CCS Lecture 26.04.2021 - Petrissa Eckle, sus.lab @ ETHZ 26.04.2021 - Petrissa Eckle, sus.lab @ ETHZ
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
CCS Lecture 26.04.2021 – Petrissa Eckle, sus.lab @ ETHZ
Agenda & goals
Introduce myself and “sus.lab”
Deep dive into CCS in Switzerland –
current projects and future plans
Q&A – discuss what you are most Inspire you to think about what
interested in and your questions and we all need to be working on
help us collect questions!
today to get to “net zero by
2050”
2
Agenda & goals
Introduce myself and “sus.lab”
Deep dive into CCS in Switzerland –
current projects and future plans
Q&A – discuss what you are most Inspire you to think about what
interested in and your questions we all need to be working on
today to get to “net zero by
2050”
3
Sus.lab is a “Think- and Do Tank” launched by the Chair for Sustainability and
Technology (SusTec) at the Management Department of ETH Zurich
Our mission Our history
•
Real world impact on
Sus.Lab was founded in 2016 out of a feeling of
increasing urgency of global sustainability
issues like climate change
sustainability based on • sus.lab brings sustainability research into the real
world much faster – building on 15 years of
latest research research on sustainability technology, policy and
management
4
With our portfolio of projects on Net Zero and the Circular Economy we are
gaining insights into the solutions and barriers in different industries
• Hydrogen/ ammonia: Long term program with current focus on marine shipping
Industry • Decarbonization of waste/ cement: Long term program with numerous projects
decarbonization towards CCS at scale and other solutions in Switzerland and Europe
and carbon removal • Carbon removal: Start-up accelerator in collaboration with TU Delft (starting mid
2021). Climate DDs to understand impact potential of new ideas
• New products & materials: Scouting and assessment of 100+ innovative
Construction/ construction materials for market potential and sustainability
Buildings • Thought leadership: Digital trends in the building industry
• Circular building initiative: Innovation platform for industry transformation (under
development)
• New proteins: Preparation of scale-up of new “insects to protein” solution –
comparative assessment to other treatment options
Food supply chains
• Decarbonization of dairy: Methodology and model of potential and cost for Nestle
• Systemic impact DD: Methodology for systemic impact of startups (pro bono)
• Resolving barriers to innovation: Support of the European CEFLEX industry
Circular economy consortium in their 2025 goal to make flexible packaging circular
of plastics • Generating unique data for action: Packaging baseline with Denner
• Recycling in Ghana: Supporting an NGO with a new social business model
5
Agenda & goals
Introduce myself and “sus.lab”
Deep dive into CCS in Switzerland –
current projects and future plans
Q&A – discuss what you are most Inspire you to think about what
interested in and your questions we all need to be working on
today to get to “net zero by
2050”
6
BACKGROUND
End of January this year, Switzerland committed to net zero GHG emissions
by 2050
Required global CO2 reductions to reach 1.5°C target
CO2 in Gt p.a.
To keep global warming within
1.5°C, global annual emissions
need to be reduced by 50%
around 2030 and reach net zero
by ~2050
Source: IPCC Special Report on 1.5 degrees
7
BACKGROUND
Over the last decade, Switzerland has reduced emissions by only about 9 million
tons. We need a fundamentally different approach!
