a major, it is advisable to include Zulu (AZOE114,
AZOE124) in the programme.
e) If Zulu is taken as a major, it is advisable to include Tswana (ATSW114,
ATSW124) in the programme.
R.2.3.1.3 German
a) A student who has passed German in the matriculation examination may
either register for GRMN111,121 in his first study year or, after the
successful completion of an entrance test, for GRMN211,221.
b) A student who has obtained a language certificate in German at a
language institute may, after successfully completing an entrance test,
obtain exemption from GRMN111, but is obliged to register for and pass
GRMN121 before he/she may register for GRMN211,221.
c) German (as a course on the third level) can be followed through Unisa
and will be recognised by the University.
d) Credits cannot be obtained for both GRMN111 and GRMB111, and also
not for both GRMN121 and GRMB121.
R.2.3.1.4 English
a) To register for English (ENGL111,121 – full-time or part-time) a student
must have obtained at least a C symbol (60%) in English Second
Language (HG) or a D symbol in English First Language (HG) in the
matriculation examination.
b) To register for the second semester ENGL121 (academic), a student must
have obtained 60% for the module mark of the first semester (ENGL111).
Students who failed to obtain 60% in ENGL111 will automatically be
admitted to ENGL122 (service module).
c) ENGL111, 121 were the only modules presented through the university’s
telematic system, but as from 2007 these modules will not be offered
telematically.
R.2.3.1.5 French
a) In order to register for FRAN111,121 a student must be in possession of a
matriculation exemption certificate.
b) A student who has matriculated in French, may not register for
FRAN111,121.
8c) Students who already have a knowledge of French will be allowed to
register for FRAN211 after successfully taking a test. In cases such as
these registration for FRAN211 221 is allowed from the second study
year.
d) Students who have passed FRAB111 and 121 will be allowed to continue
with FRAN211, 221.
e) Credits cannot be obtained for both FRAN111 and FRAB111, and also not
for both FRAN121 and FRAB121.
R.2.3.1.6 Latin
a) A student who has matriculated in Latin may not register for Latin
(LATN111,121), but must register for LATN211,221.
b) A student with Matric Latin who wishes to major in Latin, must register for
Ancient Culture (AKLR111,121) instead of registering for LATN111,121.
R.2.4 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES OF THE LL B
R.2.4.1 General
In addition to the fundamental and academic development of students, the
programme strives to achieve the following objectives:
a) to equip the student with knowledge and specific skills, coupled with the
ability to apply the required knowledge and skills in a variety of spheres
within the legal profession with a view to further personal intellectual
development, economic activities and community service.
b) to make a contribution to the entry of sufficient numbers of suitably
qualified persons into the private and public sectors in South Africa to
ensure that all the diverse needs are met regarding legal services,
leadership and innovative knowledge based activities of a transforming
society within the South African constitutional democracy.
c) to equip qualified persons to undertake further studies and research at a
post-graduate level for the purposes of acquiring a post-graduate
qualification.
R.2.4.2 Primary programme objectives
The LL B programme produces lawyers who are conversant with the
foundations and principles of legal scholarship and who are equipped to work
independently with the law in concrete situations.
R.2.4.3 Knowledge and skills outcomes
On successful completion of the LL B programme the student should
• have acquired a coherent understanding of the fundamental legal and
related fields of knowledge, concepts, principles and theories and their
relationship to values;
• have the ability to critically and analytically engage with the law;
• be capable of doing legal research and of applying the acquired
knowledge and skills in any branch of the legal profession; and
• be able to function in a value-driven and ethical manner as a jurist in the
context of the South African constitutional state.
9R.2.4.4 Articulation possibilities
a) After successful completion of the degree, the student whose
achievements are of a sufficient standard can obtain direct admission to
LL M studies.
b) Credit for modules attained at other universities can be requested from
the Director: Legal Education. The request will be considered in the light
of the question whether such modules contribute to the above-mentioned
programme outcomes.
10telematic modules will be phased out in 2009 and 2010.
modules are offered telematically and third – and fourth year
were offered telematically; 2008 will be the last year that second year
accepted since 2006. 2007 was the last year that first year modules
NOTE: No new first registrations for the LL B degree (Telematic) are
R.2.5 PROGRAMME FOR THE LL B DEGREE
The following table gives an exposition of how the LL B degree is structured.
LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4
FIRST SEMESTER FIRST SEMESTER FIRST SEMESTER FIRST SEMESTER
Code Cr Code Cr Code Cr Code Cr
ABCD111 8 JURI211 12 JURI311 12 JURI411 12
JURI111 12 JURI213 12 JURI313 12 JURI312 8
JURI112 8 JURI214 12 JURI314 12 JURI317 8
JURI113 12 JURI215 12 JURI315 12 JURI414 12
JURI114 12 JURI216 12 JURI316 12 JURI415 12
RINL111 8 JURI217 12 ABCD311 12 ABCD411 12
LEER111 8 ABCD413 12
st st st st
Total 1 semester 68 Total 1 semester 72 Total 1 semester 72 Total 1 semester 76
11telematic modules will be phased out in 2009 and 2010.
modules are offered telematically and third – and fourth year
were offered telematically; 2008 will be the last year that second year
accepted since 2006. 2007 was the last year that first year modules
NOTE: No new first registrations for the LL B degree (Telematic) are
LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4
SECOND SEMESTER SECOND SEMESTER SECOND SEMESTER SECOND SEMESTER
Code Cr Code Cr Code Cr Code Cr
ABCD121 16 JURI221 12 JURI321 12 JURI421 12
JURI121 12 JURI223 12 JURI323 12 JURI322 8
JURI122 12 JURI224 12 JURI324 12 JURI423 12
JURI123 12 JURI225 12 JURI325 12 JURI424 12
JURI124 12 JURI226 12 JURI326 12 JURI425 12
JURI327 12 ABCD421 12
ABCD321 12
nd nd nd nd
Total 2 semester 64 Total 2 semester 60 Total 2 semester 84 Total 2 semester 68
Total level 1 132 Total level 2 132 Total level 3 156 Total level 4 144
Total credits for the programme 564
Remark: For the meaning of ABCD in these tables, refer to page 13.
12Elective modules
ABCD111** ABCD311 ABCD411 and ABCD413
LEVEL 1 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4
FIRST SEMESTER FIRST SEMESTER FIRST SEMESTER
Code Cr Code Cr Code Cr
AFNL111 8 JURE311 12 JURE411 12
AFNT112* 8 JURE313 12 JURE412**** 12
ATSW113 8 RERP211*** 8 JURE413 12
AKLR111 8 JURP411 12
LATN111 8
ATSW114 8
AZOE114 8
ENGL111 8
FRAN111 8
GRMN111 8
ABCD121** ABCD321 ABCD421
LEVEL 1 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4
SECOND SEMESTER SECOND SEMESTER SECOND SEMESTER
Code Cr Code Cr Code Cr
AFNL121* 16 JURP321 12 JURE421 12
AFNT121 16 JURP323 12 JURP421 12
ATSW123 16 RERP221*** 8
ATSW124 16
AZOE124 16
ENGL121 16
AKLR121 16
LATN121 16
FRAN121 16
GRMN121 16
13Remarks:
* The only language module available in the LSS programme.
** When a student registers for a language module in the first semester (ABCD 111)
the corresponding second semester module (ABCD 121) must be taken in the same
year, subject to admission requirements, refer to pages 7-9.
*** A student who elects Legal Accounting (RERP211 and RERP221), will have to pass
both semesters in Legal Accounting (RERP211 and RERP221) plus any other
elective (first or second semester) offered by the Faculty of Law in the third year.
RERP 211 and RERP 221 will not be offered telematically after 2008.
**** No telematic student may register for JURE 412, the module is only offered in the
full-time programme.
R.2.5.1 Mini-dissertation (previously Research Report): JURI425
a) The successful completion of a mini-dissertation (previously Research
Report, LLBR 451) is a requirement for the completion of the degree.
b) As far as the registration, preparation, submission and examination of the
Research Report is concerned, the form and style requirements found in
the Guide to Writing a Research report for the degree LL B in the Law
Faculty as amended from time tot time by the Faculty Board, are
applicable.
R.2.5.2 Enrolment according to the timetable
A student is not allowed to enrol for a module, if, according to the standard
lecture, test and examination timetable, a clash occurs with another module for
which the student has enrolled.
