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Palgrave Law Masters Constitutional and Administrative Law
Palgrave Law Masters Company Law Janet Dine and Marios Koutsias Constitutional and Administrative Law John Alder and Keith Syrett Contract Law Ewan McKendrick Criminal Law Jonathan Herring Employment Law Deborah J Lockton Evidence Raymond Emson Family Law Paula Davies and Paven Basuita Intellectual Property Law Tina Hart, Linda Fazzani and Simon Clark Land Law Mark Davys Landlord and Tenant Law Margaret Wilkie, Peter Luxton, Jill Morgan and Godfrey Cole Legal Method Ian McLeod Legal Theory Ian McLeod Medical Law Jo Samanta and Ash Samanta Sports Law Mark James Torts Alastair Mullis, Ken Oliphant and Sandy Steel Trusts Law Charlie Webb and Tim Akkouh If you would like to comment on this book, or on the series generally, please write to lawfeedback@palgrave.com.
Palgrave Law Masters
Constitutional and
Administrative Law
John Alder
Emeritus Professor of Law, Newcastle University
Keith Syrett
Professor of Public Health Law, Cardiff University
Eleventh edition© John Alder 1989, 1994, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2015 © John Alder and Keith Syrett 2017 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. Crown Copyright material is licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their right to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This edition first published 2017 by PALGRAVE Palgrave in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978–1–137–60671–6 paperback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Contents
Preface xvi
Table of cases xviii
Table of legislation xxxviii
Part I The framework of the constitution 1
1 Introduction: constitutional structures 3
1.1 The nature of the constitution: general issues 3
1.1.1 Constitutionalism6
1.2 The foundations of a constitution 6
1.3 Basic constitutional concepts 6
1.4 Written and unwritten constitutions: advantages and disadvantages 8
1.4.1 The merits of a written constitution 8
1.5 The legal and the political constitution 13
1.6 The dignified and efficient constitution: deceiving the people? 15
1.7 Types of constitution 16
1.8 Public and private law 20
1.9 The direction of the constitution: reform 21
Summary23
Exercises23
Further reading 24
2 Underlying political traditions 26
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Liberalism 26
2.3 Varieties of liberalism in constitutional thought 28
2.3.1 Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679): the impersonal state and
individualism28
2.3.2 John Locke (1632–1704): individual rights and majority government 31
2.3.3 Utilitarianism: David Hume (1711–76), Jeremy Bentham (1748–
1832), John Stuart Mill (1806–73) 32
2.3.4 Market liberalism (neo-liberalism): Friedrich Hayek (1899–1992) 33
2.3.5 Welfare liberalism: John Rawls (1921–2000): liberal justice and
equality35
2.3.6 Liberal pluralism: group liberalism 36
2.4 Freedom 37
2.5 Republicanism 40
2.6 Equality 44
2.7 Communitarianism 45
2.8 Democracy 45
2.8.1 Legal aspects of democracy 47
2.8.2 Representative democracy 48
vvi Contents
2.8.3 Participatory democracy 49
2.8.4 Political parties: market democracy 51
Summary52
Exercises53
Further reading 54
3 The sources of the constitution 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Statute law 55
3.3 The common law 57
3.4 Constitutional conventions 59
3.4.1 The nature of conventions 60
3.4.2 The main conventions 61
3.4.3 Identifying conventions 62
3.4.4 The differences between law and convention: conventions and
the courts 63
3.4.5 Why conventions are obeyed 66
3.4.6 Codification of conventions 66
Summary68
Exercises68
Further reading 69
4 Historical landmarks 70
4.1 Introduction 70
4.2 The Saxon period: origins of the Crown 71
4.3 The medieval period: the beginning of parliamentary government and
the common law; the formation of national identity 71
4.4 The sixteenth century, the Tudor period: the consolidation of the
government74
4.5 The seventeenth-century revolution: the supremacy of Parliament over
the Crown 76
4.5.1 The ‘glorious’/‘bloodless’ revolution of 1688: the foundation of
the modern constitution 79
4.6 The eighteenth century: the parliamentary system and the rule of law 80
4.6.1 The courts and the rule of law 84
4.7 The nineteenth century: reforms and democracy 85
4.8 The twentieth century: the rise of the executive 88
4.9 The present century: distrust, reforms and an uncertain future 90
Summary92
Exercises93
Further reading 93
5 An overview of the main institutions of the constitution 94
5.1 The basic structure of the constitution 94
5.1.1 The state 95
5.2 The legislative branch 96
5.2.1 Political parties 97
5.3 The executive branch 97
5.4 The judicial branch 99
5.4.1 The Supreme Court 100
5.4.2 Other courts 102
5.4.3 Judicial diversity 103Contents vii
5.5 Local government in England 104
5.6 The police and the prosecution system in England and Wales 106
5.7 The Privy Council 108
5.8 The Church of England 109
5.9 Government standards of behaviour 110
5.10 Constitutional reform 113
Summary114
Exercises115
Further reading 116
Part II Fundamental principles 119
6 The rule of law 121
6.1 The nature of the rule of law 121
6.2 Practical application of the rule of law 123
6.3 Different versions of the rule of law 124
6.4 The core rule of law and Dicey’s version of it 126
6.4.1 The core rule of law and freedom 127
6.4.2 Dicey’s version of the rule of law 128
6.4.3 Dicey’s rule of law today 131
6.5 The ‘amplified’ rule of law 132
6.6 The extended (liberal) rule of law: ‘the principle of legality’ 133
6.7 The international rule of law 135
Summary135
Exercises136
Further reading 137
7 The separation of powers 138
7.1 Introduction: Montesquieu’s doctrine of the separation
of powers 138
7.2 The importance of the separation of powers in the UK 139
7.3 Different kinds of separation of powers 140
7.3.1 The mixed constitution 141
7.4 Judicial independence and accountability 142
7.4.1 Accountability 144
7.5 Separation of function 145
7.5.1 Parliament and the executive 145
7.5.2 Parliament and the judiciary 146
7.5.3 The executive and the judiciary 147
7.6 Separation of personnel 150
7.6.1 Parliament and the executive 150
7.6.2 Parliament and the judiciary 151
7.6.3 The executive and the judiciary 151
7.7 Checks and balances 153
7.7.1 Parliament and the executive 154
7.7.2 Parliament and the judiciary 154
7.7.3 The executive and the judiciary 156
Summary160
Exercises161
Further reading 162viii Contents
8 Parliamentary sovereignty 163
8.1 Introduction 163
8.2 The basis of parliamentary sovereignty 164
8.3 The meaning of ‘Act of Parliament’ 166
8.4 The three facets of parliamentary sovereignty 167
8.4.1 Freedom to make any kind of law 167
8.4.2 Parliament cannot be overridden 168
8.4.3 Parliament cannot bind its successors 168
8.5 Challenging parliamentary sovereignty 169
8.5.1 Grants of independence 169
8.5.2 Scotland and Northern Ireland: Acts of Union – was Parliament
born unfree?170
8.5.3 Redefinition theory: entrenchment 171
8.5.4 European Union law 174
8.5.5 The Human Rights Act 1998 177
8.5.6 The common law/rule of law 177
Summary180
Exercises181
Further reading 182
Part III International aspects of the constitution 185
9 The state and the outside world 187
9.1 Introduction: the idea of the state 187
9.2 The UK as a state 188
9.3 Citizenship 189
9.3.1 Removal of citizenship and statelessness 192
