Dietetic Counselling in Primary Care
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Dietetic Counselling
in Primary CareDietetic Counselling in Primary Care
DIETETIC Counselling in Primary Care [Archivo de ordenador] / [authors, Ma Luisa Castilla Romero ... et al.]. -- [Sevilla] : Consejería de Salud, [2005] 52 p. ; pdf 1. Promoción de la salud 2. Educación nutricional 3. Ejercicio 4. Atención primaria de salud I. Castilla Romero, Mª Luisa II. Andalucía. Consejería de Salud WA 590 Authors: • Mª Luisa CASTILLA ROMERO, Andalusian Community Nursery Association(ASANEC in Spanish),nurse atl CS Puerto de Sta Maria (Cádiz) • Carmen Pilar JIMÉNEZ LORENTE, Andalusian Family and Community Medicine Society (SAMFyC in Spanish).Nutrition and Physical Activity work group Coordinator. M.D. atl CS Churriana de la Vega (Granada) • Carmen LAMA HERRERA, M.D.,Andalusian Health Service. • Jesús MUÑOZ BELLERIN, Psychologist, coordinator of the Plan for the Promotion of Physical Activity and Balanced Diet. Andalusian Health Ministry (autonomous government). • Joaquín OBANDO Y DE LA CORTE, M.D., Zona Basica de Salud Andévalo Occidental (Huelva). • Juana Mª RABAT RESTREPO, Andalusian Clinical Nutrition and Dietetic Society (SANCyD in Spanish), endocrinologist, Clinical Nutrition Unit chief, Hosp. Univ. Virgen Macarena (Sevilla). • Isabel REBOLLO PÉREZ (coord.), Andalusian Clinical Nutrition and Dietetic Society (SANCyD in Spanish), endocrinologist, Clinical Nutrition Unit chief, Hosp. Juan Ramón Jiménez (Huelva). • Miguel SAGRISTA GONZALEZ, M.D.,director of Centro de Salud La Campana (Sevilla). External reviewers: • Javier BLANCO AGUILAR, Sociologist, Technical Advisor, G .Manager of Public Health and Participation. Andalusian Health Ministry (autonomous government). • Eduardo BRIONES PÉREZ DE LA BLANCA, M.D., Andalusian Health Technologies Evaluation Agency. • Ascensión DELGADO ROMERO, Coordinating Nurse, Distrito Sanitario Bahía de Cádiz. • José Manuel MARTÍNEZ NIETO, Nurse, Universidad de Cádiz. • Manuel RODRÍGUEZ RODRÍGUEZ, M.D., CS San Juan de Aznalfarache (Sevilla). • Juan José SÁNCHEZ LUQUE, Physical Exercise Group Coordinator of the Andalusian Family and Community Society (SAMFyC), M.D. at C.S. San Andrés-Torcal, Málaga. • Cristina TORRÓ GARCÍA-MORATO, M.D, Health Promotion Service chief, G Manager of Public Health and Participation. Andalusian Health Ministry (autonomous government). Publisher: Junta de Andalucía. Consejería de Salud Design, editng and printing: Forma Animada S.L.L
Presentation
As established in the Third Andalusian Health Plan and the Second
Quality Plan, the Andalusian Public Health System has among its priori-
ties the improvement of public health encouraging or fostering healthy
lifestyles in the social surroundings.
In fact, the lifestyle recommendations that health officers make to the
users (of the health system) represent an important prevention and tre-
atment resource, as these officers, specially primary care professionals,
are in a privileged position to establish an effective relationship as advi-
ser. This has been stated repeatedly by several social surveys, which
show, also, that this relationship between health professional and user is
one of the main sources of information and education when tackling
physical activity and nutrition.
Therefore, presenting this guide is a great pleasure, as it has been
conceived to provide primary care health professionals enough and
appropriate resources and knowledge to obtain the best results through
this methodology; that is, to advise patients over healthy lifestyles.
3DIETETIC COUNSELLING
This booklet on Dietetic Counselling in Primary Care-completed
thanks to a large work group made up with several members of the dif-
ferent Associations and Societies involved in the matter at hand, as well
as technicians from the Andalusian Health System (SAS, in Spanish) and
the ministry (autonomous government)- has selected, after rigorous exa-
mination of scientific evidence, those aspects that have shown themsel-
ves to be the most effective in their teaching and introduction in the
Andalusian Primary Care centres.