R.2.6 EXAMINATION
R.2.6.1 Written work
With regard to the preparation, submission and examining of all written work
that is required of the student, the form and style requirements found in Guide
to writing a dissertation for the degree LL B in the Law Faculty are applicable as
amended from time to time by the Faculty Board.
R.2.6.2 Composition of the participation mark
The participation mark for all modules is compiled according to the structure of
the particular module from the evaluation marks that are obtained in tests and
/or assignments and/or other evaluations. Participation marks are compiled
from a minimum of three evaluation marks. No more than six evaluations,
besides the examination, are done in any module.
R.2.6.3 Admission to the examination
a) Admission to the examination in any module is granted to a student who
has obtained proof of participation in the particular module. Every student
who has obtained proof of participation in a module will be afforded two
opportunities to sit for examination in such module. A student may avail
him/herself of any one or both of the said opportunities, provided that if a
student has utilised both such opportunities, the mark received in the
second examination will determine the module mark. Students who make
14use of the second examination opportunity, pay the fees prescribed for
such a second examination.
b) A minimum participation mark of 40% is required for admission to the
examination.
c) A minimum participation mark of 35% is required for admission to the
examination in the modules placed in the first semester of the first year.
R.2.6.4 Module mark
The module mark for every module is calculated by calculating the average of
the participation mark and the examination mark.
R.2.6.5 Requirements to pass
a) The requirements to pass are 50% for each module, provided that a mark
of at least 45% is obtained in the examination.
b) Only in the case of modules that are placed in the first semester of the first
year, the requirements to pass are alleviated as follows for bona fide first
year students: if a low participation mark causes the average mark
between the participation mark and the examination mark to be lower than
50%, a module mark of 50% is awarded if at least 50% is obtained in the
examination.
R.2.6.6 Awarding a degree with distinction and with distinction in a subject
A student can obtain this degree with distinction and with distinctions in
subjects if the requirements set in rule A.8.7.10 are met. For this purpose all
modules having “JURI” in the module code, with the exception of JURI 112,
count as core modules.
R.2.6.7 Repetition of modules
If a student does not pass an examination in one of the two examination
opportunities after obtaining a participation mark for a particular module, the
module has to be repeated and a new participation mark must be obtained.
R.2.7 LIST OF MODULES: LL B (PROGRAMME CODE R410P)
NOTE: No new first registrations for the LL B degree
(Telematic) are accepted since 2006. The telematic
programme is being phased out, as indicated on
pages 11 and 12.
Module code Descriptive name Credit Assumed learning and/or
reference
Compulsory modules
RINL111 Computer and Information Skills 8
LEER111 Learning and Reading Skills 8
JURI111 Introduction to Law 12
15Module code Descriptive name Credit Assumed learning and/or
reference
JURI112* Language Skills in Legal Context* 8
JURI113 History of Law 12
JURI114 Law of Persons and Juristic 12
persons
JURI121 Indigenous Law 12
JURI122 Legal Skills 12
JURI123 Contemporary Foundations of SA 12
Law
JURI124 Law of Succession 12
JURI211 Criminal Law: General Principles 12
JURI213 Criminal Procedure 12
JURI214 Constitutional Law 12
JURI215 Entrepreneurial Law 12
JURI216 Family Law 12
JURI217 Interpretation of Statutes 12
JURI221 Criminal Law: Specific Crimes 12
JURI223 Criminal Procedure 12
JURI224 Labour Law 12
JURI225 Law of Delict 12
JURI226 Law of Property 12
JURI311 Civil Procedure in the Magistrate’s 12
Courts
JURI313 Introduction to Jurisprudence 12
JURI314 Law of Evidence 12
JURI315 Principles of Contract 12
JURI316 Public International Law 12
JURI321 Administrative Law 12
JURI323 Civil Procedure in the Higher 12
Courts
JURI324 Fundamental Rights 12
JURI325 Law of Evidence 12
JURI326 Law of Insolvency 12
JURI327 Specific Contracts 12
JURI411 Law of Negotiable Instruments 12
16Module code Descriptive name Credit Assumed learning and/or
reference
and Electronic Commerce