9.3.2 Non-citizens 192
9.4 British dependent territories 194
9.4.1 The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man 194
9.4.2 British overseas territories 195
9.5 International law and domestic law 199
9.5.1 Customary law 199
9.5.2 General principle of law 200
9.5.3 Treaties 201
9.5.4 Applying treaties in the courts: incorporated treaties 203
9.5.5 Applying treaties in the courts: unincorporated treaties 203
9.6 Overseas relationships and the courts 205
9.6.1 State immunity 205
9.6.2 Diplomatic immunity 207
9.6.3 Act of state and justiciability 208
9.6.4 International jurisdiction 212
9.7 Removal from the UK 213
9.7.1 Deportation and expulsion 213
9.7.2 Asylum 214
9.7.3 Extradition 215
9.7.4 Human rights restrictions on removal 217Contents ix
Summary219
Exercises220
Further reading 222
10 The European Union 223
10.1 Introduction: the nature of the European Union 223
10.2 Institutions 226
10.2.1 The Council of Ministers 227
10.2.2 The European Council 228
10.2.3 The European Commission 228
10.2.4 The European Parliament 230
10.2.5 The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) 231
10.3 EU law and national law 234
10.3.1 Direct effect of EU law 235
10.3.2 Direct applicability and direct effect 235
10.3.3 Indirect effect: interpretation of EU law 236
10.3.4 State liability 237
10.3.5 Effective remedies 237
10.3.6 Fundamental rights 238
10.4 Democracy and the European Union 239
10.4.1 Treaty alterations 240
10.4.2 Access to information 241
10.5 Proportionality and subsidiarity 242
10.6 Leaving the EU: Brexit 243
10.6.1 The referendum 243
10.6.2 Triggering the leaving process 245
10.6.3 The negotiations 247
10.6.4 Alternative arrangements 249
10.6.5 Scotland and Northern Ireland 250
10.6.6 The mechanics of changing domestic law 251
Summary252
Exercises253
Further reading 254
Part IV Government institutions 255
11 Parliament: constitutional position 257
11.1 Introduction 257
11.2 The meeting of Parliament 259
11.3 The House of Lords 262
11.3.1 The functions of the House of Lords 263
11.4 The Parliament Acts 265
11.5 The functions of the House of Commons 266
11.6 Parliamentary privilege 267
11.6.1 Contempt of Parliament 268
11.6.2 ‘Exclusive cognisance’ 269
11.6.3 Freedom of speech 272x Contents
11.6.4 Qualified privilege 276
11.6.5 Publication of parliamentary proceedings 276
11.6.6 The courts and Parliament 277
11.6.7 Reform of parliamentary privilege 278
11.7 Standards in the Commons 278
11.7.1 The Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards 280
11.7.2 The Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority 280
11.7.3 Standards in the House of Lords 282
Summary282
Exercises283
Further reading 284
12 The composition of Parliament and parliamentary elections 286
12.1 Introduction 286
12.2 The House of Lords 286
12.3 Reform of the House of Lords 289
12.4 Membership of the House of Commons 292
12.5 The electoral system 294
12.5.1 The purpose of elections 294
12.5.2 The Electoral Commission 295
12.5.3 General elections and by-elections 296
12.5.4 Candidates 297
12.5.5 Eligibility to vote 297
12.5.6 The voting system 300
12.5.7 Other voting systems 301
12.5.8 The constituencies 302
12.5.9 Voting procedures 304
12.6 Election campaigns 304
12.6.1 Campaign expenses 304
12.6.2 Donations to political parties 306
12.6.3 Broadcasting and the press: freedom of expression 307
12.6.4 Election disputes 309
Summary309
Exercises310
Further reading 311
13 Parliamentary procedure 312
13.1 Introduction 312
13.2 The Speaker of the Commons 314
13.3 Legislative procedure 315
13.3.1 Public bills 315
13.3.2 Private bills 317
13.3.3 Government control over procedure: cutting short debate 319
13.4 Financial procedure 319
13.4.1 Taxation procedure 320
13.4.2 Supply procedure 321
13.5 Supervision of the executive 322
13.5.1 Questions to ministers 322
13.5.2 Debates 323Contents xi
13.5.3 Select Committiees 324
13.5.4 Supervising expenditure 326
13.5.5 Scrutiny of delegated/subordinate legislation 328
13.6 Redress of grievances 329
13.7 House of Lords procedure 330
Summary331
Exercises332
Further reading 332
14 The Crown 334
14.1 Introduction: the nature of the Crown 334
14.2 Succession to the monarchy 337
14.3 Financing the monarchy 338
14.4 The functions of the monarch 338
14.4.1 Personal powers of the monarch 339
14.5 Crown immunities 340
14.6 The royal prerogative 341
14.6.1 The scope of modern prerogative powers 342
14.6.2 Two kinds of prerogative power? 343
14.6.3 Political control over the prerogative 344
14.6.4 Judicial control 345
14.6.5 Prerogative and statute 347
14.6.6 Reform of the prerogative 349
Summary349
Exercises350
Further reading 351
15 Ministers and departments 352
15.1 Introduction 352
15.2 Appointment of the prime minister 353
15.3 The powers of the prime minister 354
15.4 The Cabinet 355
15.5 Ministers 356
15.6 Government departments 357
15.6.1 The Treasury 358
15.6.2 The law officers 360
15.7 Ministerial responsibility 361
15.7.1 Collective responsibility 362
15.7.2 Individual responsibility 364
15.7.3 Ministerial resignation 367
15.8 The civil service 368
15.8.1 The statutory framework 369
15.8.2 Recruitment 370
15.8.3 Legal status 371
15.8.4 Discipline 371
15.8.5 Civil servants and ministerial responsibility 372
15.9 Executive agencies and non-ministerial government departments 373
15.9.1 Executive agencies and non-ministerial departments and
ministerial responsibility 374
15.10 Non-departmental public bodies: ‘quangos’ 375xii Contents
Summary379
Exercises380
Further reading 381
16 Devolution 382
16.1 The background to devolution in the UK 382
16.2 The structure of devolution 384
16.2.1 Legal limits on the devolved lawmakers 386
16.3 Scotland 388
16.3.1 The Scottish Parliament 388
16.3.2 The Scottish Government 392
16.3.3 The courts 393
16.3.4 Devolution issues (s 98, Sched. 6) 394
16.4 Northern Ireland 395
16.5 Wales 398
16.5.1 The National Assembly for Wales 398
16.5.2 The Welsh Government 400
16.5.3 The courts 400
16.6 England 401
Summary402
Exercises402
Further reading 403
Part V Administrative law 405
17 The grounds of judicial review, I: illegality and ultra vires 407
17.1 Introduction: the constitutional basis of judicial review 407
17.2 The legal basis of judicial review 408
17.2.1 Appeal and review 409
17.3 Classification of the grounds of review 410
17.4 Illegality: ‘narrow’ ultra vires 411
17.5 Errors of law and fact 412
17.5.1 Error of law 413
17.5.2 Errors of fact 414
17.6 ‘Wide’ ultra vires: improper purposes and relevance 415
17.6.1 Improper purpose 416
17.6.2 Irrelevant considerations 416
17.6.3 Failure to take relevant factors into account: fettering discretion 420
17.7 Nullity: void and voidable decisions 422
Summary424
Exercises425
Further reading 426
18 The grounds of judicial review, II: beyond ultra vires 427
18.1 Irrationality/unreasonableness 427
18.1.1 Proportionality 430
18.2 Procedural impropriety: statutory procedural requirements 431
18.3 Procedural impropriety: the right to a fair hearing 434
18.3.1 Legitimate expectations 437Contents xiii
18.4 Procedural impropriety: bias 442
18.5 Procedural impropriety: reasons for decisions 446
18.6 The European Convention on Human Rights 448
Summary449
Exercises449
Further reading 451
19 Judicial review remedies and procedure 452
19.1 Introduction 452
19.2 The range of remedies 454
19.2.1 Habeas corpus455
19.3 The judicial review procedure: public interest safeguards 456
19.4 Standing (locus standi )460