I would like, therefore, to congratulate this Dietetic Counselling gui-
de's team, as it will doubtlessly become an efficient and useful tool in the
hands of the primary care professionals as they strive to increase the
Andalusian`s capacity for adopting healthy lifestyles and eating habits
that will improve their general health.
Mª Jesús Montero Cuadrado
Consejera de Salud
4ÍNDEX 1. Introduction.......................................................................... 7 2. Methodology....................................................................... 15 3. Evidence and recommendations........................................... 19 4. Dietetic Counselling objectives............................................ 25 5. Dietetic Counselling Organization...................................... 29 6. Sistema de registro y evaluación........................................... 41 7. Bibliography.......................................................................... 45
1 Introduction
1
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Nowadays, we are fully aware of the part that lifestyles, specially diets
and physical exercise*, play in the population's health (1) and in the
genesis of diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, high arterial blood
pressure, coronary diseases, dyslipidemia, or various oncological proces-
ses, mainly those that affect the prostate, colon or breast (2,3,4).
Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of premature death associa-
ted with modifiable living habits and the most incapacitating disease in
the Western world. Malignant neoplastic processes are, in their whole,
the second cause of death in Spain, after circulatory system diseases
(5).The World Health Report submitted by the World Health
Organization (WHO) in 2002 suggests that 60% of the world's mortality
rate and 47% of the world's morbidity are due to non-transmittable dise-
ases. These figures are expected to increase until 2020 (6).High arterial
blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, lack of physical activity and
smoking are the most important risk factors in these non-transmittable
diseases (4).Obesity rates present such an alarming increase that we can
consider it a 21st century epidemic. This problem is affecting, more and
more, younger population groups, and WHO -in its Health Targets XXI
report- considers obesity and sedentary lifestyle priority problems in
developed countries (7).
* In this document we distinguish between three levels:
• Physical Activity: Any body-movement caused by the skeletal muscles that results in energy consumption, when it's
done with the appropriate frequency and intensity, and for the appropriate length of time. So we can include all
our everyday and professional activities. Increasing physical activity is the lowest recommended level for people
with a sedentary lifestyle, without excluding exercise and sport.
• Physical Exercise: Characterized by the deliberate repetition of muscular contraction to improve the body's perfor-
mance. This intentional increase of the functional capacity is the main difference between exercise and physical
activity. Physical exercise is a voluntary activity that is planned, structured and repetitive and entails energy con-
sumption, resulting in a better overall body-performance. Physical exercise is, therefore, a voluntary body training
that seeks continuous performance improvement regardless of whether the body is healthy or not.
• Sport: Structured physical exercise, and under a set of rules. Two types of physical activity: training and competi-
tion.
9DIETETIC COUNSELLING
To fight this obesity epidemic and promote health, many proposals
have been put forward, as the Worldwide Strategy for Eating Habits,
Physical Activity and Health(WHO8),the Plan for the Promotion of
Physical Activity and Balanced Diet(Junta de Andalucía9) and more
recently, the NAOS strategy(Public Health Ministry10).The rise of disea-
ses of this type in our society has triggered several epidemiological sur-
veys in an attempt to know and understand the factors involved and to
design the most suitable strategies to stem, control or neutralize these
factors. Up until now, healthcare has been the only answer to this pro-
blem, and it's only now that Europe, through its 2003-2008 Public
Health Program, is stressing the necessity of an integral answer to appro-
ach determining factors such as nutritional imbalance and lack of physi-
cal activity through health promotion and morbidity prevention (11).
According to the figures of the 2003 National Health Survey (12),
29,08% of Andalusia's population between 2 and 17 years old are over-
weight or obese. These figures are similar to those of the enKid research
(29,4% of the population between 2 and 24 years old), making
Andalusia hold the second place, statistically, in the young overweight
and obese population chart of Spain (13).
In Andalusia, the DRECA study provides us with figures that show the
prevalence of other factors related to obesity: 4,8% of the adult popula-
tion is diabetic,19,8% has high blood pressure,15% have high choleste-
rol and 6,2% hipertrigliceridemia14.
