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Journal of Physics: Conference Series
PAPER • OPEN ACCESS
Decommissioned oil production sites impact on the forest ecosystems
soil cover state (on the example of the National Park “Buzuluk Bor”)
To cite this article: L Zhichkina et al 2020 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1679 052072
View the article online for updates and enhancements.
This content was downloaded from IP address 46.4.80.155 on 17/09/2021 at 10:28APITECH II IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1679 (2020) 052072 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1679/5/052072
Decommissioned oil production sites impact on the forest
ecosystems soil cover state (on the example of the National
Park "Buzuluk Bor")
L Zhichkina1, S Zudilin1, K Zhichkin2 and O Ariskina3
1
Department of Land Management, Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Samara State Agrarian
University, 2 Uchebnaja Street, Kinel, 446552, Russia
2
Department of Economic Theory and Economics of AIC, Samara State Agrarian University, 2
Uchebnaja Street, Kinel, 446552, Russia
3
National Park «Buzuluk Bor», 3 Pochtovaya Street, Koltubanovsky, 461000, Russia
E-mail: zhichkinaln@mail.ru
Abstract. Oil and oil products are recognized as priority environmental pollutants, having a high
degree of toxicity. They can pose a threat to the vital activity of various organisms populations.
Operating and suspended production wells can directly contribute to soil pollution with oil
products. Oil pollution affects the complex of the soil morphological, physical, physicochemical,
biological properties, which determine its fertility and ecological functions. The article examines
the hydrocarbon raw materials conserved deposits as pollution sources of the forest ecosystems
soil cover. The article analyzes the results of experimental studies to determine the oil products
content, heavy metals gross and mobile forms in soil samples around decommissioned deposits.
The studies carried out confirm that the sites of the mothballed deposits contaminated with oil
products and heavy metals need monitoring, conservation and recultivation. Due to prolonged
downtime, destruction occurred in the wells. The tightness was broken. It leads to oil and gas
leakage. As a result of research carried out in 2017-2018 the soil cover contamination with oil
products of the suspended deposits was revealed. A dangerous category of soil pollution was
noted in 2017. It was observed in the area of wells No. 6, 8, 229 on the Neklyudovsky field. In
2018 wells No. 6 and No. 229 of the Neklyudovsky field were characterized by a hazardous
category of pollution. In the soil of the Neklyudovsky field of wells No. 6, 6 (gas), 8 there was
a decrease in the petroleum products content in 2018 compared to 2017. In soil samples an excess
of the heavy metals mobile forms MPC content was revealed in the Neklyudovsky field - well
No. 6, 229, in the Mogutovsky field - well No. 103-K, in the Koltubanovsky field - well No. 6.
1. Introduction
National Park "Buzuluk Bor" is a nature conservation, environmental education and research institution
located northeast of the Buzuluk city on the Orenburg and Samara regions border, its total area is
106788.28 hectares, while the following functional zones are distinguished: reserved - 5058.83 hectares,
specially protected - 10473.37 hectares, recreational and tourist - 61351.05 hectares, economic -
21781.58 hectares, educational and production - 8123.45 hectares. Specially protected natural areas refer
to objects of the nationwide property. These are areas of land, water surface and airspace above them,
where natural complexes and objects are located, which have special environmental, scientific, cultural,
aesthetic, recreational and health-improving significance. One of the National Park "Buzuluk Bor" main
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1APITECH II IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1679 (2020) 052072 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1679/5/052072
activities is the measures implementation for the natural complexes preservation in their natural state
and the violations identification and suppression of the established regime or other rules for the
environment protection and use [1-4].
The forest appeared on sand dunes and ridges in the Borovka river basin about 6-7 thousand years
ago. It is located in a river basin, which is 100-150 m lower than the surrounding territories. Most of the
basin is occupied by sands - their thickness reaches 90 m. There are developed sand dunes and manes
occupied by forests, which give the landscape a peculiar pattern. The pine forest is about 32 km long
and 50 km wide and is surrounded by a deciduous forest strip. Deciduous forests are found along the
Borovka River. They are dominated by oak, poplar, alder. Separate areas of aspen and birch forests are
found throughout the forest. Most of the massif is pine and mixed forests. The steppe around Buzuluk
pine forest is an object of agricultural development.
The pine forest formation on the sandy terraces of the Borovka and Samara rivers had a significant
impact on its morphological complexity and landscape heterogeneity. In the National Park "Buzuluk
Bor" the forests following groups are distinguished: lichen pine forests, mossy pine forests, pseudo-
grass forests, complex forests, oak forests, types of soft breeds. On the pine forest territory the there are
857 species of plants, 55 species of mammals, 180 species of birds, 8 species of reptiles, 6 species of
amphibians, 24 species of fish.