19.4.1 The costs of judicial review 461
19.5 Choice of procedure: public and private law 462
19.6 Exclusivity 464
19.7 The exclusion and limitation of judicial review 466
19.7.1 Justiciability and ‘deference’ 466
19.7.2 Statutory exclusion of judicial review 470
Summary471
Exercises472
Further reading 473
20 Administrative justice 474
20.1 Tribunals 474
20.1.1 First Tier Tribunals and the Upper Tribunal 475
20.1.2 The independence of tribunals 476
20.2 Ombudsmen 477
20.3 Inquiries 479
20.4 Regulators 482
Summary486
Exercises487
Further reading 487
Part VI Fundamental rights 489
21 Human rights and civil liberties 491
21.1 Introduction: the nature of human rights 491
21.2 The common law 493
21.3 The European Convention on Human Rights 495
21.3.1 The margin of appreciation 497
21.3.2 Positive duties 497
21.4 The main Convention rights 498
21.4.1 Absolute rights with no exceptions 499
21.4.2 Conditional rights 505
21.4.3 The duty to investigate violations 509
21.4.4 Rights subject to being overridden (qualified rights) 510
21.4.5 Article 14: discrimination 518
21.5 Criticisms of the Strasbourg court 520xiv Contents
Summary521
Exercises522
Further reading 523
22 The Human Rights Act 1998 525
22.1 The scope of the Act 525
22.2 Relations with the Strasbourg court 527
22.3 Extraterritorial application 529
22.4 Time limits 532
22.5 The HRA and Parliament 534
22.5.1 The interpretative obligation 535
22.5.2 Declaration of incompatibility 537
22.5.3 Statement of compatibility 538
22.6 Remedies 538
22.6.1 Damages 540
22.7 Public authorities 540
22.8 Horizontal effect 542
22.9 Overriding protected rights 543
22.9.1 ‘Prescribed by law’ or ‘in accordance with the law’ 544
22.9.2 Necessary in a democratic society: proportionality 547
22.9.3 The margin of appreciation/discretion 550
22.10 Reforms 557
Summary559
Exercises560
Further reading 562
23 Freedoms of expression and assembly 564
23.1 Introduction: justifications for freedom of expression 564
23.1.1 Prior restraint 566
23.2 The legal basis of freedom of expression 567
23.3 Limits on freedom of expression 568
23.3.1 Press freedom and censorship 568
23.3.2 Broadcasting 569
23.3.3 Press self-regulation 571
23.3.4 The courts’ censorship powers 572
23.3.5 Press sources 573
23.3.6 Open justice and the media 574
23.4 Press freedom and reputation: defamation 577
23.4.1 Defences 579
23.5 Press freedom and privacy 583
23.6 ‘Hate speech’ 585
23.6.1 Racism 586
23.6.2 Religion and sexuality 587
23.6.3 Political protest 589
23.7 Freedom of assembly: demonstrations and meetings 589
23.7.1 Statutory police powers 591
23.7.2 Common law police powers 593
23.7.3 Public order offences 595Contents xv
Summary599
Exercises600
Further reading 601
24 Government secrecy 602
24.1 Access to government information: open government 602
24.2 The Freedom of Information Act 2000 603
24.2.1 Challenging a refusal to disclose 606
24.3 Other statutory rights to information 607
24.4 State secrecy: suppression of information 608
24.4.1 The Official Secrets Act 1989: criminal law 608
24.4.2 Civil liability: breach of confidence 611
24.5 Public interest immunity 612
24.6 Closed material procedure and special advocates 613
Summary617
Exercises617
Further reading 618
25 Exceptional powers: security, emergencies and terrorism 619
25.1 Introduction: the nature of security and emergency measures 619
25.1.1 Security and the courts 620
25.1.2 Derogation 620
25.2 The security and intelligence services 622
25.3 Surveillance, interception and acquisition of information 623
25.3.1 Surveillance 626
25.3.2 Interception of postal, telephone and Internet communications 627
25.3.3 Communications data 628
25.3.4 CCTV cameras 630
25.4 Emergency powers 630
25.5 Anti-terrorism measures 632
25.5.1 Narrowing the definition of terrorism 633
25.5.2 Proscription 634
25.5.3 Arrest and detention 635
25.5.4 Stop and search powers and power of entry 635
25.5.5 Terrorism prevention and investigation measures 637
25.5.6 Terrorist assets 638
25.5.7 Supporting terrorism: the ‘Prevent’ strategy 639
Summary640
Exercises641
Further reading 641
Index 643Preface
As in previous editions, the aims of the book are, first, to explain the main principles of
United Kingdom constitutional law in the context of the political and legal values that
influence their development and, second, to draw attention to the main controversies.
The book is intended as a self-contained text for those new to the subject and a starting
point for more advanced students.
The major change in this new edition is that Keith Syrett is now the co-author of this
book. In this edition Keith is responsible for Parts I, II, IV and V, while John Alder is
responsible for Parts III and VI.
While statutory changes have been more limited than in the previous edition, there
has been considerable material from the Supreme Court, notably generated directly
and indirectly by the adventures of the UK government overseas, and revealing sub-
stantial disagreement at the top of the judicial hierarchy. The reach of the Human
Rights Act 1998 (HRA) has been extended and the courts have been asked to delve
back many years in pursuit of violations of the European Convention on Human
Rights (ECHR), but the future of the Act remains unclear. The June 2016 referendum
result in favour of leaving the EU has produced (and continues to produce) consider-
able constitutional uncertainty, including issues as to the role of Parliament, and prob-
lems relating to Scotland and Northern Ireland.
The structure of the text remains similar to previous editions. Part I concerns general
principles. These include basic constitutional concepts and issues (Chapter 1), a broad
account of the political ideals that have influenced the constitution (Chapter 2), and
the sources of the constitution (Chapter 3). Chapter 4 provides a brief account of some
constitutional landmarks. Chapter 5 provides an overview of the main institutions of
government, the most important aspects of which are expanded in later chapters. In
Part II, Chapters 6, 7 and 8 concern the underlying legal principles of the rule of law,
the separation of powers and parliamentary sovereignty.
Part III concerns international aspects of the constitution. Chapter 9 explains the
various ways in which international requirements are filtered into domestic law, the
position of dependent territories, expulsion from the UK and the responses of the
courts to international issues. Chapter 10 discusses the most important international
influence – namely, the EU – which is firmly anchored into domestic law. There is also
a discussion of ‘Brexit’, albeit at this stage there is more heat than light on the matter.
Part IV is concerned with the main legislative and executive institutions, and the
relationship between them. (The judiciary does not have its own chapter but is dis-
cussed in various contexts, especially that of separation of powers.) Chapter 16,
‘Devolution’, has been substantially revised to take account of developments following
the referendum on Scottish independence in September 2014 and increasing powers
for the Welsh Assembly, as well as events in England.
xviPreface xvii
Parts V and VI deal with the rights of the individual against government. Part V
concerns judicial review of government action, the core of administrative law, and
includes methods of challenging government action within the government structure.