According to the 2003(15) Andalusian Health Survey, 87% of those
polled and older than 16 do little o no physical exercise in their normal
activity, and 52% do none at all in their free time. This survey also shows
that sedentarism increases with age. Doctors have recommended some
kind of physical exercise to 23% of those polled. In 1999, this percenta-
ge was of 20%.
101. Introduction
This recommendation is aimed more at women than men, and as
age increases, so does the number of users who are recommended step-
ping up physical activity, and so does the frequency of medical visits
increase.
Recent studies reveal the benefits of the Mediterranean diet and of
its role in the decrease of mortality in general (16, 17). Traditionally,
Andalusia's eating habits have revolved around the Mediterranean diet,
characterized by a big consumption of vegetables, fruit, fish and olive oil.
Between 1960 and 1968, the diet of the Spanish population was well
within the parameters of a typical Mediterranean diet. Since the 70s, we
have moved away significantly from this diet, moving on to less cardio-
healthy eating habits full of saturated fats and cholesterol (18). In fact,
Andalusia is one of the regions with a bigger non-recommended
nutrients(19) consumption increase.
According to figures from the 2004 the Food Consumption Panel of
the Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery and Food products, the consumption
of meat, fish, olive oil, vegetables and fruit was below the national ave-
rage(19). This, together with an increase in sedentary and other non-
healthy lifestyles like smoking and excessive drinking, make necessary
the implementation of action courses that modify these habits that can
increase the population's morbi-mortality (18).
Andalusia, in the framework of the Third Andalusian Health Plan
and of the Second II Public Health System Quality Plan, has among its
priorities the improvement of public health encouraging or fostering
healthy lifestyles (20) in the social surroundings. The Plan for the
Promotion of Physical Activity and Balanced Diet pretends to improve
the population's health adapting physical exercise and diet to the indivi-
dual's condition and needs. With this, we are trying to meet the popula-
tion's social demands, with the aim of not only preventing illness and
disease but also promoting a healthy lifestyle.
11DIETETIC COUNSELLING
We need to make changes to improve lifestyles in all population
groups, not only those which are a high risk group. Even if this is only
managed to a small extent, the population will obtain maximum tenable
and accumulative benefits (8).
The effectiveness has been evaluated by several authors. As we will
see in the next section of this guide, the brief counselling's effectiveness
is proven in patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes, high blood
pressure and obesity.
As lifestyles are related amongst themselves, effectiveness increases if
we approach several factors at once (21,22). Lifestyles can be seen as
people's normal way of life, and they are considered one of the most
influential factors in the population's health. Lifestyles not only include
health-related habits -as are diet, physical exercise o sedentary habits,
smoking, etc.- but also include people's way of thinking and behaving
with themselves, in their interpersonal relationships, with their surroun-
dings, in their control over their life projects, their abilities, hopes, etc.
Seeing as lifestyles affect social and personal circles, it's easy to unders-
tand that intervention initiatives are one of the most problematic and
complex aspects, as we enter or get very close to socially conditioned
spaces and those linked to individual freedom. Besides, the population
is not homogenous (social class, gender, age, surroundings, expectatives,
resources). In the face of a single line of counselling on healthy lifestyles,
each population group will take notice in a particular way, distinguishing
what they can use in accordance to their resources and using strategi-
cally that which they can fit in with their possibilities, as shown in a
recent survey made in this region (23).
When approaching lifestyles -that is, when we set in motion a diete-
tic counselling-, difficulties will increase if we focus exclusively in those
aspects linked to personal change without tackling the social context that
determine those habits we are aiming to change. Focusing too much in
changing personal behaviour relegates the consideration of the real con-
ditions to achieve this change. Bearing this in mind, when faced with
121. Introduction
giving nutritional advice we must be aware of the multiple and influen-
tial factors. It is also essential to keep in mind the characteristics of the
patient groups, and to identify how the social and individual factors
influence them (education, access to certain food products, preferences
and family tastes, available cooking time, age, etc.). The Dietetic
Counselling will have to adapt its contents and goals, keeping in mind
the health-opportunity differences of population groups, and it will have
to adapt with utmost accuracy its intervention strategies. If it does so, it
could become a highly efficient tool when improving those population
groups` lifestyles.