Swiss emissions since 1990
Mio tons of CO2e
54.0 55.0
Waste 2.5 1.0 3.0
6.1 8.6
Agriculture 6.7 46.4
4.6 3.1
Industry & products 4.3
5.9
4.5
Energy 40.6 41.3
33.0
1990 2010 Current
emissions (2019)
Source: Federal Office for the Environment
8
BACKGROUND
In all scenarios for 1.5 degrees, carbon dioxide removal is needed, and scenarios
include up to 1’218 Gt of total CCS until 2100
Breakdown of contributions to global net CO2 emissions in four illustrative model pathways
Billion tons CO2 per year (Gt CO2/yr)
Fossil fuel and industry Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS)1 • 3 out of 4 of the example
scenarios by IPCC
require CCS – of
cumulatively up to 1218
GT until 2100 –
corresponding to ~28
years worth of current
global emissions
CCS required • Only scenario P1 does
(cumulative GT 0 348 687 1,218 not require CCS, but in
until 2100) turn would require final
energy demand to shrink
Final energy 2030 -15% -5% +17% +39% by 15% until 2030 and
demand by 30% until 2050, as
(vs 2010) 2050 -32% +2% +21% +44% well as a very fast ramp
up of renewable
Renewable 2030 60% 58% 48% 25% electricity to 60%
share in globally by 2030
electricity 2050 77% 81% 63% 70%
1 CCS from the 2 mio tons of organic waste incinerated today are “BECCS” - Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage
Source: IPPC “Global Warming of 1.5 degrees” Summary for Policy Makers
9
We do have a plan ..
+ Airline fuels
Source: Bundesamt für Energie (2020). Energieperspektiven 2050+
10The target is clear – Now we need to find a path to get there
2050
Net-zero
2030
Roll-out! Now
Getting ready:
Technology
testing and
continuous
innovation
Regulations
Infrastructure
development
...
11We are working with “hard to decarbonize industries”
Waste to Energy plants Cement Industry
12SWISS POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Switzerland’s ~30 largest point sources are mainly WtE plants and cement
industry. Together they emit about 7 Mt of CO2 per year
Large CO2-point sources in Switzerland
(>100’000t CO2, 2017)
• Switzerland has 32
large emitters.
(Point sources with
more than 100’000
tons of CO2 per
year)
• Together, these 32
large emitters emit
5 mio tons of fossil
CO2, and 2 mio
tons of biogenic
CO2 (from
biogenic waste,
like wood or
sewage sludge)
Source: VBSA/PRTR
13ONGOING ACTIVITIES
We started in 2018 – and a demonstrator for the full CCS chain with KVA Linth is
currently in preparation
October ‘18 – March ’19 September ’19 – June ‘20
Conceptual design/feasibility for a demonstration with
Study on “how to decarbonize” WtE
KVA Linth at scale (100 kt of CO2 per year)
• VBSA asked sus.lab at ETH to investigate options for • Basic design and cost calculation of the CO2 capture
utilizing or storing large quantities of CO2 facility at KVA Linth (>100ktpa)
• CCS identified as most feasible option • Transport options from KVA Linth to the North sea
• Results tested in expert and stakeholder consultation • Financing/monetization options
workshop in February 2019 • Regulatory aspects
• Outreach and partnerships
Core team Other involved/supporting partners
Funded by Funded by
143 steps to solve
1 Capture
2 Storage
3 Transport
15CO2 CAPTURE
Large-scale CO2 capture projects using amine-technology have already been
implemented, barriers to scale so far were economics and lack of utilization options
for the captured CO2
• Amine-based post-combustion capture technology Main issues so far:
Largest operating • CO2 is piped to an oil field for enhanced oil recovery
post-combustion • Unclear how to use or
carbon capture • Commenced its operation without delays and budget store the captured CO2
project worldwide overruns in December 2016, proving the possibility to (enhanced oil recovery is
- Petra Nova CCS deploy the technology at large scales the main path but lacks
– a 240 MW coal environmental appeal)
power plant
retrofit • Cost still above CO2 price
in most countries
• Amine based post-combustion capture technology • Societal/political
First post- • Capacity to capture app. 1 Mtpa of CO2 discussion around CO2
(not used fully) storage and questionable
combustion
sustainability in case of
carbon capture • Operational since 2014 use for enhanced coal +
project - 110
megawatt (MW)
• Most of CO2 is piped for enhanced oil recovery and part oil recovery
is piped to the Aquistore test project for injecting into a