JURI312 Legal Practice and Clinical Law 8
JURI317 Research Methodology 8
JURI414 Road Accident Compensation and 12
Insurance Law
JURI415 Law of Damages 12
JURI421 Administration of Estates 12
JURI322 Legal Practice and Clinical Law 8
JURI423 Enrichment and Estoppel 12
JURI424 Jurisprudence 12
JURI425 Mini-dissertation 12
Electives
RERP211 Legal Accounting 8
RERP221 Legal Accounting 8
JURE311 Alternative Dispute Resolution 12
JURE313 Tax Law 12
JURP321 Development and Local Govern- 12
ment Law
JURP323 Legal Pluralism: Religious 12
Systems
JURE411 Environmental Law 12
JURE413 Intellectual Property Law 12
JURE412** Moot Court 12
JURP411 Socio-economic Rights 12
JURE421 Private International Law 12
JURP421 Land and Land Registration Law 12
Language Modules***
AFNL111 Afrikaans: Taal sonder grense 8
AFNL121 Afrikaans: Taal- en literatuur- 16
studie
AFNT112 Inleiding tot die studie van 8
Afrikaans: moedertaal
AFNT121 Afrikaanse taal- en literatuur- 16
studie: die wetenskaplike proses
AKLR111 Ancient Near East and Greece 8
17Module code Descriptive name Credit Assumed learning and/or
reference
AKLR121 Ancient Rome and Other Cultures 16
LATN111 Latin for all 8
LATN121 Latin for law and the church 16
ATSW114 Basic structures of Tswana (Third 8
language)
ATSW124 Tswana grammatical structures 16
(Third language)
AZOE114 An introduction to the Zulu 8
language (Third language)
AZOE124 An introduction to the Zulu 16
language (Third language)
ENGL111 English in context 8
ENGL121 Introduction to English literary 16
studies
FRAN111 Elementary French 8
FRAN121 Elementary French 16
GRMN111 German Elementary I 8
GRMN121 German Elementary II 16
Remarks:
* Students who did not have Afrikaans as first or second language in Grade 12, may
submit a formal request to the Director: Legal Education (Faculty of Law) to be
exempted from the compulsory module JURI 112, on conditions that will be determined
by the Director: Legal Education.
** No telematic student may register for JURE 412, the module is only offered in the full-
time programme.
*** When a student registers for a language module in the first semester, the corresponding
second semester module has to be taken in the same year. Please refer to the specific
admission requirements on pages 7-9.
Although all the language modules are listed only AFNC 111 and 121 are accessible
through the TLS programme.
**** RERP 211 and RERP 221 will not be offered telematically after 2008.
18R.3 RULES FOR THE DEGREE BACCALAUREUS ARTIUM
WITH LAW SUBJECTS
R.3.1 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM DURATION
The duration for the degree BA with Law Subjects is a minimum of three years
and a maximum of four years.
R.3.2 ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS
(i) No tertiary education qualification is required for admission to the degree.
(ii) A prospective student with matriculation exemption and a M-score of 14
or more qualifies for admission to the studies.
R.3.2.1 Determination of the M score
Taking due cognisance of the General Rules and Faculty Rules as contained in the
relevant Calendars and with specific reference to Rule A.4.2 (which determines that
School End Certificates must be endorsed to state that the minimum statutory
requirements for admission to B.degree studies at a university in the RSA have been
complied with - i.e. full matriculation exemption/conditional exemption), the
University reserves the right to apply the following selection model, on the basis of
which consideration will be given to candidates' applications.
Screening model
Subject symbol Higher Grade Standard Grade
A 6 5
B 5 4
C 4 3
D 3 2
E 2 1
F 1 0
A maximum of 4 subjects is used to determine the M score.
N.B. The score of the most appropriate subject presented for the relevant field of study
will carry double weight.
19Calculation of M Score for the BA degree
M Score: Medium of instruction of proposed qualification (Afrikaans or English) x 2 + 3 best
subjects.
Degree Required school Rating for admission Selection test
subjects (M score required)
BA with law modules 14
(3yrs) 1001451 – R301P
R.3.3 LIST OF MODULES
Refer to R.3.8.
R.3.4 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES OF THE BA DEGREE
R.3.4.1 Exit level outcomes
R.3.4.1.1 Problem solving in the Humanities
On completion of the study the student should be able to identify and evaluate
certain convergent and divergent problems in the human sciences and in
applicable technological fields and to creatively and innovatively solve them.