Health professionals in general, and those that carry out their work in
primary care in particular, are in a privileged position to approach the
promotion (or activities for promoting) of a healthy lifestyle and preven-
tion of diseases linked to unhealthy lifestyles.
This guide aspires to reach a consensus regarding available scientific
evidence of the Dietetic Counselling, and it also aspires to become a
useful tool for the Primary Care health professionals, a tool that permits
them apply this scientific evidence to their everyday tasks and practice.
132 Methodology
2
2. Methodology
In order to make this Dietetic Counselling, a work group was set up
and composed of representatives of the Andalusian Family and
Community Medicine Society (SAMFYC in Spanish), of the Andalusian
Community Nursery Association (ASANEC in Spanish), of the
Andalusian Clinical and Dietetic Nutrition (SANCYD in Spanish), and
also technicians of the Andalusian Public Health System (SAS in
Spanish) of the (autonomous government) Health Ministry.
Work on this guide began with a request to the Andalusian Health
Technologies Evaluation Agency for a report of the situation of nutritio-
nal advice and physical activity. We received studies made by the U.S
Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and the Canadian Task Force
on Preventive Health Care (CTFPHC).
Complementing the above, we consulted other sources such as the
recommendations made by the WHO and several Spanish scientific
societies, mainly the Community and Family Society, (SEMFYC in
Spanish), of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN), and Cardiology (SEC).
The most relevant scientific literature has been reviewed through
different internet pages and magazines and articles related with other
health problems (smoking, alcohol24). From the technical point of
view, they provided important information on the Counselling and its
organization in primary care centres.
With this material, the work group has made a Dietetic Counselling
guideline based on current evidence and recommendations, as well as
in the current organization of primary care services in Andalusia.
Lastly, the contents of the Dietetic Counselling guideline were revie-
wed by experts not linked to the work group, and their contributions
were added to the document.
Although there are different ways of classifying the evidence levels
and the degrees of recommendation,, most of the studies we reviewed
17DIETETIC COUNSELLING
follow the classification system used by the US Agency for Health Care
Policy Research (currently Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality-
AHRQ-), so that when talking about available evidence we'll only men-
tion these when the classification is substantially different.
Clasificación del nivel de evidencia científica disponible AHRQ 25,26
Ia: Evidence comes from the meta-analysis of randomized and controlled clinical tests
Ib: Evidence comes from at least one randomized and controlled clinical test
IIa: Evidence comes from at least one controlled and exploratory study, well designed and not randomized
IIb: Evidence comes from at least one almost-experimental, well designed study or research
III: Evidence comes from non-experimental descriptive studies, well designed as comparative, correla-
tive or case and control studies
IV: Evidence comes from records or experts and/or clinical experiences of prestigious medical authorities
Grados de recomendación, en función del nivel de evidencia disponible:
A: Scientific evidence levels Ia and Ib.
B: Scientific evidence levels IIa, IIb and III
C: Evidence level IV.
X: This intervention o process entails a clear risk
183
Evidence
and
recommendations3
3. Evidence and recommendations
There is increasing evidence that indicates that promoting health
through the adoption of healthy living habits pays off in (health) bene-
fits at a much lower cost than medically treating any high-risk group or
dealing with the related diseases.
Although there are few general population surveys that allow us to
establish the effectiveness of recommendation and counselling on
healthy lifestyles -since they require intervention studies that are diffi-
cult to design, carry out, follow and evaluate- most of the institutions
consulted recommend giving the dietetic counselling, so we could say
that there exists, at least, a degree C of recommendation.
As for the evidence obtained after reviewing scientific literature
(Appendage 1), we can extract or reach the following conclusions:
1. The national and international institutions and organizations that
express their concern over unhealthy lifestyles are numerous and
important, and they insist on the need for laying out general and
specific strategies to take on this problem, in order to improve gene-
ral health.
2. There is solid scientific evidence to attest the effectiveness of acting
or intervening on the kind of diet and the practice (or the lack) of
physical exercise in users with risk of chronic, non transmittable
diseases, and in secondary prevention in users that already suffer
these diseases.
3. There are few available general population surveys that we can use
to establish the diet-related healthy life habits advice and recom-
mendations. In spite of this, most of the consulted institutions and
organizations recommend putting in practice the dietetic counse-
lling as a way of preventing rising diseases or ailments that are cau-
sing high morbidity and mortality, specially in developed countries.