Part VI, which has been substantially revised, deals with the fundamental rights of
the individual. Chapter 21 concerns human rights under the ECHR. Chapter 22 relates
these to the HRA. Chapters 23 to 25 focus on human rights issues of particular impor-
tance to the constitution. Chapter 23 deals with freedom of expression, focusing on
press freedom where recent developments include official intrusion. Chapter 24 deals
with government secrecy. Chapter 25 discusses special powers, including emergency
powers, interception and surveillance, and anti-terrorist measures. Recent cases have
grappled with the very broad definition of terrorism.
As regards further reading, references to books and articles in the text are to writings
that expand on the point in question. The ‘Further reading’ at the end of each chapter
discusses fundamental and controversial general issues for those who require greater
depth, or more ideas and points of view. These readings have been fully updated for
this new edition. Readings considered particularly accessible to and/or significant for
students are marked *. Short references within the text are to the ‘Further reading’.
Unless otherwise stated, the main classical works cited throughout are as follows:
Bagehot, The English Constitution, ed. Crossman (8th edn, Fontana/Collins 1963)
Dicey, An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (8th edn,
Macmillan 1915, referenced as last edition for which Dicey was himself
responsible); (10th edn, Macmillan 1958, ed. Wade)
Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. Minogue (Dent 1973)
Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Laslett (Cambridge University Press 1960)
Mill, Utilitarianism, On Liberty and Considerations of Representative Government, ed.
Acton (Dent 1972)
Montesquieu, ‘L’Esprit des Lois’, extracted in Stirk and Weigall (eds), An
Introduction to Political Ideas (Pinter 1995)
Paine, The Thomas Paine Reader, ed. Foot and Kramnick (Penguin 1987)
Sincere thanks are due for the contributions and help of Professors Dermot Cahill,
Barry Hough, Richard Mullender and Dr Rhiannon Talbot in respect of previous
editions, and John Coombes and Chris Handy in respect of this edition. We have
updated this edition on the basis of material available on 7 February 2017. Further
updates can be found on the companion website: www.palgravehighered.com/law/
conadminlaw11e
John Alder, Keith Syrett
February 2017Table of cases
A v B (Investigatory Powers Tribunal) [2010] 1 A-G’s Reference (No 3 of 1999) [2009] UKHL
All ER 1149, 471, 539 34, 577
A v BBC [2014] 2 All ER 1037, 6, 575 A-G’s Reference (No 3 of 2003) [2004] EWCA
A v Head Teacher and Governors of Lord Grey Crim 868, 280
School [2004] 4 All ER 628, 505, 540 A-G’s Reference Re Agricultural Sector (Wales)
A v Secretary of State for the Home Dept [2005] Bill [2014] UKSC 43, 386, 387
2 AC 68, 122, 178, 187, 467, 518, 526, 548, 621 Agricultural, Horticultural and Forestry
A v Secretary of State for the Home Dept (No 2) Training Board v Aylesbury Mushrooms Ltd
[2006] 2 AC 221, 502 [1972] 1 WLR 190, 432
A v UK (2003) 36 EHRR 917, 272 Agricultural, Horticultural and Forestry
A v UK (2009) 49 EHRR 29, 614 Industry Training Board v Kent [1970] 1 All
AA v UK [2011] ECHR 1345, 218 ER 304, 432
Abulaziz v UK (1985) 7 EHRR 471, 497 Ahmed v Governing Body of Oxford University
Adan v Newham LBC [2002] 1 All ER 931, 415 [2003] 1 All ER 915, 437
A-G v Blake [1998] 1 All ER 833, 611 Ahmad v UK (1981) 4 EHRR 126, 515, 516
A-G v BBC [1981] AC 303, 475 AH v West London Mental Health Tribunal
A-G v Crayford Urban DC [1962] Ch 575, 412 [2011] UKUT 74, 577
A-G v De Keyser’s Royal Hotel Ltd [1920] AC AH (Algeria) v Secretary of State for the Home
508, 247, 342, 344, 347, 348, 631 Department (No 2) [2016] 1 WLR 2071, 204
A-G v English [1983] 1 AC 116, 576 AIG Capital Parties Inc v Republic of
A-G v Fulham Corp [1921] 1 Ch 440, 85–6, 411 Kazakhstan [2006] 1 All ER 284, 206
A-G v Guardian Newspapers Ltd [1987] 3 All Air Canada v Secretary of State for Trade (No 2)
ER 316, 611 [1983] 2 AC 394, 612
A-G v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No 2) [1990] AJA and Others v Metropolitan Police
1 AC 109, 495, 611 Commissioner [2014] 1 All ER 882, 625, 626
A-G v Jonathan Cape Ltd [1976] QB 752, 65, 611 Akumah v Hackney LBC [2005] 2 All ER 148,
A-G v Leveller Magazine Ltd [1979] AC 440, 575 412
A-G v National Assembly for Wales Al Adsani v UK (2001) 34 EHRR 273, 205
Commission [2013] 1 AC 792, 13, 386, 387, Albert v Belgium (1983) 5 EHRR 533, 448
399 Albert v Lavin [1982] AC 546, 593
A-G v Observer Ltd [1988] 1 All ER 385, 572 Ali v Birmingham City Council [2010] 2 All ER
A-G v Times Newspapers Ltd [1991] 2 All ER 175, 503
398, 572 Ali v Bradford City Council [2011] 3 All ER 348,
A-G v Wilts United Dairies (1921) 37 TLR 884, 342 455
A-G for Canada v Cain [1906] AC 542, 196, 343 Al- Jedda v Secretary of State for the Home
A-G for Ceylon v De Livera [1963] AC 103, 273 Department [2014] AC 253, 191, 192
A-G for New South Wales v Trethowan [1932] Al-Maliki v Reyes [2015] EWCA Civ 32, 200,
AC 526, 173 201, 203, 207
A-G for Northern Ireland’s Reference (No 1) Al Rawi v Secretary of State for the Home
[1977] AC 105, 630 Department [2012] 1 All ER 1, 132, 134, 612,
A-G of Trinidad and Tobago v Lennox Phillip 614, 615
[1995] 1 All ER 93, 346 Al-Saadoon v UK [2010] ECHR 282, 505