The soil cover of the National Park "Buzuluk Bor" is formed during the course of podzolic, soddy
(humus-accumulative) and bog soil formation processes. It happens under the geomorphological factors
influence, the level of groundwater occurrence, climatic conditions, various parent rocks and plant
communities [5, 6]. The soils are characterized by a parent rocks light texture (red-colored sandstones,
conglomerates), which determines good water permeability and aeration, and low water-holding
capacity. In the upper part of the Samara and Borovka rivers floodplain, meadow-chernozemic soils are
widespread, in the floodplain central part - soddy-grained, in the lower part - boggy (humus-boggy,
humus-peat-boggy) soils. The first terrace above the floodplain is characterized by dark gray forest soils
with varying degrees of podzolization and meadow chernozems. The second terrace above the floodplain
is represented by dark gray and gray forest soils with sandy loam or sandy varieties; in the depressions,
there are meadow-boggy and dark gray forest soils of podzolization varying degrees. The third above-
floodplain terrace is characterized by light gray, gray, and dark gray forest soils.
Soil pollution with oil is an inevitable consequence of the technological processes use for its
extraction, processing and transportation. Oil pollution affects the physicochemical properties, water
and air regimes of the soil [7-10]. Oil is currently one of the environmental pollutants. This pollutant
danger is associated with the high sensitivity of higher plants to it. Moreover, that they occupy a key
position in almost all terrestrial ecosystems, determining the existence and composition of other
biological components of biogeocenoses [11-15].
Deposits development in the National Park "Buzuluk Bor" began in 1948 after geological
exploration. As a result of the work performed, hydrocarbon deposits were discovered, including
Mogutovsky, Neklyudovsky and Koltubanovsky. Since 1973, the deposits development on the forest
territory was stopped, as incompatible with the forest fund safety. Suspended wells have been posing a
potential technogenic hazard to the unique forest area for 45 years and pose an environmental pollution
potential threat [16].
2. Methods and materials
The research purpose is to assess the pollution of the forest ecosystems soil cover in the National Park
"Buzuluk Bor" conditions. Objectives: - to determine the oil products content in soil samples near the
out-of-service Neklyudovsky fields - wells No. 6 (gas), 6, 8, 218, 229; Mogutovsky - wells No. 2, 103-
K and Koltubanovsky - wells No. 1, 2, 3, 6; - to analyze the content of heavy metals gross and mobile
forms in the soil around the decommissioned deposits.
At each control site, in accordance with the requirements of state standard (GOST) 28168-89, GOST
17.4.3.01-83 and GOST 17.4.4.02-84, one kilogram of soil samples were taken using the envelope
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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1679 (2020) 052072 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1679/5/052072
method (from 5 spot samples of 200 g each), sampling depth 0-20 cm. The size of one test site was 20-
30 m.
The analysis of soil samples was carried out for the oil products content, the heavy metals bulk and
mobile forms (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Co, Mn, Cr, Fe). To assess the soil pollution degree, the chemical
analyzes results were compared with the soil contamination levels by oil products, maximum
permissible (MPC) and tentatively permissible (APC) concentrations of chemicals in the soil in
accordance with regulatory documents (Hygienic Standards (GN) 2.1.7.2041-06, GN 2.1.7.25. 11-09).
Contamination with oil products was assessed according to Sanitary Regulations and Standards
(SanPiN) 2.1.7.1287-03.
3. Results and discussion
The soil accumulates chemical substances that cause pollution, and as a natural buffer, it limits the
transfer of pollutants and compounds into the atmosphere, hydrosphere and living organisms [17, 18].
With repeated oil spills, the formation of solid resinous-asphaltene covers occurs, which adversely
affects the properties of the soil and thereby affects the plants growth and development. In addition,
petroleum products have a direct toxic effect on plants. The complex nature of pollution by oil and its
products is enhanced by the content of heavy metals, mercury, and radionuclides in them [19-23].
