Causes of the Great Depression
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Causes of the Great Depression
World War I-war debt/isolationism
Depression in Agriculture
Overproduction and installment buying
of durable goods
Stock Market Speculation-Buying on margin
Unwise government policies-tariffs, tax breaks
Crash of the Stock Market
Source: Bragdon, H. W. & S. P. McCutchen. History of a Free People.
New York: The MacMillan Company, 1964
Links
• Causes of the Great Depression
http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/depr
ession/causes.html
• The Great Depression information
http://www.indianchild.com/the_great_depr
ession.htm
• Causes of the Great Depression
http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/20th/1930s
/depression-causes.html
• Why was the Great Depression a
disaster waiting to happen?
http://www.socialstudieshelp.com/Lesson_
83_Notes.htm
Franklin D. Roosevelt was diagnosed with Polio in August 1921. He
was vacationing at his most loved place called Campobello. He was 39 at the time
of this. FDR was paralyzed from the waist down. He was determined to recover
from this horrible disease. He wanted to recover the use of his legs by using the
characteristic energy, optimism, ingenuity, and determination. He was very
ambitious of exercise and searched for new treatments. FDR’s strength increased,
mainly his upper body, as a result that he would never walk unaided again. He
either used a cane or braces and wheelchair.
In 1924 he discovered at Warm Springs, Georgia, that the restorative
powers of the mineral water, at 88 degrees, could help him recover sensation and
muscle strength. On the other hand of trying to heal himself he bought the old
resort hotel in Warm Springs. In 1927, he established the Warm Springs
Foundation. This was used for rehabilitation of polio patients. We call it
“independent living”. He was very devoted to this for the rest of his life. He would
return every year to celebrate Thanksgiving with his fellow “polios”, and other
times he visit to restore his body and spirit. He founded the March of Dimes.
The fact that Roosevelt could overcome polio became a symbol for the
country as it fought to get out of the Great Depression. FDR was one of the most
important Presidents in American history as he lead the country during the
Great Depression.
Works Cited
www.google.com/images/franklindroosevelt
www.yahoo.com/images/franklindroosevelt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt's_paralytic_illness
There were many different fads that came from the 1920’s. Radio shows were very popular and a new type of entertainment in the 1920’s. Families used to gather around the radio to listen to such shows as Abbott & Costello, Amos & Andy, and Death Valley Days. But they slowly faded after television was invented. Peter Pan peanut butter was introduced in the 1920’s and peanut butter and jelly sandwiches became a very popular food item. Swing dancing also arrived in the 1920’s. It was a type of dance that everybody was doing. Also bright red lipstick could be seen on women. The very vibrant red was in style. Dance marathons were a big thing in the 20’s. People loved to dance, especially the Charleston, Fox trot, and the shimmy. Dance marathons were something everyone went to every weekend. The longest dance record ever recorded was a record of 3 weeks of dancing! In 1927 the famous candy PEZ was invented. Initially it was marketed as a tasty alternative to cigarettes for adults attempting to quit smoking. Also the cloche hat was often worn as a daytime necessity. It was a small hat often worn with short hair and almost reached the eyebrows. It was also decorated with a small pin or ribbon in the front. The Flappers were also a big fad in the 20’s. They weren’t afraid to take risks and were very giddy. They came to an end when the Great Depression hit. The Conk hairdo was another fad. It originated in the 1920's and was popularized by Cab Calloway. Started by the African American males trying to straighten their hair, the conk was the end result. Flagpole sitting was one of the biggest fads in the 1920’s. It was started by Alvin "Shipwreck" Kelly who was a professional stuntman. He did it on a dare in 1924, and it soon caught on nationwide. It became a spectator sport, and he eventually set the World Record at 49 days with a crowd of 20,000 people watching. However, when the Great Depression hit this fad came to an end. Today some of these fads are still used. Today there are many radio shows throughout the world that are very popular for people to listen to. If its news, sports, or entertainment, it is still a bit hit today. And peanut butter is still in major use today. It is used as an ingredient for a recipe or still used as a peanut butter jelly sandwich. Swing dancing is around today yet. It is used for movies or plays and you can take classes for you to learn. Bright red lipstick isn’t found on very many women today, but you can find it on the celebrity women quite often at an awards show or any formal occasion. PEZ candy is still found today. More than 3 billion PEZ candies are consumed each year and are sold in more than 60 countries around the world but the candies have become almost a secondary item serving as an accessory for the dispensers of which more than 300 have been issued. As you can see many fads from the roaring 1920’s can still be found today.
Works Cited • http://www.crazyfads.com/20s.htm • www.google.com
Al Capone is still one of America’s best known gangsters. Also known as ‘Scarface’, he was one
of the top bootleggers during the Prohibition Era, he was a regular hitman himself, and gave
the orders over the St. Valentines Day Massacre.
Alphonse Gabriel Capone was born on January 17th, 1899 to Gabriele and Teresina Capone in
Brooklyn, NY. He grew up there and quickly became associated with various gangs, but took
the time to settle down. Capone married Mae Josephine Coughlin, an Irish woman who
shortly before their marriage had given birth to his son, Albert Francis ("Sonny") Capone.
They was later forced out of New York and sent to Chicago after Scarface killed two fellow
gang members. He was sent under the wing of another gangster while in Chicago, and
eventually inherited his ‘outfit’. Capone had connections everywhere, police, store owners,
hotel and bar owners, and even the mayor of Chicago. Al Capone had became Public Enemy
#1, in the city of Chicago. Police tried to catch Capone doing anything illegal, but whenever a
hit was made, a business was destroyed, or any gang-type activity was going on, Capone
always had an alibi. The government then hit with a surprise attack; Income Tax Evasion.
Capone was charged with income tax evasion for the years 1925-29, He was also charged for
failing to file tax returns for the years 1928 and 1929. Capone owed $215,080.48 in taxes. A
third indictment was added, charging Capone with conspiracy to violate Prohibition laws
from 1922-31. He was sentenced to ten years in federal prison and one year in the county jail.