xviiiTable of cases xix Al Sirri v Secretary of State for the Home B v UK (2001) 11 BHRC 667, 575 Department [2013] 1 AC 745, 215, 633 Bagg’s Case (1615) 11 Co Rep 936, 408, 434 Al Skeini v UK (2011) 53 EHRR 18, 530 Bah v UK (2012) 54 EHRR 21, 554 AMEC Ltd v Whitefriars City Estates [2005] 1 All Bank Mellat v HM Treasury (No 1) [2013] 3 WLR ER 723, 437, 445 179, 575, 614 Amann v Switzerland [2000] ECHR 88, 623 Bank Mellat v HM Treasury (No 2) [2013] UKSC Amphitrite v The King [1921] 3 KB 500, 340 39, 257, 270, 315, 435, 548, 550, 552, 553, 556, Anderson v Gorrie [1895] 1 QB 668, 143 638, 639 Anderson v UK [1997] ECHR 150, 590 Barnard v National Dock Labour Board [1953] 2 Angelini v Sweden (1986) 51 DR 41, 515 QB 18, 433 Animal Defenders International v UK (2013) 57 Baskaya and Okcuola v Turkey (2001) 31 EHRR EHRR 21, 46, 307, 529, 549, 553, 555, 564, 569, 292, 565, 567 571 Bates’ Case (1606) 2 St Tr 371, 76 Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation BBC v Johns (Inspector of Taxes) [1965] Ch 32, 342 Commission [1969] 2 AC 147, 89, 101, 411, Beatty v Gillbanks [1882] 9 QBD 308, 596 413–14, 422, 423, 467, 470 Beckett v Midland Electricity plc [2001] 1 WLR Anufrijeva v Southwark LBC [2004] QB 1124, 455, 281, 155 514 Beghal v DPP [2015] UKSC 49, 508, 512, 545, 546, Appleby v UK [2003] ECHR 222, 591 636 Arrowsmith v Jenkins [1963] 2 QB 561, 596 Belgian-Linguistic Case (1979–80) 1 EHRR 252, Arrowsmith v UK (1978) 3 EHRR 218, 515 495, 519 Arthur JS Hall v Simons [2000] 3 All ER 673, 143 Belhaj v Straw [2017] UKSC 3, 205, 208, 209 Ashbridge Investments v Minister of Housing Belize Alliance of Conservation NGOs v Dept of and Local Government [1965] 1 WLR 1320, the Environment [2003] UKPC 63, 447, 457 415 Benkharbouche v Embassy of the Republic of Ashby v Minister of Immigration [1981] NZLR Sudan [2015] 3 WLR 301, 203, 205, 206, 207, 222, 418 236, 238, 535–6 Ashby v White (1703) 2 Ld Raym 938, 13, 277 Bellinger v Bellinger [2003] 2 All ER 593, 537 Ashworth Hospital v MGN Ltd [2001] 1 All ER Benthem v Netherlands [1986] 8 EHRR 1, 503 991, 574 Berkeley v Secretary of State for the Environment Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority [2012] [2000] 3 All ER 897, 51, 433 2 AC 471, 203, 223 Bilston Corp v Wolverhampton Corp [1942] Ch Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v 391, 270 Wednesbury Corp [1948] 1 KB 223, 410, Blackburn v A-G [1971] 2 All ER 1380, 169 427–31, 433, 448, 449 Blecic v Croatia (2004) 41 EHRR 185, 556 Aston Cantlow and Wilmcote with Billesley BM v Secretary of State for the Home Dept [2010] Parochial Church Council v Wallbank [2003] 3 1 All ER 847, 616 All ER 1213, 109, 517, 539, 541, 542 Board of Education v Rice [1911] AC 179, 434, 436 Auckland Harbour Board v R [1924] AC 318, 320 Boddington v British Transport Police [1998] 2 Austin v Metropolitan Police Comr [2009] 3 All WLR 639, 409, 410, 414, 423, 466 ER 455, 508, 594 Bonnard v Perryman [1891] 2 Ch 269, 583 Austin v UK (2012) 55 EHRR 14, 499, 594 Bowles v Bank of England [1913] 1 Ch 57, 166, Autronic AG v Switzerland (1990) 12 EHRR 485, 270, 321 513 Bowman v Secular Society Ltd [1917] AC 406, AWG Group Ltd v Morrison [2006] 1 All ER 967, 443 109, 587 AXA General Insurance Ltd v HM Advocate Bowman v UK (1998) 26 EHRR 1, 49, 306, 564 [2011] 3 WLR 871, 178, 389, 407, 467 Bradlaugh v Gossett (1884) 12 QBD 271, 270 Ayr Harbour Trustees v Oswald (1883) 8 App Cas Brannigan and McBride v UK (1993) 17 EHRR 623, 421 539, 620
xx Table of cases
Breyer Group v Department of Energy and Canada (House of Commons) v Vaid [2005] 1
Climate Change [2015] 1 WLR 4559, 517 SCR 667, 269
Bribery Comr v Ranasinghe [1965] AC 172, 173 Carlsen v Rasmussen [1999] 3 CMLR 854, 223
Brind v Secretary of State for the Home Dept Carltona Ltd v Comr for Works [1943] 2 All ER
[1991] 1 AC 696, 203, 428, 431, 495 560, 65, 98, 358, 372, 375, 433
British Chiropractic Association v Singh [2010] Carl Zeiss Stiftung v Rayner & Keeler Ltd (No 2)
EWCA Civ 350, 580 [1967] 1 AC 853, 210
British Coal Corp v R [1935] AC 500, 169 Case of Proclamations (1611) 12 Co Rep 74, 77,
British Oxygen Co Ltd v Minister of Technology 195, 196, 342
[1971] AC 610, 420 Castells v Spain (1992) 14 EHRR 445, 564, 567,
British Steel v Customs and Excise Comrs [1997] 578, 589
2 All ER 366, 466 Caswell v Dairy Produce Quota Tribunal for
Brogan v UK (1989) 11 EHRR 117, 620, 635 England and Wales [1990] 2 All ER 434, 564
Bromley LBC v GLC [1983] 1 AC 768, 49, 411, 418, Cayman Islands Chief Justice v Cayman Islands
421 Governor [2014] AC 198, 109
Brown v Board of Education 347 US 483 (1954), Cestaro v Italy [2015] ECHR 352, 498, 500
10–11 CF v Security Service [2014] 2 All ER 378, 614, 616
Brown v Stott [2001] 2 All ER 97, 502, 548 Chagos Islanders v UK (2013) 56 EHRR SE15,
Case C-2134/92 Brunner v EU Treaty [1994] 1 198–9, 530
CMLR 57, 223 Chahal v UK (1996) 23 EHRR 413, 211, 217, 500, 620
Brutus v Cozens [1973] AC 854, 596 Chandler v DPP [1964] AC 763, 95, 343
Buchanan v Jennings [2005] 2 All ER 273, 273 Chapman v Orion Publishing Group Ltd [2008] 1
Buckley v Valeo 424 US 1 (1976), 52 All ER 750, 581
Budayeva v Russia (2014) 59 EHRR 2, 506, 517, 554 Chappell v UK (1987) 53 DR 241, 515
Bugdaycay v Secretary of State for the Home Charge to the Bristol Grand Jury (1832) 5 C &
Dept [1987] AC 514, 415, 428–9 P 535, 630
Bugg v DPP [1993] QB 473, 423 Chase v News Group Newspapers [2003] EMLR
Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Bank of England [1980] AC 218, 581
1090, 602, 612, 613 Chatterton v Secretary of State for India in
Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate [1965] AC Council (1895) 2 QB 189, 579
75, 167, 348 Cheall v Association of Professional, Executive,
Buron v Denman (1848) 2 Ex 167, 212 Clerical and Computer (APEX) [1983] 1 All ER
Bushell v Secretary of State for the Environment 1130, 436
[1981] AC 75, 372, 437, 480 Cheney v Conn (Inspector of Taxes) [1968] 1 All
Bushell’s Case (1670) 6 St Tr 999, 143 ER 779, 167