21DIETETIC COUNSELLING
So we can say that our evidence is documented proof and some
prestigious authorities` clinical experiences. As for making physical
exercise, the existing volume of proof is somewhat bigger. Also,
some intervention studies are beginning to be published with
encouraging results.
4. It is important to emphasize that, as a general rule, dietetic counse-
lling must always go together with the recommendation of physical
exercise, suited to the population group that it's aimed at, and with
some advice on the subject.
5. The most effective interventions are those that combine nutritional
education, physical exercise and behaviour-related advice, designed
so that patients adopt ability and motivation and receive the neces-
sary support to modify unhealthy patterns.
6. The interventions that have shown themselves to be the most effec-
tive are those made by Primary Care health professionals (G.P. and
nursing staff), specially trained, due to the higher accessibility of the
population to this level of care or attention.
7. Intensive individual or group intervention (multiple 30 minutes or
longer sessions) present better short and long term results than short
or moderate length interventions.
8. These interventions must be established as prevention strategies,
integrated in large-scale Public Health programs.
9. In a condensed way, interventions must strive, at least, to achieve:
- A normal energy balance and weight, limiting fat-related energy
consumption, increasing intake of fruit, vegetables, wholemeal
cereal, dried fruit and nuts, cutting down on sugar and salt
(sodium),no matter its origin.
223. Evidence and recommendations
- A minimum of 30 minutes of regular and of moderate intensity
physical exercise everyday in the general population. In older
population, exercises that will strengthen muscles and balance-
keeping training.
234
Dietetic Counselling
Objectives4
4. Dietetic Counselling Objectives
GENERAL
• Reduce morbimortality linked to an unsuitable diet and sedentary
lifestyles.
OPERATIVE
• Detect, in primary care, overweight and obese users, sedentary lifes-
tyles and/or the risk of diet-related chronic, non transmittable diseases.
• Inform on health risks derived of sedentary lifestyles and excess
body weight (overweight and obese users).
• Healthy life habits training: balanced diet, physical activity and the
offering of educational resources.
• Make follow-ups of users included in the Counselling.
• Reinforce those changes that have been obtained.
• Evaluate the interventions.
275 Dietetic Counselling Organization
5
5. Dietetic Counselling Organization
Based on the available scientific evidence commented in the previous
section, we can organize dietetic counselling in the following way:
1. Target population
• Overweight or obese adults, people with a sedentary lifestyle
and/or under risk of developing diet-related non transmittable chro-
nic diseases (amongst others, diabetes, heart disease and cancer)
• General adult population. We must consider the inclusion of all
those who request it, not only those approached of the health pro-
fessionals` initiative.
2. Motivation stages and intervention strategies
Before the intervention, it's very important to know and value the
degree of the patient's motivation to eliminate the risk factors (excess
weight, sedentary lifestyle and others), as a disagreement between the-
rapeutic intervention and motivational stage will result in resistance to
change. To avoid this, we recommend using the transtheoretical chan-
ge stages (Prochaska and Diclemente28,29 , see appendage 3 ), emplo-
yed in the anti-tobacco advice. Added to that, the fact that health pro-
fessionals are familiar with this model makes it a very useful tool.
Next, a brief summary of the recommended type of intervention
depending on the patient's motivation stage, regardless of the existence
or not of other risk factors linked to sedentary life habits, excess weight,
obesity, nutritional unbalance:
Pre-consideration Consideration / Action Maintenance
Preparation
Inform about risks Encourage change Educate Strengthen behaviour
31DIETETIC COUNSELLING
Dietetic Counselling algorithm in primary care
DETECTION
- BMI, PA, Habits, RF * Pre-consid.-Consid.-Preparation
- Motivation gauging and consump- Risk Information/Encourage change
tion assessment
{
Dyslipidemia
AHBP
DM o altered basal glycaemia
INTERVENTION (Action) Risk of some tumour
(Without other RF) (With other RF)
In surgery hours/ nursery
Balanced diet and P. exercise information
Support material
Record intervention in Medical History
INTENSIVE COUNSELLING
Individually or in groups
Trained health staff
4 to 6 sessions
Support material
Record intervention in Medical History
FOLLOW-UP
(Maintenance} (No Maintenance)
Follow-up Frequency Assess motivation
Positive reinforcement Record information
Record
* AHBP: Arterial high blood pressure
DM: Diabetes Mellitus
PA: Physical activity
RF: Risk factor(s)
BMI:Body mass index
325. Dietetic Counselling Organization
3. Stages
DETECTION
Detection will be carried out by Primary Care health professionals
through the following steps:
• In the target population, and when the opportunity presents itself,
they will measure height and weight to calculate Body Mass Index
(BMI), they will assess life habits, usual food consumption and physi-
cal activity through a semi-structured interview using a validated
questionnaire (physical activity and Mediterranean diet adherence
questionnaire, included in appendages 4 and 5) and they will check
for other risk factors.