After gaining total control in prison, he was sent to Alcatraz where he became the model
prisoner, making no confrontation with the guards and refusing any participation in prison
fights. Here he began to show signs of syphilis. After finishing his prison term, he went to
live out the rest of his days at home with his family in Palm Island, FL. On January 21st, 1947,
he had a stroke, unrelated to his syphilis. On January 24th, pneumonia set in and he died to
the next day from cardiac arrest. Al Capone was first buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery
between his father, Gabriele, and brother, Frank, but in March of 1950 the remains of all three
were moved to Mount Carmel Cemetery in Chicago.
Bibliography
• Al Capone
– http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone.html
• http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone/cpn1.html
• http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone/cpn1a.html
• http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone/cpn2.html
• http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone/cpn2a.html
• http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone/cpn3.html
• http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone/cpn3a.html
• http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone/cpn4.html
• Al Capone
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Capone
• Pictures
– http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone/photos12.html
– http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone.html
– http://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1930/1101300324_400.jpg
– http://homicide.northwestern.edu/documents/prohibition.jpg
– http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Prohibition.jpg/300px-
Prohibition.jpg
– http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/scrp/1054~Al-Capone-Posters.jpgGeorge Herman Ruth Jr. was a baseball god. Also known as, “Babe”,
“The Great Bambino”, “The Colossus of Clout”, and “The Sultan of Swat”,
became a baseball icon. He was an American Major League baseball player
from 1914-1935. He played for three different teams, The Boston Rex Sox
(1914-1919), New York Yankees (1920-1934), and the Boston Braves (1935).
He began his baseball career as a pitcher, but he spent most of his career in the
outfield. He was a left handed pitcher and a left handed batter. He set a record
for the must homeruns in one season in 1919. His record was 29 homeruns. He
later broke his own record and put it at 60 homeruns in one season and it was
held for 34 years. He also helped win four World Series Titles while he was with
the Yankees. While he was with the Yankees, he led them to the World Series
three times before he could actually help them win. He was suspended, ejected,
and was injured the first three times and was not able to play.
As a young child his father put him in a Catholic school for boys.
There Brother Matthias taught Ruth the game of baseball. He taught him how to
field, pitch, bat, and throw. He was later signed over to the Boston Red Sox.
Later he went on to marry Helen Woodford, a waitress he met in Boston. He was
later divorced to Helen sometime between the years 1920-1926. She later
perished in a house fire and Ruth and many of the Yankee players attended her
funeral. He then married actress Claire Hodgson who he was married to till his
death. In 1946 Babe Ruth found out he had a malignant tumor in his neck and
had encircled his left carotid artery. He had been getting better but after his visit
to the 25th Anniversary of the opening of Yankee Stadium Ruth spent most of his
time in the hospital. In 1948 the cancer and eaten away at his body and he
passed away in August. Babe Ruth is a baseball legend to this day. He has set
many records, some have been broken so have not, but he will always be
remember as “Babe Ruth”, “The Great Bambino”, “The Colossus of Clout”, and
“The Sultan of Swat”, a player like no other.
http://video.google.co
Click here to m/videoplay?docid=6
watch Babe 53199595338544516
Ruth’s Pitching
4&q=Babe+Ruth+pla
Video
ying+baseball&hl=enLinks
• Babe Ruth http://www.baberuth.com/
• The Official Babe Ruth Website http://www.baberuth.com/flash/about/biograph.html
• Babe Ruth- Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth
• National Baseball Hall of Fame
http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers_and_honorees/hofer_bios/ruth_babe.htm
• Babe Ruth Statistics http://www.baseball-reference.com/r/ruthba01.shtml
• Babe Ruth Museum http://www.baberuthmuseum.com/
• Babe Ruth Baseball Stats http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=ruthba01
• Babe Ruth- Baseball Library
http://www.baseballlibrary.com/baseballlibrary/ballplayers/R/Ruth_Babe.stm
• Babe Ruth- Espn http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016451.html
• Babe Ruth Quotes http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Babe_Ruth/
• Babe Ruth- Info Please http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0842757.html
• Babe Ruth and the Red Sox http://www.1918redsox.com/
• Babe Ruth Barnstable Baseball http://www.barnstablebaseball.com/
• Babe Ruth biography and much more http://www.answers.com/topic/babe-ruth
• Alameda Babe Ruth http://www.alamedababeruth.com/
• Babe Ruth World Series http://www.brlworldseries.com/default.php
Babe Ruth with CancerTo start a little background on the invention of the automobile,
it first came out in 1893 and was invented by Henry Ford. Then in
1903 Ford founded the Ford Motor Company. In 1913 Ford started to
use the assembly line to make inter-changeable parts for the
automobile. In 1908 the company celebrated with the production of the
Model T but that lasted until 1927 when they came up with a more up
to date model. Ford produced 15 million cars a year until eventually his
competitors started to produce more. Ford produced a new model each
year.
The automobile has affected everyone in the world in some way
or another. Most of us have a car of our own and can go where we
want with it. If we didn’t have the automobile we would be walking
everyone and wouldn’t be able to do as much as we do. The invention of
the automobile made traveling so much easier and faster. Everyone
wants a car so they can get places faster and that part of the reason
it succeed in the first place. In 2006 there were over 800 million cars
on the roads all over the world. This just shows that the invention of
the automobile is one of the most used inventions of its time and has
affected everyone.There have been so many good things to have come from the invention
of the automobile. First, there were so many jobs created. We needed
someone to change the tires, so we made that a job and how about fixing you
vehicle when there is something wrong with it? Well we created a job for that
as well. Then there were gas stations, road crews, and many more jobs
created just to keep us happy. Then there was the invention of the motel.
With the increase of travel and people traveling to places farther away, they
needed a place to stay. So we created places for them to stay. Motels were
just connected rooms that usually faced a parking lot. When they were first
invented they didn’t have water parks or 5 different levels as they do today.