Buttes Gas and Oil Co v Hammer (Nos 2 and 3) Chief Constable of North Wales Police v Evans
[1981] 3 All ER 616, 209 [1982] 3 All ER 141, 458
China Navigation Co Ltd v A-G [1932] 2 KB 197,
Calveley v Chief Constable of Merseyside Police 191
[1989] AC 1228, 455 Church of Scientology of California v Johnson-
Calvin v Carr [1980] AC 574, 423, 436 Smith [1972] 1 QB 522, 276
Calvin’s Case (1608) 7 Co Rep 1a, 191, 335 Case 283/81 CILFIT Srl v Ministro della Sanita
Cambridge Water Co v English Counties Leather [1982] ECR 3415, 234
[1994] 2 AC 264, 59 Cinnamond v British Airports Authority [1980] 2
Campbell v Hall (1774) 1 Cowp 204, 196 All ER 368, 436
Campbell v MGN Ltd [2004] 2 All ER 995, 38, 543, Citizens United v Federal Election Commission
550, 583, 584, 630 558 US 50 (2010), 305
Campbell and Cosans v UK (1982) 4 EHRR 293, City of London Corp v Samede [2012] 2 All ER
515 1039, 565, 567, 591Table of cases xxi
Clark (Procurator Fiscal Kirkcaldy) v Kelly [2003] DSD v Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police
1 All ER 1106, 150 [2015] 3 WLR 966, 494, 510, 525
Clark v University of Lincolnshire and D v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
Humberside [2000] 3 All ER 752, 466 [2015] 1 WLR 1833, 540, 552, 554
Case T-424/14 and T-424/15 ClientEarth v D v East Berkshire Community Health NHS Trust
European Commission (2015), 242, 608 [2005] 2 AC 373, 130, 455
Clift v Slough BC [2009] 4 All ER 756, 579 D v Home Office [2006] 1 All ER 183, 129, 466
Clooth v Belgium (1992) 14 EHRR 717, 507 D v NSPCC [1978] AC 171, 95, 612
CN v UK (2013) 56 EHRR 24, 501 D v Secretary of State for the Home Department
Cocks v Thanet DC [1983] 2 AC 286, 465, 466 [2015] 1 WLR 2217, 499, 548
Commission for Racial Equality v Dutton [1989] Darnall’s Case: The Case of the Five Knights
QB 783, 587 (1627) 3 St Tr 1, 76
Case 804/79 Commission v UK [1981] ECR 1045, Da Silva v UK App. 5878/08 (ECHR, 30 March
226 2016), 554
Comrs of Crown Lands v Page [1960] 2 QB 274, 340 Davy v Spelthorne BC [1984] AC 262, 95, 465
Coney v Choice [1975] 1 All ER 979, 432 Case 43/75 Defrenne v Sabena [1976] ECR 455,
Congreve v Home Office [1976] QB 629, 342, 411 236
Connor v Surrey CC [2010] 3 All ER 905, 455 Delvigne v Commune de Lesparre-Médoc [2016]
Connors v UK (2004) 40 EHRR 189, 510, 511, 512 1 WLR 1223, 300
Conway v Rimmer [1968] AC 910, 89, 612, 613 De Jager v A-G of Natal [1907] AC 326, 191
Cook v Alexander [1974] QB 279, 277 Demicoli v Malta (1992) 14 EHRR 47, 268
Cooke v Secretary of State for Social Services Demir v Turkey (2009) 48 EHRR 54, 495
[2002] 3 All ER 279, 469 Derbyshire CC v Times Newspapers Ltd [1993] 1
Cooper v Hawkins [1904] 2 KB 164, 341 All ER 1011, 578
Cooper v UK (2004) 39 EHRR 8, 529 De Wilde v Belgium (1979–80) 1 EHRR 373, 507
Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works (1863) 14 Cases C-293/12 and C-594/12 Digital Rights
CB (NS) 180, 179, 408, 434 Ireland v Minister for Communications,
Copsey v WBB Devon Clays Ltd [2005] EWCA Marine and Natural Resources [2014] ECR
Civ 932, 32, 38, 40, 470, 516 I-238, 629
Corporate Officer of the House of Commons v Dickson v UK (2008) 24 BHRC 19, 552
Information Commissioner [2009] 3 All ER Dimes v Grand Junction Canal Co (1852) 3 HLC
403, 272, 605 759, 443
Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] CMLR 425, 175, DM (Zimbabwe) V Secretary of State for the
224 Home Department [2016] 1 WLR 2108, 218
Costello-Roberts v UK (1993) 19 EHRR 112, 500 Doughty v Rolls-Royce plc [1992] 1 CMLR 1045,
Council of Civil Service Unions (CCSU) v Minister 236
for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374, 344, 346, Douglas and Zeta-Jones v Hello! Ltd [2001] 2 All
408, 409, 410, 414, 427, 431, 436, 438, 621 ER 289, 498, 543, 573
Countryside Alliance v UK (2010) 50 EHRR SE6, DPP v Clarke [1992] Crim LR 60, 597
553, 555 DPP v Fidler [1992] 1 WLR 91, 598
Cream Holdings v Banerjee [2004] 4 All ER 617, DPP v Head [1959] AC 83, 423
573 DPP v Jones [1999] 2 All ER 257, 591
Creanga v Romania (2013) 56 EHRR 11, 508 Dr Bonham’s Case (1610) 8 Co Rep 114a, 177, 408,
Credit Suisse v Allerdale BC [1996] 4 All ER 129, 434
409, 423, 458 Duchy of Lancaster Case (1561) 75 ER 325, 74, 335
Cullen v Chief Constable of the RUC [2004] 2 All Dudgeon v UK (1982) 4 EHRR 149, 552
ER 237, 9, 455, 466, 540 Duncan v Jones [1936] 1 KB 218, 593
Culnane v Morris [2006] 2 All ER 149, 49, 134, Dunlop Rubber Co Ltd v Dunlop [1921] 1 AC
155, 273, 276, 307 367, 577xxii Table of cases
Dunlop v Woollahra Municipal Council [1982] Case 6/90 Francovich v Italy [1991] ECR I-5357,
AC 158, 340, 455 235, 237, 455
Dunn v R [1896] 1 QB 116, 371 Franklin v Minister of Town and Country
Duport Steels Ltd v Sirs [1980] 1 All ER 529, 147, Planning [1948] AC 87, 434, 446
154 Fraser v HM Advocate [2011] UKSC 24, 101
Fredin v Sweden (1991) 13 EHRR 784, 517
Edinburgh & Dalkeith Railway Co v Wauchope Fressoz v France (1999) 5 BHRC 654, 569
(1842) 8 Cl and F 710, 85, 166 Furnell v Whangerei High Schools Board [1973]
Edwards v UK (2002) 35 EHRR 487, 509 AC 660, 435
Edwards and Lewis v UK (2003) 15 BHRC 189, 613
Ellen Street Estates Ltd v Minister of Health Gallagher v Lynn [1937] AC 863, 386
[1934] 1 KB 590, 168 Galloway v Telegraph Group [2006] EWCA Civ
Elmbridge BC v Secretary of State for the 17, 581
Environment, Transport and the Regions Garland v British Rail Engineering Ltd [1983] 2
[2002] Env LR 1, 437 AC 751, 175
Engelke v Musmann [1928] AC 433, 210 Gaskin v UK (1990) 12 EHRR 36, 603
Entick v Carrington (1765) 19 St Tr 1029, 85, 95, General Medical Council v BBC [1998] 1 WLR
341, 410 1573, 95, 475
Equal Opportunities Commission v Secretary of Ghaidan v Mendoza [2004] 3 All ER 411, 44, 122,