Boundary Dam
3400m deep saltwater-infused sandstone
plant in Canada
• Some issues with amine degradation, leading to higher
operational cost than anticipated
Sources: Global CCS Institute, EIA, JX Nipon Oil & Gas Exploration Company, Aquistore, SaskPower
16CO2 CAPTURE
Carbon Capture has been done for decades, the application to waste-to-energy
plants is starting now
First operational capture at a
Chemical industry Planned WtE plant
WtE plant in Europe
• Capture medium: NH3 • Plant in Duiven, NL • Plant in Twence, NL
• In operation for 63 years at • Operational since 2019 • Start of capture in 2021
Lonza
• Capture medium: Generic MEA • Capture medium: Proprietary
(monoethanolamine) amine S26
• High-pressure process • Corrosion issues in the presence • Noncorrosive, biodegradable
of oxygen
Sources: AVR Duiven, AKER Carbon Capture, Lonza
17ONGOING ACTIVITIES Not exhaustive
Several projects in the waste sector are already under way. They aim at
transforming Waste-to-Energy plants into energy hubs, with CO2, H2 and Methanol
production
• First commercial power to gas plant in Switzerland (Dietikon)
• H2 generated with electricity from WtE plant, combined with methane and CO2 from the
waste water plant
• Construction started in autumn 2020, start-up planned for winter 21/22
• Cooperation with Climeworks (delivery of heat for regeneration of CO2 absorber)
• Project for utilization of CO2 from waste treatment plant of ara Bern in construction
material startup Neustark
• Vision for the WtE plant as an energy hub for heat, power, H2, O2 and CO2 for use and
sequestration, with steam delivery to a close-by industrial site as next step
• First thoughts about utilizing the unused oil pipeline from Collombey to Genoa for CO2
transport
Source: Limeco, Satom presentation, Neustark
183 steps to solve
1 Capture
2 Storage
3 Transport
19STORAGE – Operational experience
Operating experience: Much has been learnt from test, pilot and commercial
scale CO2 injections in different types of geologic formations globally
Global CCS experience Norwegian CCS experience
~23 years of successful industrial experience
resulting in 23 mn tons of CO2 stored
Image: Northern lights
Sources: Carbon capture and storage – proven and it works by IEAGHG (2014); Northern Lights project
20STORAGE
Geological storage in Switzerland needs further exploration of the underground
and thus would take 10-20 years to develop
• Theoretical (unproven) storage
capacity for approximately 2.6 Gt of
CO2 in deep porous geological
formations in Switzerland
• This would be equivalent to storing
app. 70 years worth of Swiss CO2
emissions*
• Very low exploration maturity and
sceptical public opinion
• A recently started projects in Jura
mountains is injecting CO2 to test for
leakage and seismic effects on a very
small scale
Sources: Swiss geology portal (2010), *2016 CO2 emissions excl. land use change of 39 Mt based on the GHG inventory by
Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN, 2018), ETH News (2019)
21Storage
Norway is planning to open up its offshore geological reservoirs to third parties
by 2024
• 1,000-2,000 m under the sea floor
• Building on 20 years of injecting
CO2 at Sleipner project, started in
1996, with a total of 15.5mt CO2
(0.9 Mt per year)
Equinor, Shell
and Total are • Estimated capacity: 70 billion tons
developing the (20 years worth of EU 28 direct
CCS value chain CO2 emissions)
with waste, • Highly subsidized by the
cement and Norwegian government
other sectors1 (Investment decision of >2 billion
EUR in December 2020)
1 Air Liquide, Arcelor Mittal, Ervia, Fortum Oyj, HeidelbergCement AG, Preem, and Stockholm Exergi
Source: Press research and interviews, H21 North of England, 2018, Images Goassnova, Northern lights, Statoil [renamed to
Equinor], MIT, Sintef (2018), direct CO2 emissions of EU 28 (excl. land change and aviation) were 3.5 Gt in 2016 according to the
European Environmental Agency
22STORAGE – Geophysical monitoring
In the Northern Lights project, testing is currently underway in preparation of
opening the first storage site (Aurora)
Tests for the first Northern Lights storage site are already starting
• Exploitation permit EL 001 for
CO2 storage in Aurora has been
awarded by Norwegian authorities
• CO2 will be injected in the
Johansen formation, a saline
aquifer sealed with several hundred