They were just one leveled buildings. Advertising also increased. The billboard
become very popular and still is popular today. They used billboards to get the
drivers attention and to draw them into local businesses. When you invent a
car you need a place to drive, well that’s where Route 66 came in. It was the
first highway. It was established on November 11th 1926. It was a highway
system that ran from Chicago to Los Angeles. It was 2,448 miles long. People
all over the U.S. could now travel easier on a highway. These are just a few
of the ways the automobile has affected us.
The automobile first started affecting us when it first came out and it
is still affecting us today. We are affected by what it does to the air we
breathe to how much we need to save for gas. Each day brings a new challenge
with our cars and we are forced to deal with them in some way or another. In
the future people will still be affected by the automobile. It might be that
they have flying cars instead of ones you drive on the road but who knows?~Effects of the automobile on societies http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_culture ~The Automobile http://www.bergen.org/ECEMS/class/auto.htm ~Automobiles and Trucks Overview http://www.plunkettresearch.com/AutomobilesTruc ks/AutomobileTrends/tabid/89/Default.aspx ~Motel http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motel ~U.S. Route 66 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_66#Birth_and _rise_of_Route_66
The election of 1932 brought a change in American society. The
candidate for the Democratic Party was Franklin Roosevelt, while the candidate
for the Republican Party was Herbert Hoover. Because the majority of the
country was poverty-stricken and homeless, it was obvious to them that they
needed a change. They needed a president who could push them through the
Great Depression.
Hoover was the current president of the United States and was in power
when the stock market crashed. He decided that things would take care of
themselves; there was no need to try to remedy the nation of such hardship.
American people became disgruntled with him. Roosevelt, a natural charmer and
powerful political figure, won with ease.
The election of 1932 changed the face of the country and affected every
American during the era. With a new president came new policies, and with new
policies came the New Deal. Roosevelt stayed in office for two more terms and
gave the country hope and relief. The effects of his presidency did not end there,
however. Several of his policies (social security, minimum wage, etc.) are still
used today and will continue to affect us in the future.
United States Presidential Elections. 9 February 2007.
The U.S. Presidential Election of 1932. 9 February 2007.Women who dressed,
After a while talked,
women walked the walk,
known moreandas carried themselves for the
demand of more attention were known as the Flappers. These women “pushed the
respectable would follow their lead after
envelope” of what was suppose to be lady like. They would dress in cloths were their
seeing
bust was flattened with tightlyallwound
of thecloth,
advertising of these
and flapper dresses were straight and
women
loose, often leaving the arms everywhere.
bare and with theFlapper fashion
waistline slungand
low, they were very
boyish and manly. style was imitated everywhere, not just by
As the years went onactresses,
the dressesbut even
would getby Bettyand
shorter Boop and as they danced to the
shorter
Charleston and did Swing
even dancing. Not to mention
Minnie Mouse. Duringtheythe wore
1930’smake-up with at that time
was only used on actresses and prostitutes.
Great Depression Therean
brought hairend
wastointhe
a short “bob” and
eventually then became the known
period “shingle”aslook
thein“Flappers”.
which the hair was
Still slicked down and
today
curled around to cover the ears. These women were very unique and even had their
there is fashion that is either mocked or
own vocabulary including words such as snugglepup, being a man who attended a
even influenced
petting party, and bamey-mugging, by the
a term Flapper
for having fashion
sex. They would also smoke;
weather it is make-up of cloths.
drink in public, and vote. Women all over the world would take part in these activities
that the Flappers did.•http://www.arikiart.com/1920s/flappers-1920s-store.htm found flapper information and history •http://www.arikiart.com/1920s/ found flapper information and history •http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=flappers%20from%20the% 201920's&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi •flapper pictures • http://silentladies.com/zFlappers.html Found flapper information
Ford and the Assembly Line
Henry Ford and the innovation of the assembly line
would change the way the world produces goods. It’s often
mistaken that Ford created the first automobile, when in fact
he created the first assembly line, important to the production
of his own vehicles. The line was officially created in and
functioning in 1913, while it didn’t start being imitated until
the early 20’s. The assembly line would reinvent the
productivity of American corporations, fueling the already
burning industrial revolution.
The introduction of the assembly line surely affected
the history of America. With this idea, more American
companies could produce their products more efficiently and
quickly. This means volume, lower selling points, and more
customers; therefore propelling the nation’s economy forward.
The line needed a lot of manpower to function, supplying
many jobs to the American people. So many people in our
country and the rest of the world were, and still are given jobs
thanks to Mr. Ford’s inventive idea. The assembly line is still
used today in the manufacturing of anything from Lego pieces
to an Abrams tank. Ford was haggled by his peers for not
patenting the idea. He knew at the time that a patent
wouldn’t be wise, as his idea could help out the productivity
and advancement of an entire country.http://ford.com/en/heritage/history/default.htm
First United States Female Cabinet
Member… Francis Perkins:
http://www.aflcio.org/aboutus/history/hist
Served 12 years as the Secretary of ory/perkins.cfm
Labor, appointed by President
Francis Perkins’ Life:
Roosevelt…
http://www.multied.com/Bio/people/Perkin
Born in Boston s.html
Massachusetts, 1880…Francis Perkins:
Francis Perkins is best remembered as the first female Cabinet member of the United
States. After graduating from Mount Holyoke College in 1902, Perkins was involved in
Progressive movements. When Franklin Roosevelt became Governor of new York, he
appointed Perkins to the post of Industrial Commissioner. Once appointed as president,
Perkins was appointed to the position of Secretary of Labor. She made very effective
decisions & she served 12 years in term. She was a vocal contributor to the New Deal
programs. She was born in 1880 in Boston, Massachusetts. She grew up in a home that
was in support of Congregationalists and she was inspired to do something for God.