In 2017, the clean category included soil samples taken near the wells Neklyudovsky No. 218,
Mogutovsky No. 2, Koltubanovsky No. 1 and No. 3. The content of oil products varied from 50 to 213
mg/kg, which is less than 1 MPC (300 mg/kg). The permissible category of contamination included soil
samples taken near wells Koltubanovsky No. 6 - 490 mg/kg, Mogutovsky No. 103-K - 404 mg/kg. The
content of oil products ranged from 1 to 2 MPC (300-600 mg/kg). The samples taken near the
Neklyudovsky well No. 6 (gas) (675 mg/kg) belonged to the moderately hazardous category. The
content of oil products ranged from 2 to 5 MPC (600-1500 mg/kg). Soil samples taken near the wells
Neklyudovsky No. 6, Neklyudovsky No. 8, Neklyudovsky No. 229 belonged to the pollution hazardous
category with the content of oil products from 2911 to 8097 mg/kg, more than 5 MPC (more than 1500
mg/kg) (table 1).
Table 1. The content of oil products in soil samples (2017/2018), mg/kg.
Field Well number Content in the sample
6 5835/3522
6 (gas) 675/433
Neklyudovsky 8 8097/988
218 < 50/141
229 2911/3067
2 207/198
Mogutovsky
103-К 404/397
1 213/258
Koltubanovsky 3 143/257
6 490/528
In 2018, soil samples taken near the wells Neklyudovsky No. 218, Mogutovsky No. 2,
Koltubanovsky No. 1 and No. 3 belonged to the pure category. The content of oil products in the soil
varied from 141 to 258 mg/kg. The permissible category of contamination included soil samples taken
near the wells Koltubanovsky No. 6 - 528 mg/kg, Mogutovsky No. 103-K - 397 mg/kg, Neklyudovsky
No. 6 (gas) - 433 mg/kg. The soil samples taken near the Neklyudovsky well No. 8 belonged to the
moderately hazardous category. The content of oil products was 988 mg/kg. Soil samples taken near
wells Neklyudovsky No. 6 and No. 229 can be classified as a hazardous category of pollution, with a
content of oil products of 3522 and 3067 mg/kg respectively.
Thus, in the soil of the Neklyudovsky well No. 6, No. 6 (gas) and No. 8 there is a decrease in the
content of oil products in 2018 compared to 2017 by 1.6-8.2 times, in the soil of the Mogutovsky field
wells No. 2 and No. 103-K and this the regularity remains. An increase in the content of oil products in
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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1679 (2020) 052072 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1679/5/052072
the soil is typical for the Koltubanovsky field (0.6-0.9 times) wells No. 1, No. 3, No. 6 and Neklyudovsky
wells No. 218 (2.9 times) and No. 229 (0.9 times).
The heavy metals high content in various objects of the biosphere has a depressing and even toxic
effect on living organisms. Accumulating in the soil, they are able to change its biological properties (to
reduce the total number and species composition of microorganisms, to influence the intensity of
microbiological processes and the activity of soil enzymes) [24-30].
In 2017, the APC excess in the heavy metals gross form was noted in soil samples taken near the
wells Neklyudovsky No. 8 (nickel), No. 229 (copper, zinc), Mogutovsky well No. 103-K (nickel). Soil
samples taken near wells No. 6, No. 6 (gas), No. 218 of the Neklyudovsky field, well No. 2 of the
Mogutovsky field, wells No. 1, No. 3, No. 6 of the Koltubanovsky field belonged to the pure category
(table 2).
Table 2. Content of heavy metals in soil samples (gross form) (2017 - numerator, 2018 - denominator),
mg / kg.
Well Pb Cu Zn Ni Cd Co Mn Cr Fe
number APC 130 APC 132 APC 220 APC 80 APC 2,0 MPC 1500 APC 100
Neklyudovsky field
13.8 13.6 91.3 33.1 0.29 3.32 295 21.8 8895
6
8.90 22.2 88.5 32,8 0.82 4.49 619 14.7 7773
18.3 28.4 112 54.6 0.40 6.82 1118 34.0 20253
6 (gas)
22.0 29.5 96.3 43.9 0,58 4.66 1063 22.5 14115
9.46 49.5 116 87.5 0.41 8.75 570 45.3 27528
8
11.1 37.3 116 48.2 0.43 7.31 1037 25.7 16507
9.02 19.2 47.5 50.3 0.32 8.44 740 41.9 16559
218
9.92 21,7 57.8 45.2 0.36 5.98 589 23.0 15568
116 186 1745 49.2 0.30 5.61 1183 45.7 131408
229
112 28.3 337 31,2 0.28 2.61 454 19.9 22447
Mogutovsky field
6.11 13.9 40.5 35.5 0.16 4.41 375 29.4 13036
2
7.19 22.5 63.0 37.7 0.26 3.36 505 14.8 9256
7.35 23.9 79.3 106 0.28 10.4 425 4.2 14123
103-К
9.87 44.0 136 123 0.80 13.2 475 19.6 10150
Koltubanovsky field
5.49 12.7 46.8 38.8 0.15 4.67 331 32.8 13435
1
5.24 14.4 49.8 32.6 0.23 4.78 293 19.2 9732
4.79 22.6 61.5 43.0 0.15 5.30 329 35.2 12203
3
5.48 24.0 66.8 29.8 0.22 4.02 195 15.0 8555
7.57 29.3 46.8 46.4 0.30 13.2 411 34.7 14791
6
9.11 49.0 72.0 43.0 0.30 6.63 581 19.3 10458
In 2018, the APC excess in heavy metals gross form was noted only in soil samples taken near well
No. 229 of the Neklyudovsky deposit - for zinc, well No. 103-K of the Mogutovsky deposit - for nickel.