State for Employment [1994] 1 All ER 910, 176 518, 535, 536, 537, 542, 560
Estrada v Al Juffali [2016] 3 WLR 243, 208 Gibson v East Riding of Yorkshire DC [2000] ICR
Case 302/87 European Parliament v Council 890, 235
(Comitology) [1988] ECR 5615, 227 Gibson v Lord Advocate [1975] SLT 134, 171
Eweida v UK [2013] ECHR 37, 498, 514, 516, 553, Gillan and Quinton v UK [2010] ECHR 28, 132,
554 508, 513, 526, 545, 636
Ex parte Anderson (1861) 3 E & E 487, 194 Gillberg v Sweden (2013) 31 BHRC 247, 602
Ex parte Brown (1864) 33 LJ QB 193, 194 Gillick v West Norfolk AHA [1986] AC 112, 407
Ex parte Canon Selwyn (1872) 36 JP 54, 171 Gillies v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
Ex parte O’Brian [1923] 2 KB 361, 456 [2006] 1 All ER 731, 445
Ezelin v France (1992) 14 EHRR 362, 590, 594, 595 Godden v Hales (1686) 11 St Tr 1165, 76, 79
Goldsmith v Bhoyrul [1998] QB 459, 578
Feldbrugge v the Netherlands (1986) 8 EHRR 425, Goodridge v Chief Constable of Hampshire
503 Constabulary [1999] 1 All ER 896, 612
Financial Times v UK [2009] ECHR 2065, 574 Goodwin v UK (2002) 35 EHRR 18, 497, 555, 574
Findlay v Secretary of State for the Home Dept Gough v UK [2014] ECHR 1156, 553
[1985] AC 318, 435, 439 Gaughran v Chief Constable of the Police Service
Findlay v UK (1997) 24 EHRR 221, 497 of Northern Ireland [2015] 2 WLR 1303, 513, 548
Fisher v R [1903] AC 158, 322 Gouriet v Union of Post Office Workers [1978] AC
Fitt v UK (2000) 30 EHRR 480, 613 435, 361, 469
Flood v Times Newspapers [2012] UKSC 11, 581 GS (India) v Secretary of State for the Home
Florea v Judicial Authority Carei Courthouse Department [2015] 1 WLR 3312, 218, 500, 512
Romania [2015] 1 WLR 1953, 218, 500 Case 230/81 Grand Duchy of Luxembourg v
Case C-188/89 Foster v British Gas [1990] ECR Parliament [1983] 2 CMLR 726, 230
I-3313, 236 Guardian News and Media Ltd v AB CD [2014] 4
Fox v Stirk [1970] 2 QB 463, 298 All ER (D) 88, 576
Francis v Secretary of State for Work and Case C-249/96 Grant v South West Trains [1998]
Pensions [2006] 1 All ER 748, 519 ECR I-621, 236
Francome v Mirror Group Newspapers [1984] 2 Case C-167/94 Grau Gomis [1995] ECR I-1023,
All ER 408, 612 240Table of cases xxiii
Greens v UK (2010) 53 EHRR 710, 299 Hirst and Agu v West Yorkshire Chief Constable
Guerra v Italy (1998) 26 EHRR 357, 513, 554, 603 [1987] 85 Crim App Rep 143, 596
Guzzardi v Italy (1981) 3 EHRR 333, 508 HJ (Iran) v Secretary of State for the Home Dept
[2010] 3 WLR 386, 217
H v Lord Advocate [2012] 3 WLR 151, 56, 169, HM Advocate v Martin and Miller [2010] UKSC
219, 382, 386, 394 10, 386
H v Deputy Prosecutor of the Italian Republic HM Advocate v Murtagh [2010] 3 WLR 814, 550
Genoa [2012] 3 WLR 90, 219 HM Advocate v R [2004] 1 AC 462, 122
Hall & Co Ltd v Shoreham-By-Sea UDC [1964] 1 HM v Switzerland (2002) 38 EHRR 314, 39
All ER 1, 428 HM Treasury v Ahmed [2010] 2 AC 534, 134, 638
Hamilton v Al Fayed [1999] 3 All ER 317, 180, Hoffman-La Roche & Co v Secretary of State for
274, 277 Trade and Industry [1974] 2 All ER 1128, 270,
Hammersmith and Fulham LBC v Secretary of 423
State for the Environment [1991] 1 AC 521, 429 Homer v Cadman (1886) 16 Cox CC 51, 596
Hampshire CC v Beer [2003] EWCA Civ 1056, Holland v Lampen–Wolfe [2000] 1 WLR 1573, 205
462, 464 Hone v Maze Prison Board of Visitors [1988] 1 All
Handyside v UK (1976) 1 EHRR 737, 497, 548, ER 321, 431, 437
564, 565 Hoon v UK [2014] ECHR 1442, 272
Hanif and Khan v UK (2012) 55 EHRR 16, 442, Case C-428/07 Horvath [2009] ECR I-6355, 384–5
444, 526 Hounga v Allen [2014] 1 WLR 2889, 203
Harb v Prince Abdul Aziz Bin Fahd [2015] 1 All HRH Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers
ER 77, 207 Ltd [2007] 2 All ER 139, 585
Harper v Home Secretary [1955] Ch 238, 303 Hristozov v Bulgaria [2012] ECHR 608, 553
Harris v Minister of the Interior [1952] (2) SA 428, HSE v Wolverhampton City Council [2012] UKSC
173 34, 418
Harris v Sheffield United Football Club [1988] QB Huang v Secretary of State for the Home
77, 593 Department [2007] UKHL 11, 217, 467
Harrison v Duke of Rutland [1893] 1 QB 142, 590 Hubbard v Pitt [1976] QB 142, 590
Hassan v UK [2014] ECHR 936, 204, 531 Hutchinson- Reid v UK [2003] ECHR 94, 507
Hatton v UK (2003) 37 EHRR 28, 513, 520, 554,
555 Imperial Tobacco Ltd v Lord Advocate [2012]
Hazar and Acik v Turkey (1991) 72 DR 200, 515 UKSC 61, 387
Hazell v Hammersmith and Fulham LBC [1992] Incal v Turkey (2000) 29 EHRR 449, 587
2 AC 1, 412 Independent News and Media Ltd v A [2010]
Hector v A-G of Antigua and Bermuda [1990] 2 EWCA Civ 343, 577
All ER 103, 564 Independent Schools Council v Charity
Helle v Finland (1998) 26 EHRR 159, 448 Commission for England and Wales [2012] 1
Hellewell v Chief Constable of Derbyshire [1995] All ER 127, 45, 469
4 All ER 473, 611 In Re G (A Child) (Same–sex Relationship: Family
Helow v Secretary of State for the Home Dept Life Declaration) [2015] 1 WLR 826, 540
[2009] 2 All ER 1031, 445 In Re G (Adoption) (Unmarried Couple) [2009] 1
Henry Boot Ltd v Malmaison Hotel Ltd [2001] AC 173, 36, 518, 519
QB 388, 168 In Re McCaughey [2011] UKSC 20, 509, 527, 532,
Hickman v Maisey [1900] 1 QB 752, 590 533
Hillingdon LBC v Neary [2011] 4 All ER 584, 552 In Re McKerr [2004] 1 WLR 807, 59, 202, 496, 532,
Hipperson v Newbury Electoral Registration 534, 538
Officer [1985] QB 1060, 298 In Re Recovery of Medical Costs for Asbestos
Hirst v UK (No 2) (2006) 42 EHRR 849, 47, 114, Diseases [2015] 2 WLR 481, 517, 548, 550, 552,
298, 299, 300, 496, 555 554, 555, 556xxiv Table of cases
Interbrew SA v Competition Commission [2001] Jordan v Burgoyne [1963] 2 QB 744, 597
EWHC 367 (Admin), 485 Joseph v Spiller [2011] 1 All ER 947, 579