Francis Perkins joined the Socialist Party, but quickly concluded that the practical
remedies—rather than the more visionary doctrines of the socialists– held out the best
chance for improving the lot of workers. In 1918, Perkins accepted Governor Al Smith’s
invitation to join the New York State Industrial Commission, becoming the first female
member of that. In 1926, she became chairwoman of the same commission, and in 1929
the new commissioner of the state of New York, the chief post in the state department. In
1945, Perkin’s resigned from her position as labor secretary to head the U.S. delegation
to the International Labor Organization Conference in Paris, France. President Truman
subsequently appointed her to the Civil Service Commission. Perkins is remembered for
her many contributions to our government, and her decisions & stand-points will forever
leave a lasting impression on the United States of America. Her independent personality
& drive for perfection pushed the status of the American woman in a higher direction.George Washington Carver
Powdered coffee, shaving cream, plastics, paper, shampoo, milk, cream, synthetic rubber, beverages, metal polishes. It might be surprising, but all these products and hundreds more can be extracted from the peanut, and the man responsible for all these uses is George Washington Carver. The discoveries Carver made about the peanut had a tremendous effect on farmers in the South and in countries around the world. George was a small child, who showed a love for plants and life early on. He had a need and longing to learn. He watched, listened, and experimented with the soil and growing things. He made many discoveries that others never noticed, and he displayed a gentle respect for all living things. His love of learning took him away from his home with the Carvers and to a town that had a school African-American children were allowed to attend. Another family gave him a home in exchange for work. He stayed there and attended school until he was 13. At that age, he had learned all the school had to offer, and he once again began a search for another school. George graduated from high school at the top of his class and looked forward to college. However, his first attempts to enroll were met with disappointment. He was not allowed to attend because he was not white, but George didn’t give up his dreams. He was committed to going to college and someday to teach his African-American brothers who were not allowed to go to a white school. He deeply wanted to help the southern farmers improve their methods and products. Before he finally found a college that would accept him, he continued to impress people with his talents in art, music, cooking, and gardening. Simpson College finally accepted George, and he entered as a student in art and music. He did very well at Simpson. He made many friends and earned the respect of his professors, but he felt that he was somehow headed in the wrong direction. He wanted to help people, and he wanted to do it through farming. So he transferred to the best agricultural college in the United States – the Iowa Agricultural College at Ames. He excelled there and was offered a job as an instructor. It wasn’t long before he received an unusual offer that he couldn’t refuse. A man named Booker T. Washington asked him to head the department of agriculture at Tuskegee Institute, a small Alabama school for African- American teachers. He took the offer, and it was there that he worked and committed his life to helping improve the lives of poor families. Cotton, the main crop of the South, was in trouble because of the boll weevil. Cotton plantations were being destroyed year after year. Because of this devastation, Carver was determined to find an alternative to the dependence on cotton. He experimented with the peanut and discovered the many products that could be extracted from it. He also taught farmers to rotate their crops each year so as not to exhaust the nutrients from the soil. Farmers were encouraged to rotate cotton with cowpeas, sweet potatoes, and other crops. This proved very successful, and he continued to encourage planting the peanut. The plant was easy to grow, it enriched the soil, it could be used in many dishes, and it contained a lot of protein. Carver never stopped his search for knowledge and his search for a better way to help his people. Even though he lived in a world that continually insulted him because of the color of his skin, he never stopped caring and loving all his fellow men.
The gold standard is a system where the basic unit of currency is equal in value to a
specified amount of gold. The gold standard was supposed to limit the power of
governments to cause price inflation by excessive issue of paper currency; however, the
gold standard made most nations change to paper currency. It was also supposed to
create assurance in international trade by providing a fixed exchange rate, but it lead to
imbalances in trade and gold flows. For example, in the late 1920’s the demand for
stocks brought large inflows of gold to the United States. The 1930’s low income for
Americans reduced buying of foreign goods but more foreigners wanted American
goods. This imbalance lead to banks all over the world increasing interest rates and
reduced the value of banks’ collateral thus causing banking panics and other financial
crises.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standardFranklin D. Roosevelt passed two
laws against United States citizens and
the Federal Reserve ownership of gold,
abandoning the gold standard; however
in 1975 all restrictions on the right of
United States citizens to own gold were
abolished. Now weakness in the US
dollar tends to be offset by strengthening
of gold prices. Gold remains a principal
financial asset of almost all banks as a
way of evasion against loans to their own
governments.
http://secure.britannica.com/ebi/article-234444The Grand Ole Opry is the oldest continuous country radio program in the
US and has been broadcasted on WSM since 1925. Founded and shaped by station
manager George Dewey Hay, it was called the WSM Barn Dance until 1926. The
Depression had begun and people who could not afford to buy record albums were
able to enjoy their music for free on the radio. The popularity of the radio show led to
the creation of the "barn dance show. It was created almost by accident because the
National Life & Accident Insurance Company started the station to sell insurance.
The Opry gained popularity as it started to hire professionals such as Roy Acuff and
other country stars who became regulars. In 1939 it showed nationally on NBC. The
Grand Ole Opry then moved to a permanent home in the early 1940’s, the Ryman
Auditorium, and established a live stage show there. It was the nation's favorite radio
program by the end of the 1950’s. Nashville became America’s country music capital
as the Opry became more important. Over all the years of the Opry their has been a
wide variety of performers at the Opry including the Crater Family, Ernest Tubbs, Bill
Monroe, Hank Williams, Patsy Cline, Kitty Wells, the comedienne Minnie Pearl, and
such later stars as Dolly Parton, Garth Brooks, and Reba McIntire. The Grand Ole
Opry has been broadcasted and televised from Nashville's Opryland USA amusement
park since 1974.