of meters of cap rock, 1-2,000 m
below the seabed
• Drilling of the confirmation well is
ongoing
• Negotiations with the Norwegian
state on the exact process for long-
term responsibility transfer are
currently ongoing
Sources: Northern Lights, Furre et al., Building Confidence in CCS: From Sleipner to the Northern Lights Project, Special Topic: Energy
Transition, 2019
23STORAGE
Especially around the North Sea several large storage projects are on the way
• Several projects are planned for CO2
storage in the North Sea with the UK
and Norway taking the lead
• Natural gas-to-H2 with integrated
carbon capture and storage is
becoming a way of making projects
economically feasible
• Fossil-fuel companies are actively
involved and often in the lead / some
projects make use of legacy oil and
gas assets
Source: International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP, 2018)
24STORAGE
Five aspects form the basis for safety of CCS – The climate perspective, the
physical basis of the process, operational and monitoring experience and
regulation
Putting CO2 in deep geological formations is a lot safer and better
Climate protection
than putting the same CO2 into the atmosphere
CO2 is trapped in microscopic rock pores by the same process that
Physical basis
has trapped natural gas for millions of years
Safety of CCS means
especially confidence that the
Operational stored CO2 remains trapped
More than 20 years of operations at Sleipner show that CCS works
experience over long time horizons
without leakage
Geophysical The location of the CO2 underground can be measured (with some
monitoring uncertainty) to confirm it is safely stored in the intended reservoir unit
Regulatory Storage sites and processes need to conform with the Norwegian
compliance and EU CO2 storage directives
Source: Adapted from Furre et al., Building Confidence in CCS: From Sleipner to the Northern Lights Project, Special Topic: Energy Transition, 2019
25STORAGE – Regulatory compliance
The site will need to comply to the EU CCS Directive from 2009 on Geological
Storage of Carbon Dioxide which was adopted and integrated in the Norwegian
regulation framework
Process Requirements
EU CCS Directive (also integrated
in the Norwegian regulations) • Operations need to be monitored, including whether CO2 is behaving as expected,
and detailed reports must be submitted to the competent authority
• Storage sites require permits the
Operations
• Routine (at least once a year) and non-routine inspections by the competent authority
contents of which are specified in the shall be executed and inspection reports shall be made public
EU CCS Directive and deal with the
Permitting entire lifetime of the storage site • The operator shall be responsible for sealing the storage site and removing the injection
facilities
• After a storage site has been closed, the operator remains responsible for monitoring,
Closure reporting and corrective measures until transfer of responsibilities
• CO2 streams shall consist
• The competent authority may at any time require the operator to take the necessary
corrective measures. If the operator fails to take the necessary corrective
overwhelmingly of CO2 and CO2
measures, the competent authority shall take them itself.
composition should verified to be in
CO2 injection line with the regulations prior to Responsibility can be transferred to the competent authority only if the following
injection conditions are demonstrated:
• All available evidence indicates that the stored CO2 will be completely and
permanently contained (conformity of the actual behaviour of the injected CO2 with
Transfer of the modelled behaviour; absence of any detectable leakage; storage site is evolving
• EU CCS Directive on Geological responsibility towards a situation of long-term stability)
Storage of Carbon Dioxide
(Directive 2009/31/EC), from 25 June
and long-term
liability
• Minimum period of 20 years has elapsed (unless the competent authority is
CO2 storage convinced that the criterion referred to in point (a) is complied with before the end of
2009 regulates all CO2 storage in that period)
geological formations in the EU
• Operator has made a financial contribution to at least cover the anticipated cost of
monitoring for a period of 30 years
• The site has been sealed and the injection facilities have been removed.