International Transport Roth GmbH v Secretary Joyce v DPP [1946] AC 347, 191
of State for the Home Dept [2003] QB 728, 178
Case 11/70 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft Kapri v Lord Advocate [2013] 4 All ER 599, 217
v Einfur-und Vorratsstelle fur Getreide und Kay v Lambeth LBC [2006] 2 AC 465, 499
Futtermittel [1970] ECR 1125, 175 Kay v Metropolitan Police Comr [2008] UKHL
Invercargill City Council v Hamlin [1996] AC 624, 69, 592
127 Kaye v Robertson [1991] FSR 62, 583
IPSA v Information Commissioner [2015] EWCA Keegan v Ireland (1994) 18 EHRR 342, 498
Civ 388, 604 Keighley’s Case (1609) 10 Co Rep 139, 407
IR (Sri Lanka) v Secretary of State for the Home Keighley v Bell (1866) 4 F and F 763, 630
Dept [2011] 4 All ER 908, 348, 448, 512 Kenedi v Hungary (2009) 27 BHRC 335, 602
IRC v National Federation of Self-Employed and Kennedy v Charity Commission [2014] UKSC 20,
Small Business Ltd [1982] AC 617, 460 431, 494, 520, 525, 528, 529, 552, 574, 602, 603,
Ireland v UK [1978] ECHR 1, 500 604
ISKCON v UK (1994) 76A DR 90, 515 Kennedy v UK (2011) 52 EHRR 4, 614
Keyu v Secretary of State for Foreign and
Jackson v Attorney General [2006] 1 AC 262, 5, Commonwealth Affairs [2015] UKSC 69, 197,
101, 138, 154, 155, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 171, 200, 212, 494, 510, 528, 529, 531, 533–4, 548
172, 173–4, 176, 178, 180, 182, 265, 266, 283, Khan v UK (2001) 31 EHRR 1016, 623
289, 352 Khawaja v Secretary of State for the Home Dept
Jameel v Wall Street Journal Europe [2006] 4 All [1983] 1 All ER 765, 415, 456
ER 1279, 581 Kinloch v HM Advocate [2013] 2 AC 93, 595
James v UK (2013) 56 EHRR 12, 459, 496, 497, 507 Kirklees MBC v Wickes Building Supplies Ltd
Janah v Libya UKEAT/0401/12/GE (2013), 235, [1992] 3 All ER 717, 237
535, 537 Klass v Federal Republic of Germany (1979–80) 2
Janowiec v Russia (2013) 58 EHRR 792, 532, 533 EHRR 214, 122, 539, 620
Jasper v UK (2000) 30 EHRR 441, 613 Kodeeswaren v A-G for Ceylon [1970] AC 1111, 371
Jeewan Mohit v DPP of Mauritius [2006] UKPC Kokkinakis v Greece (1994) 17 EHRR 397, 514,
20, 361 544
Jeffs v New Zealand Dairy Production and Kostovski v Netherlands (1989) 12 EHRR 434, 497
Marketing Board [1967] 1 AC 551, 434 Kuwait Airways v Iraqi Airways (No 1) [1995] 3
Jersild v Denmark (1994) 19 EHRR 1, 567, 569, 570 All ER 694, 206
Jessemey v Rowstock [2014] EWCA Civ 185, 236 Kuwait Airways v Iraqi Airways (Nos 4 and 5)
JIH v News Group Newspapers Ltd [2011] EWCA [2002] 2 AC 883, 209
Civ 42, 585 Kuznetov v Russia [2008] ECHR 1170, 564, 590
John v Express Newspapers Ltd [2000] 3 All ER
257, 574 Lachaux v Independent Print Ltd [2016] 2 WLR
John v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd [1996] 3 437, 577
WLR 593, 582 La Generale des Carrieres et de Mines v FG
John v Rees [1969] 2 All ER 274, 436 Hemisphere Associates LLC [2013] 1 All ER
Case C-222/84 Johnston v Chief Constable of 409, 206
Royal Ulster Constabulary [1986] ECR 1651, Laker Airways Ltd v Dept of Trade [1977] QB 643,
237 341, 348
Johnstone v Pedlar [1921] 2 AC 262, 212 Lavender & Son Ltd v Minister of Housing and
Jones v Ministry of Interior of Saudi Arabia [2007] Local Government [1970] 3 All ER 871, 421
1 All ER 113, 39, 200, 201, 205 Lawal v Northern Spirit Ltd [2004] 1 All ER 187,
Jones v UK (2014) 59 EHRR 1, 205 445Table of cases xxv
Lawless v Ireland (No 3) (1961) 1 EHRR 15, 620, Mahon v Air New Zealand Ltd [1984] 3 All ER
621 201, 437
Leach v Money (1765) 19 St Tr 1001, 85 Makudi v Baron Triesman of Tottenham [2014] 3
Leander v Sweden (1987) 9 EHRR 433, 602 All ER 36, 273
Lee v Bude and Torrington Railway Co (1871) LR Malone v Metropolitan Police Comr [1979] Ch
6 CP 576, 85, 166 344, 130, 342, 495, 623
Leech v Parkhurst Prison Deputy Governor Malone v UK (1984) 7 EHRR 14, 583, 623
[1988] 1 All ER 485, 435 Manchester City Council v Pinnock [2010] 3 WLR
Lee-Hirons v Secretary of State for Justice [2016] 1441, 448, 514, 527, 528, 539, 543, 554
UKSC 46, 507, 540 Mandla v Dowell-Lee [1983] 1 All ER 1062, 587
Liberal Party v UK (1982) 4 EHRR 106, 295 Manuel v A-G [1982] 3 All ER 822, 167, 169, 172,
Lingens v Austria (1986) 8 EHRR 103, 552, 564, 173
578 Marais v General Officer Commanding [1902] AC
Lindon v France [2007] ECHR 836, 564 109, 631
Lindsay v UK [1979] 3 CMLR 166, 295 Marbury v Madison (1803) 1 Cranch 14, 165, 168
Lion Laboratories Ltd v Evans [1985] QB 526, 611 Marcic v Thames Water Utilities Ltd [2004] 1 All
Liversidge v Anderson [1942] AC 206, 621 ER 135, 377, 455, 513, 517, 554
Lloyd v McMahon [1987] 1 All ER 1118, 436 Marckx v Belgium (1979) 2 EHRR 330, 517
Local Government Board v Arlidge [1915] AC Case C-62/00 Marks and Spencer [2002] ECR
120, 434 I-6325, 236
Lochner v New York 198 US 45 (1905), 11 Case C-106/89 Marleasing SA v La Comercial
Locobail (UK) v Bayfield Properties [2000] QB Internacional de Alimentacion SA [1992] 1
451, 444 CMLR 305, 236
London and Clydeside Estates Ltd v Aberdeen Case 152/81 Marshall v Southampton and South
District Council [1979] 3 All ER 876, 423 West Hampshire Area HA (No 1) [1986] ECR
Lonrho v Secretary of State for Trade and 723, 236
Industry [1989] 2 All ER 609, 447 Matthews v UK (1998) 28 EHRR 361, 238
Lord Advocate v Dumbarton DC [1990] 2 AC 580, Maslov v Austria [2009] INLR 47, 217
341 Matthews v Ministry of Defence [2003] 1 AC
Lord Advocate v The Scotsman Publications Ltd 1163, 502, 556
[1990] 1 AC 812, 610 Matthieu-Mohun v Belgium (1988) 10 EHRR 1,
287, 295
M v Home Office (QBD) [1992] 4 All ER 97 Maxwell v Dept of Trade and Industry [1974] 2
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431, 433, 469, 480, 501, 502, 503, 504, 526, 529 R (BB) v SIAC [2011] 4 All ER 210, 614You can also read