The Grand Ole Opry is still huge today. It has shaped Nashville into the
Nations country music capital. Country singers take pride in being able to be a
member of the Grand Ole Opry. Its stage has been performed on by historical figures
in the Country music industry and it is an honor to perform their. It is still huge today
and broadcasted live on radio in Nashville, Tennessee. It is also shown on television
on GAC. Today many American country music fans travel far just to go to the great
show the Grand Ole Opry has given way back since the 1920’s.Opry.Com:www.opry.com/MeetT heOpry/Timeline/1920s.aspx Grand Ole Opry: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi _g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419100532 Grand Ole Opry: http://www.answers.com/topic/gran d-ole-opry Grand Ole Opry videos: http://www.youtube.com/results?se arch_query=grand+ole+opry
Chick Webb : Drummer Paul Robeson : Actor
In the 1920’s, African-American music, performing
arts, poetry and literature expanded and grew enormously.
This cultural movement is known as the Harlem
Renaissance. This movement empowered African-
Americans and gave them history, identity, and a reason to
be proud of their heritage. This time period was a way for
By: William H. Johnson Blacks to show their humanity and equality.
The Harlem Renaissance affected and still affects
thousands of Blacks and Whites alike. The time period
created a rise in the popularity of jazz music, which is still a
major genre today. The movement affected Whites as well.
The two races constantly compared their art and tried to
improve themselves and one-up the opposite race. This
movement will continue to affect us as long as African-
Americans walk along side us and until jazz and abstract
Langston Hughes : Poet art are no longer major staples in the creative world.“The Big Bend Tunnel”
Textile Design for Cretonne, 1928
By: Palmer Hayden
Lois Mailou Jones
Sources:
THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE
•http://www.fatherryan.org/harlemrenaissance/
“Swing Low
THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE
Sweet Chariot”
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance
William H.
JohnsonHoovervilles were a series of make shift villages that formed in desolate areas and bad neighborhoods. These villages were full of homeless and unemployed people who could not afford a home during the great depression. They were filled with shacks and tents made of anything that people could find. The name hooverville came from president Herbert Hoover who was the president at the beginning of the great depression.
These affected an enormous amount of people
in the U.S., whether they were living in them,
around them, or knew people that lived in them.
The extent of the effects were people starving,
freezing, and some even dieing. These lasted for
the entire great depression and even shortly
after. We no longer have Hoovervilles, but we do
have many homeless people who live in the same
conditions.
Sources
Great Depression And World War II, 1929-1945 Archives and Records Management
http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/depwwii/depress/hoovers.html http://www.metrokc.gov/recelec/archives/kcarch/slhoover.htmMatt
Hopeman
Immigration Act of 1924
In 1924 president Johnson signed the immigration act of
1924 or also known as National Origins Act or the Johnson-
Reed Act. This act reduced the number of allowed immigrants
into the United States from 358,000 to 164,000 people. In
addition, the Act reduced the immigration limit from 3 percent
to 2 percent of each foreign-born group living in the United
States in 1890. During World Wars I and II, the U.S. recruited
thousands of temporary workers from Mexico to harvest crops
in our labor-short farmland. Since American immigration
policies failed to make out between immigrants and refugees in
the quota counts, most of the refugees (mainly Jews) were
banned from coming to the United States.
http://www.historicaldocuments.com/ImmigrationActof1924.htmImmigration Act of 1924 http://www.answers.com/topic/immigration-act-of-1924
The television was not
invented by just one
person but by many
people working together
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television
over many years.
The invention of the
http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventions/a/Television_Time.htm
television is historically
significant because this
affected many people. It
became something that
everybody liked and wanted.
We still have television today
and people try to find a way
to make the television better.
Television is also a good
source of information and
entertainment.Jack Dempsey “The Manassa Mauler”
Jack Dempsey, a
white boxer in the
1920’s took the world
by storm. He will be
remembered for his
rugged bad boy
personality and his
uncanny ability to throw
a left hook.
By: Tony Faller Work Cited
http://www.cmgww.com/sports/dempsey/index.php
http://www.google.com/imagesWhat Dempsey was most
noted for was the “David and
Goliath” match in 1919 against Jess
Willard, but his amazing ability to
throw a left hook and defeated the
giant leaving him bewildered to what
had just happened. Jack Dempsey
was making a name for himself and
defended the heavyweight title 6 out
of 7 years and most fights left no
survivors, but the miracle mans luck William Harrison Dempsey,
would soon run out in a heavyweight born in Manassa, Colorado on June
title fight against Gene Tunney and 24th 1895 rose to the sport of boxing
lost on September 23rd 1926. in the early first quarter of the 20th
Later Dempsey would try to century. As a avid traveler in the
regain his title from Tunney but lost years 1911 to 1916 Dempsey would
again in a rematch. The match was travel from mining town to mining
later called “The battle of the long town all over the state of Colorado
count.” Dempsey continued his using the name “Kid Blackie.” By
career into the year 1940 where he the Mere age of 24 Dempsey had
retired with a compiled record of 60- reined victorious over all
7-8. We will remember Jack competition piling up a win count of
Dempsey for his non- quitting and 80 fights. Jack was best known for
ruggedness attitude that infected the his incredible knock outs.
early 20th century.Joe Louis The Best boxer of his time.
How Joe was Important.
through a tough childhood, with his dad dieing in an asylum, and
trying to make ends meet doing backbreaking labor at an ice factory, helped
form Joe Lewis was one of the best boxers in United States History.
Lewis fought many tough fights in his years of boxing. He was very
inspirational to his countrymen. He beat people such as the famous Max
Baer. previously Max Baer had killed two men in the ring with his torrential
blows that he gave out to the head, but Lewis Pummeled Baer when they
met in the ring. The most historically significant thing Joe Lewis
accomplished in his boxing career was beating the German Boxer Max
Shmelling in a rematch. This was so important to the American people
because the time period of this match was during World War 2, and Max
was seen as a Nazi. Joe knocked out Max in the first round. This gave
inspiration to fight hard in the War. Years Have Passed since Joe has
boxed but no one has left an impression like Joe to American boxing fans.Bibliography Information http://www.cmgww.com/sports/louis/ http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cf m?id=52&category=sports Pictures and videos http://images.google.com/images?svnum=1 0&hl=en&q=Joe+louis+&btnG=Search http://www.youtube.com/
In 1915 the Ku Klux Klan was lead by failed minister, William
Joseph Simmons. He called it the “New Generation” for the Klan. In 1920
the Klan went from about 5,00 members to more than 40,000. In 1924 the
Klan peaked at over 100,000 members, and then a climax took place as
40,000 members paraded through Washington, DC. There is a theory to
why the Klan grew so much in such a small time period, it was believed to
be all of the immigrants that came to the USA. Also the said because of
post war era help boost the Klan. They also came close together because
they thought the foreigners were going to take all of the jobs.
