Cybercrime in Canadian Criminal Law - CARSWELL - Sara M. Smyth, LL.M., Ph. D.
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Cybercrime
in Canadian
Criminal Law
Sara M. Smyth, LL.M., Ph. D.
Member of the Law Society of British Columbia
CARSWELLTable of Contents
Preface v
Table of Cases xvii
PART ONE
Introduction to Cybercrime and the Regulation of Cyberspace
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cyberspace and Cybercrime 3
Cybercrime and the Internet 3
Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) 5
The Net Expands 6
The Internet's Unique Layered Architecture 9
The Anatomy of a Computer 11
Cyberspace and Criminal Activity 15
What Challenges Does Computercrime Pose for Criminal Justice? 18
How Serious Is the Cybercrime Problem? 19
Why Should We be Concerned about Computercrime? 21
Conclusion 21
Questions for Further Thinking and Discussion 22
Chapter 2: Introduction to the Regulation of Cyberspace 23
Introduction 23
Cyberspace as a Unique Place 24
Social Contracts in Cyberspace 26
The Regulation Debate 28
Regulation in Cyberspace 31
The Role of Government 31
The Role of the Third Party 32
Government Cooperation 33
Conclusion 35
Questions for Further Thinking and Discussion 36
PART TWO
Traditional Crime in Cyberspace
Chapter 3.identity Theft and Cyber Fraud 39
Introduction 39
What Is Fraud? 40xii / Cybercrime in Canadian Criminal Law
What Is Identity Theft? 43
A Curious Tale of Mistaken Identity 44
Identity Theft Facts and Figures 45
How Does Identity Theft Happen? 45
Costs of Identity Theft 45
The Underground Economy 47
Information Targets 49
Phishing 50
How Is Phishing Carried Out? 51
Making the Lure Convincing 51
Technical Tricks 52
Pharming 52
Spyware 53
Keystroke Logging Software 53
Policy Approaches to Identity Theft 54
Legislation 55
Privacy Legislation 58
Data Breach Notification Legislation 59
Identity Theft Policies and Legislation in the United States 60
Conclusion 62
Questions for Further Thinking and Discussion 63
Chapter 4: Child Sexual Abuse and the Internet 65
Introduction 66
What Is Child Pornography? 66
Expansion with the Internet 68
The Legal Definition of Child Pornography 73
Child Pornography and Freedom of Expression 74
R. v. Sharpe and Subsequent Legislative Initiatives 76
Child Pornography Laws in the United States 82
Child Pornography and Border Searches 84
The Role of Third Parties - ISPs and Individuals 88
Individuals and Mandatory Child Pornography Reporting Laws in
Canada 88
ISPs and Filtering and Blocking 92
The Need for International Cooperation 93
The Importance of International Conventions 94
The Need for an International Law Enforcement Network 96
Child Luring 98
The Nature of Child Luring Incidents 98
Child Luring and the Law in Canada 101
Online Sting Operations and Child Luring Cases 102
Conclusion 103
Questions for Further Thinking and Discussion 104Table of Contents I xiii
Chapter 5: Bullying, Stalking and Harassment on the Internet 105
Introduction jQg
Cyber-Bullying: An Overview 106
The Law in Canada 109
Cyber-Bullying and Freedom of Expression 110
The Civil and Criminal Response to Cyber-Bullying 110
Canadian Law and Hate Speech on the Internet 114
The American Legal Framework 116
Cyber-Harassment and Cyber-Stalking 117
Proving Cyber-Stalking 120
Internet Defamation 120
Conclusion 122
Questions for Further Thinking and Discussion 122
PART THREE
Computer Misuse Crimes
Chapter 6: Viruses and Other Malicious Programs 127
Introduction 127
What Is a Virus? 128
What Is a Worm? 130
The Morris Worm 130
What Is a Trojan Horse? 131
What Is a Rootkit? 132
How Is a Malware Attack Carried Out? 133
Web Attacks 133
SQL Injection Attacks 134
Malicious Advertisements 134
Fake Codec 135
Rogue Security Software 135
Bot Networks 136
Policy Responses to Malware 138
Conclusion 139
Questions for Further Thinking and Discussion 139
Chapter 7: Hacking and Denial of Service Attacks 141
l4
Introduction '
Phone Phreaking: The Precursor to Hacking 142
The Definition of Hacking- A Form of Spying and Intrusion 143
Methods of Hacking - Digital Spying and Intrusions Explained 144
Password Cracking '44
Packet Sniffing and War Driving 144
145
Port Scanning
Scareware '*"
!46
Spy ware and Keystroke Loggersxiv / Cybercrime in Canadian Criminal Law
Social Engineering - The Art of the Con 146
Hacker Subculture and Hacker Ethics 149
Hacker Typologies and Hacker Motivations 149
The Culture of Hacking 151
Preventing and Managing Hacking - Regulatory and Non-Regulatory
Measures 154
Attacks Against Servers 156
Denial of Service Attacks 156
DoS Attacks in the Metaverse 157
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks 159
Conclusions 160
Questions for Further Thinking and Discussion 160
Chapter 8: Spam in Cyberspace 161
Introduction 161
What Is Spam? 162
Why Did Spam Proliferate? 163
Spam Laws in Canada 166
Canadian Jurisprudence 166
Canadian Legislation 167
Spam Laws in the United States 170
Trespass to Chattels 170
The CAN-SPAM Act 173
Non-Legal Measures to Combat Spam 177
Conclusion 178
Questions for Further Thinking and Discussion 180
PART FOUR
Specific Problems with the Regulation and Prosecution of Cybercriminals
Chapter 9: International Jurisdiction and the Regulation of
Cyberspace 183
Introduction 183
Specific Measures for Effective Inter-Jurisdictional Cooperation 184
The Importance of International Conventions 184
International Law Enforcement Cooperation 188
Conclusion 189
Questions for Further Thinking and Discussion 189
Chapter 10: Searching and Seizing Evidence in Cyberspace 191
Introduction 191
The Privacy and Charter Implications of Electronic Surveillance 194
Introduction to Computer Forensic Investigations 199
Lawful Access-The Future of Search and Seizure 201
Lawful Access Provisions 203
Requirements to Ensure Intercept Capability 203Table of Contents I xv Requirement to Provide Subscriber Information 209 Orders for the Preservation of Data 211 Orders for the Production of Data 213 The Personal Information and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA)... 213 Conclusion 215 Questions for Further Thinking and Discussion 216 Chapter 11: Emerging Trends and Future Concerns 219 Questions for Further Thinking and Discussion 221 Glossary 223 Index 237
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