R.3.4.1.2 Application of fundamental and specialised knowledge
On completion of the study the student should be able to integrate the basic
knowledge and techniques of the humanities and to use appropriate information
technology to investigate specific human phenomena in the humanities and to
solve the accompanying problems. These include:
a) Application of the scientific methods of the humanities to problems
through the appropriate application of
i) formal analyses and interpretation of human activities and problems;
ii) communicating theories, concepts and ideas; and
iii) discussion and conceptualising of human activities, systems and
problems.
b) The use of principles, laws and techniques of the humanities on
fundamental level to
i) identify and solve problems in society;
ii) identify applications and apply them; and
iii) deal with fundamental expertise over transdisciplinary boundaries.
R.3.4.1.3 Scientific methods, skills and information technology
At the end of the study the student should be able to apply appropriate scientific
methods and to evaluate the results obtained.
20R.3.4.1.4 Professional and general communication
On completion of the study the student should be able to
a) effectively communicate, orally and in writing, with scholars and the
community by using the appropriate structure, style and graphic and
electronic support; and
b) apply methods of providing information for use by others in especially the
world of the humanities.
R.3.4.1.5 Impact of activity in the humanities on the community and the environ-
ment
The student should be critically aware of
a) the impact of activity in the humanities on the community and the environ-
ment;
b) the impact of applicable technology on the community; and
c) the need to take into consideration the personal, social and cultural values
and expectations of those who are touched by scientific activity.
R.3.4.1.6 Team and multidisciplinary work
On completion of the study the student should be capable of working effectively
as an individual, as part of a team and in multidisciplinary environments and to
perform the functions of a leader as well as other critical functions.
R.3.4.1.7 Lifelong learning
The student should understand the necessity to ensure continuous efficiency
and to stay at the forefront of the latest applicable technology and techniques,
and should be capable of staying involved in lifelong learning through well-
developed learning skills.
R.3.4.1.8 Professional ethics and practice
The student should be critically aware of the necessity to act professionally
and ethically and to accept responsibility within his/her own limitations and
skills, and should be capable of making judgements in proportion to knowledge
and experience.
R.3.4.2 Critical outcomes and associated evaluating criteria
The critical outcomes of the programme are integrated in the exit level out-
comes, and are summarised for the sake of completeness.
On completion of his studies for the BA degree the student should possess the
following:
a) Knowledge
i) On completion of the studies the student should be capable of
integrating basic knowledge and techniques of the humanities in
order to solve problems in these fields and in society. These include
the knowledge of concepts and structures, procedures and
techniques, theories, principles and research methods.
ii) The student should have knowledge of and insight into the
coherence of disciplines in the field of the humanities.
21iii) The student should be familiar with the basic principles of legal
studies.
iv) The student should be familiar with the theory, terminology and
fundamentals of the subject areas included in the degree BA with
Law Subjects.
b) Skills
The student should be able to
i) independently unlock knowledge (also by making use of IT equip-
ment), and to apply, analyse, integrate and evaluate knowledge;
ii) scientifically communicate knowledge in the relevant subject areas in
different media;
iii) undertake research on a limited scale and to develop knowledge;
iv) think and act critically and creatively in problem-solving;
v) act as entrepreneur and intrapreneur;
vi) function in a group and fulfil the role of a leader; and
vii) implement expert skills in a society.
c) Values, attitudes and views
The student should, from a properly founded perspective,
i) have knowledge of and appreciation for concepts like fulfilling a
vocation and being of service;
ii) be aware of the importance of professional ethics;
iii) respect his fellow-person, creation and authority;
iv) think and act in a principled manner with regard to the problems of
society;
v) possess integrity, perseverance, accuracy and preciseness; and
vi) be aware of the necessity to ensure continuous efficiency and stay
at the forefront of the latest technology and techniques, and be able
to stay involved in lifelong learning through well-developed learning
skills.
R.3.4.3 Articulation possibilities
After successful completion of the degree, the student would have met the
requirements that are set for the first two years of study for the LL B. The
remaining modules required for the LL B can thus be completed in two further
years of study.