This affects us today because the Klan is still around and still
commits hate crimes just as they did back in the 1920’s. Also they killed
hundreds of Americans up to this day and most likely will continue in to the
future.Sources • http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00158/k kk.html
Mary McLeod Bethune made many significant
accomplishments and changes in history, which still affects today.
She founded Bethune-Cookman College that used to be known as an
Industrial Institute for Negro Girls, in 1904. She served as the
president of the National Association of Colored Women, and she
was the vice-president of the NAACP.
She is historically significant because she helped change
the peoples’ view of African-Americans that made a difference for the
population of them. We appreciate different races a little more than
we used to. Today, we are still being affected because of how we
view other ethnicities, and how African-Americans moved up in
society.She also was
the first black
women involved
in government
affairs. She
started a
movement for
black women
and women in
general to take
roles in
government. We
have women like
Condoleezza
Rice taking
office in very
important roles.
Mary McLeod
Bethune started
many
movements that
still have been
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune
affecting us
http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/beth-mar.htm today.The Red Scare of the 1920’s
The Red Scare of the 1920’s was caused by various anarchist
groups and aggressive labor unions. In the two years it had its’ grip on the
country between 4,000 and 10,000 people were arrested on suspicion of
being communists. The wave of violence included strikes and bomb threats.
In one day alone eight bombs targeting government officials went off in
eight different cities across the country. Before all this even, the Sedition
Act of 1918 along with many immigration and anti-anarchist laws were
passed to make deportation and raids easier. As a result, the communist
parties in America lost over eighty percent of their members. These
immigration laws and other Acts are still in place today.Bibliography 'First Red Scare' (1917–1920) • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Scare The Red Scare:Liberal and Socialist patterns of Reaction,1919-1920 • http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~epf/2000/hernande z.html
Robert Goddard
• Robert Goddard conducted theoretical and experimental research on rocket
motors at Worcester, Mass., using a steel motor with a tapered nozzle; he
achieved greatly improved thrust and efficiency. During WWI Robert
developed a number of designs of small military rockets to be launched
from a lightweight hand launcher. On March 16, 1926, Robert developed
and shot a liquid fuel rocket. He first received U.S. patent in idea of multi-
stage rocket in 1914. He also first launched successfully a rocket with a
motor pivoted on gimbals under the influence of a gyro mechanism in 1937.
• This is historically significant because if it wasn’t for Robert Goddard we
may still have never made it to space or beaten the Russians to the moon,
and may not have the satellites that in orbit today. That is how we get our
missiles for the military and rockets and space shuttles going into space
today.• http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blgodd
ard.htm
• http://www-
istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Sgoddard.htm
• http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/service/gallery/fact_
sheets/general/goddard/goddard.htmThe people who were affected by these two men were
the people who got killed and their money stolen by
Sacco and Vanzetti. The case of Sacco &Vanzetti
started the career of J. Edgar Hoover who went on to
head the FBI. The case affected the whole U.S,
because the FBI and j Hoover effected every one in
the U.S. It also effected the people in Boston because
it encourage the people to be fearful of socialist.
Sacco and vanzetti never in life could hope to do such
work for tolerance, and justice, and for understanding
of man as we do by accident.
We could be effected today because we
could go to jail for killing someone that we took money
from. We can be in jail for a long time if we do such a
thing as killing someone for money that is not yours or
not even owned by someone. Sometrimes we would
not get cought until later on in life put we would be in
more trouble then we were before.Sacco& Vanzetti Case writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Images/sacvanpics.gif Sacco & Vanzetti www.elortiba.org/sacco.y.vanzetti.jpg Anton Coppola's Sacco and Vanzetti www.tbpac.com/shows/show_images/sacco.jpg
In the mid-twenties a new wave of modernism flourished through-out America, but just as an age of new
thinking came about, a pattern of traditionalism was set into place. A younger generation had only intellect at
their interest, while an older generation worried about society losing its more classic values. In 1925 Dayton,
Tennessee was a sight for sore eyes with its Butler Act controversy. The Butler Act forbade the teaching of any
evolutionary theory in public schools. The American Civil Liberties Union deiced to back anyone accused of
teaching Evolution or any ideas similar to it. John T. Scopes was asked to teach Darwinism soon afterwards. After
being called to court he got a small team of lawyers, Clearance Darrow, and George Rappleyea to lead the
way. They were up against bible expert, and creator of the Butler Act, William Jennings Bryan. After eight days of
trial the jury came upon the decision to send the case to a higher court. They stated that it was unfair to use that
kind of money for such an enormous choice. Darrow said, “We have the purpose of preventing bigots and
ignoramuses from controlling the education of the United States.” The eventually was an appeal made, and the
court forbade the teaching of Evolution, but did not require any form of any other religion be taught.