Thus, in the soil of the Neklyudovsky deposit in 2018, the gross content of copper, zinc - well No.
229 and nickel - well No. 8 decreased compared to 2017. The APC excess was noted only for zinc (1.5
APC). In the soil of the Mogutovsky well No. 103-K, the gross nickel content increased by 16%.
In 2017, the MPC excess for heavy metals mobile forms was observed for lead (314 mg/kg), copper
(8.70 mg/kg), zinc (590 mg/kg) - Neklyudovsky field well No. 229, for zinc (25.5 mg/kg) -
Neklyudovsky field well No. 6, for copper (4.85 mg/kg), nickel (11 mg/kg), chromium (7.56 mg/kg) -
Mogutovsky field well No. 103-K, for copper (3.70 mg/kg) - Koltubanovsky field well No. 6. The pure
category included soil samples taken near wells No. 6 (gas), No. 8, No. 218 - Neklyudovsky field; well
No. 2 - Mogutovsky field; well No. 1, 3 - Koltubanovsky field (table 3).
In 2018, the MPC excess for heavy metals mobile forms was observed for lead (17.1 mg/kg), zinc
(76.0 mg/kg) - Neklyudovsky field well No. 229, for copper (5.05 mg/kg), nickel (6.16 mg/kg) -
Mogutovsky field well No. 103-K. Soil samples taken near wells No. 6 (gas), No. 6, No. 8, No. 218 of
the Neklyudovsky field; well No. 2 of the Mogutovsky field; wells No. 1, No. 3, No. 6 of the
Koltubanovsky field belonged to the pure category.
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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1679 (2020) 052072 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1679/5/052072
Table 3. Heavy metals content in soil samples (mobile form) (2017 - numerator, 2018 - denominator),
mg/kg.
Well Pb Cu Zn Ni Cd Co Mn Cr Fe
number MPC 6,0 MPC 3,0 MPC 23,0 MPC 4,0 MPC 5,0 MPC 100 MPC 6,0
Neklyudovsky field
2.85 0.41 25.5 1.52 0.046 0.12 67.6 2.11 157
6
0.90 0.29 11.9 0.33 0.188 0.66 46.7 0.15 14.4
0.75 0.65 17.0 1.41 0.114 0.14 77.4 1.55 6.91
6 (gas)
1.06 0.51 10.1 1.25 0.130 0.36 31.7 0.15 1.05
0.65 1.58 20.0 2.60 0.110 0.17 21.6 0.97 96.6
8
1.00 0.52 4.76 0.52 0.089 0.29 27.6 0.51 3.52
0.15 0.32 1.72 1.24 0.109 0.13 24.8 0.83 20.0
218
1.05 0.28 0.68 0.56 0.069 0.21 32.3 0.13 6.89
314 8.70 590 2.42 0.090 0.17 22.4 1.74 716
229
17.1 0.80 76.0 0.66 0.058 0.62 16.9 0.35 93.0
Mogutovsky field
0.77 0.64 3.75 0.57 0.056 0.12 20.0 0.53 25.7
2
0.71 1.05 2.66 0.84 0.053 0.40 29.3 0.65 2.47
0.57 4.85 13.8 11.0 0.100 0.51 93.8 7.56 2.88
103-К
0.58 5.05 11.1 6.16 0.147 0.83 35.0 3.29 3.01
Koltubanovsky field
0.67 0.42 8.65 0.76 0.038 0.20 18.5 0.36 74.2
1
0.95 0.80 5.37 0.43 0.041 0.19 29.2 0.23 31.9
0.47 1.07 9.40 0.78 0.047 0.13 16.7 0.70 54.0
3
0,5 0.90 14.8 1.15 0.053 0.32 20.0 0.47 24.6
0.65 3.70 6.45 2.16 0.115 0.38 26.9 1.16 108
6
1.02 1.9 5.68 1.57 0.057 1.41 33.7 0.39 39.6
Thus, in the soil of the Neklyudovsky deposit, the zinc content (well No. 6), the lead, copper, zinc
content (well No. 229) decreased compared to 2017. This pattern was observed in the soils of the
Mogutovsky field for nickel (well No. 103-K) and the Koltubanovsky deposit for copper (well No. 6)
too. In soil samples taken near the Mogutovsky field, the copper mobile forms content increased by
4.1%.