Source: EU Directive 2009/31/EC
263 steps to solve
1 Capture
2 Storage
3 Transport
27For a first mover, rail transport is possible
From an SBB loading station to Rotterdam to Norway
Northern Lights
1400 km
Hamburg
Rotterdam
800 km
Basel SBB Loading
station
150 km
28TRANSPORT
For larger volumes, transport is the bottleneck..
Implications of 10 Mtpa
950-1,350 trucks per day ~11 barges per day
We need to start planning for a CO2
~450 rail cars per day “collection network” today
Comparison to existing gas grid:
Transmission pipelines (>5 bar):
2’243 km
Distribution grid (Costs Version 14.04.2021
Costs per ton of CO2 are likely to fall well below 150 CHF (the current domestic
marginal abatement costs) once the CCS chain is operated at scale in the EU
Cost calculation for full cost per ton of CO2 from KVA Linth to storage under the North Sea
Please note that cost estimates are indicative
CO2 capture & Transport to North Sea
Storage offshore Total
liquefaction Coast (Rotterdam)
45-51 CHF 78 CHF 33-61 CHF
(incl. liquefaction and (Mainly train, with a very short (Northern lights currently
First of a kind opportunity cost for heat) pipeline, without intermediate estimates 30-55 EUR per ton
(per ton of CO2) storage) as price for transport and ~156-190 CHF
focus of storage from hubs along the
Linth North Sea coast)
study
32-46 CHF 23-29 CHF 13-33 CHF
(35-50 USD capture (5-8 CHF transmission, IPCC data, (ZEP report based on several
At scale
(Global CCS Institute, based on onshore pipeline for 10 Mt per in depths studies in UK and
(per ton of CO2)
2019) year, 0.007-0.01 CHF per ton per km NL. Offshore incl. offshore ~68-108 CHF
based on from Basel to Rotterdam, 670 km, ~5 transport)
literature CHF for a smaller collection pipeline of
180 km (ZEP, 2011), 12-15 EUR for
compression (Luo et al., 2014))
Sources: AKER Carbon Capture, KVA Linth, Messer, VTG, Northern Lights, IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, 2018, Global CCS Institute: Waste-to-Energy with CCS: A pathway to carbon-negative power
generation, 2019; Marginal cost: Kosten und Potential der Reduktion von Treibhausgasen in der Schweiz, Bericht des Bundesrates, 2011; Waste-to-Energy with CCS: A pathway to carbon-negative power generation – Global CCS Institute,
2019; Luo et al., Simulation-based techno-economic evaluation for optimal design of CO2 transport pipeline network, Applied Energy, 132, 2014
30First estimates
First estimates of investment for Carbon Capture und Collection Infrastructure in
Switzerland: ~ 4 Billion CHF
Swiss collection network
~3 bn CHF
CAPTURE UNITS
~40 units à 20 mio
~800 mio CHF
Sources: AVR Duiven, VBSA estimates, VBSA pipeline study
31COST IMPLICATIONS FOR SWITZERLAND
Such a large investment in green infrastructure is not without precedent
• The waste water infrastructure consists of
~800 treatment plants and 40-50‘000 km
public waste water pipelines
• The cost for build- up were between 40
and 50 bn CHF, around 80-100 bn CHF
today
Source: Federal Office for the Environment
32Summary: There is a lot to do!
Plan & Regulate & Discuss &
demonstrate Finance inform
Develop concrete plans and Develop framework conditions Create opportunities for
advance engineering for Understand who will pay and exchange and learning
infrastructure how we can all benefit around CCS
Align with European partners
Run full chain demonstrators
Image sources: Unsplash
33Agenda & goals
Introduce myself and “sus.lab”
Deep dive into CCS in Switzerland –
current projects and future plans
Q&A – discuss what you are most Inspire you to think about what
interested in and your questions we all need to be working on
today to get to “net zero by
2050”
34Find more on
www.suslab.ch
sus.lab @ Group for Sustainability & Technology
ETH Zurich | Weinbergstrasse 56/58 | WEV J 423 | CH-8092 Zurich
contact_suslab@ethz.ch | www.suslab.chYou can also read