The Scopes Trial is amazingly important to the 1920’s and 1930’s. It showed what was becoming of our country,
and what new ways of thinking might enable us to do with it. The Scopes Trial affects so many people, Christian
people, Atheist people, and all other people that believe in the separation between church and state. The
affect it has had on other people is also great. It has lead us to other thoughts on religion in the school, other
decisions, and more acceptance of these other religions. This will always affect us, always. The Scopes Trial was
just another revolution, one that will always be known as a great mark in history.Works cited
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopes_Trial
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/e
volut.htmIn April 1931 during the Great Depression, in
Scottsboro, Alabama, nine African American youths
were charged with the gang rape of Victoria Price
and Ruby Bates, two white women on a Southern
Railroad Freight Run. Despite testimony by doctors
that no rape had occurred, the all-white jury
convicted them and sentenced all but the youngest to
death.In 1937 charges against five were dropped
"The Scottsboro Boys" and the state agreed to consider parole for
•Haywood Patterson the others. Two were paroled in 1944, one in
•Charles Weems 1951. When the fourth escaped (1948) to
•Clarence Norris Michigan, the state refused to return him to
•Andy Wright Alabama. In 1976, Alabama pardoned
•Ozzie Powell Clarence Norris, who had broken parole and
•Olen Montgomery fled the state in 1946. The belief that the case
•Eugene Williams against the “Scottsboro boys” was unproved
and that the verdicts were the result of racism
•Willie Roberson
caused 1930s liberals and radicals to come to
•Roy Wright the defense of the youths. The fact that
Judges Communists used the case for propaganda
•James Horton further complicated the affair.
•William Callahan
I think that back during this time during the
Great Depression there were still very
many people still noticeably racist,
including the jury. If the nine boys were not
black and the two girls were not white,
then I think the girls could not blame them
for rape as easily. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0844125.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsboro_Boys
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/scottsboro/SB_biog.htmlSocial Security
Social Security was created to help people in times of
great financial need whether this need is brought on by the death
of a main bread winner or simply disability or old age. The social
security system has been in place and has been helping many
Americans since 1935 after the Great Depression. The Great
Depression left millions of people unemployed as banks and
businesses failed across the country. On June 8th 1934, president
Franklin D. Roosevelt announced he would provide a program for
social security. The social security program was signed into law
on August 14, 1935.
Social security is historically significant because it has
been providing money to millions of Americans since 1935.
Without social security many Americans may have or would have
found themselves in a lot of trouble financially. Social security is
still around today and helping people who are retired or disabled
or who have lost a loved one. Social security will most likely
continue to help people financially in the future.Social Security Act signing into law
Work Cited
SSA History
www.ssa.gov/history/orghist.html
New Deal Network
www.newdeal.feri.org/Library/c10.htmlSpanish Civil War
July 1936 - April
The Spanish Civil War was a conflict in
1939 which the Francoists or Nationalists, led by
General Francisco Franco, defeated the
Republicans or Loyalists of the Second
It took place between July 1936 Spanish Republic
and April 1939, and ended in a
defeat of the Republican cause,
followed by the dictatorship of
Francisco Franco. The number of
victims has been long disputed,
between 500,000 and 1,000,000
people killed in the war.
Franco declares the end of
the war. However, small
pockets of insurgents still
foughtLinks For Spanish Civil War: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War Historical Significance: http://netcharles.com/orwell/articles/col-spanishcivilwar.htm
A speakeasy was an illegal establishment created in the 1920’s during
Prohibition that gave people the opportunity to drink alcohol. These places
were very secretive and the police were always trying to unravel these
businesses. Often, the bartender or owners of these establishments would
bribe the police to stay away or call ahead of a raid. If there was a raid
that wasn’t known about, owners often had secret passageways and back
alleys for patrons to escape to. These establishments not only sold alcohol,
but they also served food and provided entertainment such as dancers and
live bands. The establishments that were named “speakeasies” were of a
high-class environment, whereas lower class establishments were known as
“blind pigs”. Drinking alcohol was not the only illegal action taking place in
these environments Often it was a common gathering for leaders of
organized crimes including notorious gangsters and the mafia.The relevance of the “speakeasy” is important because it allowed
hundreds of thousands of citizens break the law of
Prohibition, yet a very low percentage were ever caught.
Since it was rare for the police to discover a speakeasy, it
made it very easy for hundreds of crimes to take place
without any notice. These businesses made a huge profit
and thrived for over a decade because the alcohol was in
high demand after it was outlawed. The relationship of the
speakeasy to today is small because there are only a few
authentic speakeasies left in the United States. Though the
novelty has worn off, since prohibition of all alcohol sales
no longer exists.
This passageway was
an exit for patrons when
the police raided from
Chumley’s, a famous Work cited:
speakeasy
establishment. http://www.answers.com/topic/speakeasy
www.google.com/images/prohibition
www.google.com/images/speakeasy
http://www.wikipedia.org/speakeasySt. Valentines Day Massacre On Valentines Day 1929 seven gangsters were found shot execution style in a garage in northern Chicago. The seven men killed were all gangsters that worked for Bugs Moran. The hit was supposed to include killing Bugs Moran also. Gangster Al Capone is the mastermind behind the massacre, where 2 men dressed in police uniforms executed the other gangsters. The gang war was about alcohol trafficking during the great depression. This is historically significant, because it involve prohibition, which was a very important time during United States history. It was one of many examples of the problems that prohibition was causing. Also, the massacre showed how difficult it was to police the illegal trafficking of alcohol. The massacre helped in changing the amendment. http://www.infoplease.com/spot/valmassacre1.html http://www.mysterynet.com/vdaymassacre/
Tennessee Valley Authority • The United States Congress passed the TVA Act on May 18, 1933. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt came up with the idea as part of the New Deal. The TVA essentially helps replant forests, teaches farmers how to improve their crop yield, builds dams to generate electricity to the Tennessee Valley, and creates recreation areas on the Tennessee River. The TVA was essential to the Tennessee Valley’s progress because the valley was in such poor condition, even before the depression hit, due to the rugged land, and no electricity. Once the TVA was established, the electricity and hydropower that it generated from the Tennessee River (5th largest river in the USA) transformed this area into a prosperous region.
During World War Two, the TVA provided
power to supply factories that produced
wartime products. During the 1960’s,
when electricity demands increased, the
Sources:
TVA began building nuclear power plants.