Table 4. Forest ecosystems soil contamination categories with chemicals (mobile form) exceeding the
MPC.
Field Well number Chemical Substance Hazard class Pollution category
2017 г.
lead 1 class extremely dangerous
229 copper 2 class dangerous
Neklyudovsky zinc 1 class extremely dangerous
6 zinc 1 class dangerous
copper 2 class dangerous
Mogutovsky 103-К nickel 2 class dangerous
chromium 2 class dangerous
Koltubanovsky 6 copper 2 class dangerous
2018 г.
lead 1 class dangerous
Neklyudovsky 229
zinc 1 class dangerous
copper 2 class permissible
Mogutovsky 103-К
nickel 2 class permissible
In 2017 soil samples taken near well No. 229 of the Neklyudovsky field, the pollution category is
extremely dangerous for lead (52.3 MPC mobile form) and zinc (25.7 MPC mobile form). A dangerous
5APITECH II IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1679 (2020) 052072 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1679/5/052072
category of copper pollution was noted in soil samples near wells No. 229 of the Neklyudovsky deposit
(2.9 MPC), No. 103-K of the Mogutovsky field (1.6 MPC), and No. 6 of the Koltubanovsky field (1.2
MPC). Soil samples taken near well No. 103-K of the Mogutovsky deposit belong to the contamination
hazardous category for nickel (2.75 MPC) and chromium (1.26 MPC) (table 4).
In 2018 soil samples taken near well No. 229 of the Neklyudovsky field, the pollution hazardous
category was identified for lead (2.9 MPC) and zinc (3.3 MPC). The permissible pollution category for
copper (1.7 MPC) and nickel (1.5 MPC) was noted in soil samples near well No. 103-K of the
Mogutovsky field.
4. Conclusion
As a result of research carried out in 2017-2018. In the National Park "Buzuluk Bor" it was revealed
that the soil cover was contaminated with oil products of the out-of-service deposits of Neklyudovsky,
Mogutovsky and Koltubanovsky. A soil pollution dangerous category was noted in 2017 in the area of
wells No. 6 (19.5 MPC), No. 8 (27 MPC), No. 229 (9.7 MPC) of the Neklyudovsky field. In 2018, wells
No. 6 (12 MPC) and No. 229 (11 MPC) of the Neklyudovsky field were characterized by a pollution
hazardous category. In the soil of the Neklyudovsky field wells No. 6, No. 6 (gas), No. 8, a decrease in
the oil products content is noted in 2018 compared to 2017. For the fields Koltubanovsky wells No. 1,
No. 3, No. 6 and Neklyudovsky wells No. 218 and No. 229, a slight increase in pollution is characteristic
soil with petroleum products. During the research years, in soil samples, the MPC excess content of
heavy metals mobile forms was noted in the Neklyudovsky field well No. 6, No. 229, the Mogutovsky
field well No. 103-K, in the Koltubanovsky field well No. 6. In 2017, an extremely dangerous category
of the mobile forms content of lead (52.3 MPC) and zinc (25.7 MPC) was formed near well No. 229 of
the Neklyudovsky deposit, a pollution dangerous category in terms of the mobile forms content of
copper was noted near well No. 229 of the Neklyudovsky field (2.9 MPC), well No. 103-K of the
Mogutovsky deposit 1.6 MPC), well No. 6 of the Koltubanovsky field (1.2 MPC). Soil samples taken
near well No. 103-K of the Mogutovsky field belonged to the pollution dangerous category in terms of
the mobile forms content of nickel (2.75 MPC) and chromium (1.26 MPC). In 2018, in soil samples
taken near well No. 229 of the Neklyudovsky field, a pollution dangerous category was identified in
terms of the mobile forms content of lead (2.9 MPC) and zinc (3.3 MPC). Due to prolonged downtime,
destruction occurred in the wells, the tightness was broken, which leads to oil and gas leakage. The sites
of the out-of-service deposits contaminated with oil products and heavy metals need to be mothballed
and remediated.
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