Credit for modules attained at other universities may be requested from the
Director: Legal Education. The request will be considered, taking into account
whether such modules have contributed to the above-named programme
outcomes.
After successful completion of the degree, direct admission to an appropriate
honours degree, according to the rules of the particular Faculty, may be
obtained.
22R.3.5 PROGRAMME FOR THE BA DEGREE WITH LAW SUBJECTS
R.3.5.1 Compulsory modules
Refer to R.3.9.1.
R.3.5.2 Electives
Refer to R.3.9.2.
R.3.6 ENROLMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE TIMETABLE
A student is not allowed to enrol for a module, if, according to the standard
lecture, test and examination timetable, a clash occurs with another module for
which the student has enrolled.
R.3.7 CONFERRING A DEGREE WITH DISTINCTION AND WITH
DISTINCTIONS IN A MODULE
A student can obtain this degree with distinction and with distinction in subjects
if the requirements set in rule A.8.7.10 are met.
For this purpose all compulsory law modules having “JURI” in the module code
(with the exception of JURI 112) and the non-legal major, are regarded as core
modules.
R.3.8 LIST OF MODULES (PROGRAMME CODE: R301P)
NOTE: No new first registrations for the BA degree
with Law Subjects (Telematic) are accepted since
2006. 2007 was the last year that first year modules
were offered telematically. 2008 will be the last year
that second year modules are offered telematically.
2009 will be the last year that third year modules are
offered telematically.
23Module code Descriptive name Credit Assumed
learning and/or
reference
MODULES PRESENTED BY THE FACULTY OF ARTS
JURI112** Language Skills in Legal Context** 8
AFNL111*** Afrikaans: Taal sonder grense 8
AFNL121*** Afrikaans: Taal- en literatuurstudie 16 AFNL111
AFNT112*** Inleiding tot die studie Afrikaans: 8
moedertaal
AFNT121*** Afrikaanse taal- en literatuurstudie: Die 16 AFNT112
wetenskaplike proses
AKLR111*** Ancient Near East and Greece 8
AKLR121*** Ancient Rome and Other Cultures 16
ATSW114*** Basic structures of Tswana (Third 8
language)
ATSW124*** Tswana grammatical structures (Third 16 ATSW114
language)
AZOE114*** An introduction to the Zulu language 8
(Third language)
AZOE124*** An introduction to the Zulu language 16 AZOE114
(Third language)
ENGL111*** English in Context 8
ENGL121*** Introduction to English Literary Studies 16
ENGL211*** English in the SA Context 16 ENGL121
ENGL221*** Individual & Society: Literary & 24 ENGL211
Linguistic Perspectives
ENGL311*** Advanced Language and Literary 24 ENGL221
Studies
ENGL321*** 20th Century Language and Literary 32 ENGL311
Studies
FRAN111*** Elementary French 8
FRAN121*** Elementary French 16
GRMN111*** German Elementary I 8
GRMN121*** German Elementary II 16
POLI111 The State, Politics and Government 8
24Module code Descriptive name Credit Assumed
learning and/or
reference
POLI121 The South African Political System 16
POLI211 Comparative Politics 16
POLI221 International Politics 24
POLI311 Political Participation and Interaction 24
POLI321 Political Ideas and Ideologies 32
MODULES PRESENTED BY THE FACULTY OF THEOLOGY
LATN111*** Latin for all 8
LATN121*** Latin for law and the church 16 LATN111
MODULES PRESENTED BY THE FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT
SCIENCES
MHBP111 Introduction to Human Resource 8
Management
BSKP151 Occupational Health 8
BSKP161 Diversity in Work Context 8
BSKP211 Personnel Psychology* 16
BSKP251 Career Psychology* 8
BSKP261 Psychopathology in Work Context* 8
BSKP311 Organisation Psychology* 16
BSKP351 Psychometrics* 8
BSKP361 Research Methodology* 8
MODULES PRESENTED BY THE LAW FACULTY
JURI111 Introduction to Law 12
JURI113 History of Law 12
JURI114 Law of Persons and Juristic persons 12
JURI121 Indigenous Law 12
JURI122 Legal Skills 12
JURI123 Contemporary Foundations of SA Law 12
JURI124 Law of Succession 12
JURI211 Criminal Law: General Principles 12
JURI213 Criminal Procedure 12
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