“From
Alsothe New this
during Dealtime,
to a New Century”
the TVA became
http://www.tva.gov/abouttva/history.htm
self-financing. In the 1990’s when nuclear
power began to be phased out, the TVA
shifted course. They stopped building
“What is TVA?”
nuclear plants and began to focus on
http://www.tvakids.com/whatistva/index.htm
becoming more efficient at lower cost.
Not only do they continue to focus on
lower costs, and better efficiency, they
also strive for more environmentally
friendly operating strategies and
reliability. The TVA greatly affects us
today. Today over five billion dollars has
been spent on clean air modifications.
Currently they operate at a 99.999
percent reliability, and supply over 8
billion customers with electricity.The 18th Amendment
• The 18th amendment to the constitution and prohibition were started to
help eliminate the high crime in the United States, but led to organized
crime and obstructed the ability for more jobs during the Great Depression.
Starting after the Revolutionary War all through up to World War I, there
was a rise in drinking and saloons throughout the United States. Many
religious communities wanted to restrict or prohibit the use of alcohol,
which they considered a threat to the family institution in America. In 1919,
congress passed the legislation of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution,
prohibiting the sale, transportation and manufacturing of alcohol in the
United States. The amendment went into effect on January 16, 1920. The
Volstead Act clarified the law and set it up for punishment for the disregard
of the new legislation. With alcohol manufacturing and selling made illegal,
people turned to crime to get alcohol. The rise of organized crime brought
to our culture the rise of the modern gangster, such as the infamous Al
Capone. Gangsters would smuggle rum from the Caribbean, rumrunners,
or get whiskey from Canada. They also would buy large quantities of
alcohol made in homemade stills. Almost immediately after the legislation
passed, there were groups already trying to repeal the new legislation. With
the Great Depression, more jobs were needed that could have been there
if they could have still manufactured alcohol, and even more people joined
the call to repeal the 18th Amendment. On December 5, 1933, the 21st
Amendment to the Constitution was ratified repealing the 18th Amendment
and prohibition.The 18th Amendment to the Constitution was historically significant
because it led to the glorifying of illegal activities. The more modern gangster
rose out of the organized crime industry and amassed great wealth on illegal
bootlegging and speakeasies, illegal running of liquor and illegal saloons. Even
everyday citizens got into it with homemade stills. Even though prohibition is no
longer in our Constitution, some small towns or counties still have restrictions
on the selling of alcohol today. Also, we no longer have the gangsters of the
20’s in our midst; we still have gangs and “organized” crime, but not the mafia-
like gangsters of the 20’s. After the 21st Amendment, the illegal selling and
trafficking of alcohol was no longer needed as much, reducing the profits and
abundance of illegal activities involving alcohol.Works Cited •PBS http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/miami/peopleevents/pande 06.html •About http://history1900s.about.com/od/1920s/p/prohibition.htm •History.com http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=219884 •www.rustycans.com http://www.rustycans.com/prohinition.html
During the Depression, people enjoyed the radio, because most could not
afford to buy records of their favorite artists, so instead they turned to the radio because it
was free of charge. In 1920, the first commercial radio stations with regularly scheduled
broadcasts were heard. WWJ went on-air in August. KDKA went on-air in November with
the results of the 1920 Harding - Cox Presidential election. In 1921the first sports
broadcast was the Dempsey-Carpenter fight on July 2. Also The Happiness Boys started a
show, which continued until 1940.The first religious broadcast, was the Sunday service of
Pittsburgh's Calvary Episcopal Church on Jan 2nd which was aired on KDKA. In
November of 1922, songs from the successful Broadway musical "Shuffle Along" were
performed live by the original cast over station WNAC in Boston, one of the earliest
examples of an African-American musical on radio. National political conventions were
heard on a nationwide network during the 1924 nomination season. Also the A & P
Gypsies appeared on WEAF and moved to NBC Red in 1926. For the next 10 years, this
musical show was heard nationally, on NBC Red or NBC Blue. Also in 1924, the National
Barn Dance was first heard on WLS. The show was broadcast between 4/19/24 and
4/30/60. A year later in 1925, The Grand Ol' Opry appeared, and was heard on various
stations until 1941, when it was picked up by NBC. Grand Ol' Opry was heard on NBC on
Saturday nights. In 1926 the National Broadcasting Company was established by RCA.
Among the shows broadcast that year were several orchestras, Ben Bernie, Will Rogers,
Sam and Henry and Father Coughlin. The Betty Crocker Show started on NBC Red.
Radio continues to be a huge thing in the life of Americans still today. We
listen to it every day and it is a huge industry. Since the 1920’s it has always been a hit. It
provides people with entertainment, knowledge, and news, and will continue to affect
Americans as it did so greatly in the 20’s.Old Time Radio: The Golden Years http://www.old-time.com/golden_age/index.html Golden Age of Radio 1935-50 http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/radio2.html
“The Jazz Singer”, released in 1927, is the movie that changed all movies. It
was the first feature-length motion picture, during the silent film era, to have
synchronized dialogue and vocal sequences. The first lines were spoken by
actor, Al Jolson and the words were, “Wait a minute, wait a minute, you ain't
heard nothin' yet. Wait a minute I tell ya, you ain't heard nothin'. You wanna
hear "Toot Toot Tootsie"? Alright. Hold on. Hold on. [turning to the band's
piano player] Lou, listen. Play "Toot Toot Tootsie"—three choruses, you
understand? In the third chorus, I whistle. Now give it to 'em hard and heavy.
Go right ahead.” Audiences were amazed. Even though there was only two
minutes of dialogue, it was enough to change movies forever. This movie
is significant because movies might not be what they are today. We are
affected by this every time we go to see a movie. Without “The Jazz
Singer” we there might not have been any sound in our movies. This will
continue to affect us as long as we have movies.
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ASI/musi212/brandi/clip/jazzsing.mov
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927_film%29 “The Jazz Singer”You can also read