• Inform on the risks and dangers of prolonging an unhealthy lifestyle,
and explain the importance of its modification so as to improve
general health and prevent diseases.
• Assess the patient's degree of motivation for changing his/her lifes-
tyle, following Prochaska`s and Diclemente`s model.
• Depending on motivation and the existence or not of other risk fac-
tors, health staff will offer Basic or Intensive Counselling.
• Offer educational and support material.
Some physical activity examples, according to degree of effort
VERY LIGHT P.A. MODERATE P.A.
- Be sitting or standing up - Walking at 5,5-6,5 km/hour
- Drive car or truck - Working with mortar and plaster
- Lab work - Weeding
- Typing - Carrying and piling bundles
- Play musical instruments - Scrub floors
- Sewing, ironing - Heavy shopping
- Ride a bicycle
- Skiing, dancing, playing tennis
LIGHT P.A. HEAVY P.A.
- Walking on flat terrain at 4-5 km/hour - Climbing with a load
- Tailoring Home repairs - Tree cutting
- Woodwork - Working with shovel and pickaxe
- Electrical housework - Basketball, swimming, football, mountaineering
- Kitchen work
- Washing clothes by hand
- Light shopping
- Golf, sailing
- Table tennis, volleyball
33DIETETIC COUNSELLING
Body Mass Index Assessment
BMI
< 18,5 Kg/m2 Underweight
18,5 - 24,9 Kg/m2 Normal weight
25,0 - 26,9 Kg/m2 Overweight grade I
27,0 - 29,9 Kg/m2 Overweight grade II
30,0 - 34,9 Kg/m2 Obesity Grade I
35,0 - 39,9 Kg/m2 Obesity Grade II
40,0 - 49,9 Kg/m2 Obesity Grade III
> 50,0 Kg/m2 Extremy Obesity
AC TION
BASIC COUNSELLING:
Offer brief counselling (5 minutes approximately) on physical acti-
vity and balanced diet.
Regarding diet:
• Balance daily food consumption and physical activity to maintain a
regular weight or to permit weight-loss in overweight/obesity cases.
• Limit fatty energy consumption by:
- Limiting fried food and sauces,
- Limiting fat found in cold cuts, cold meat, whole dairy products,
fat-rich meats as pork or lamb, butter and margarine.
- Preferably using, with moderation, olive oil for cooking.
- Cut down on or avoid pre-cooked food and commercial sauces
(they can contain important quantities of trans fat).
• Increasing intake of fruit, vegetables of all kinds, wholemeal cereal
and dried nuts (the latter not recommended in overweight/obesity
cases).
• Foment eating fish at least 3 -5 times a week.
345. Dietetic Counselling Organization
• Limit energy-rich and micronutrient-poor food such as: soft drinks,
commercial juices, chocolate, ice creams or cakes.
• Limit eating salt, and preferably use iodized salt.
• Have 3 main and 2 light meals a day. Avoid "snacking".
• Remind patients that "dietetic", "weight-losing" o "diet" products are
not always low-calorie.
Regarding Physical Activity:
We recommend, specially for those whose occupational activity
doesn't entail physical effort, to:
• Make use of the opportunities that present themselves during the
day to increase physical activity (walk up or down stairs instead of
taking the lift, walk when distances are feasible, etc).
• Reduce free time sedentary habits to a minimum (cutting down on
television or sitting down time, for example) and foment healthy
activities (walking with family or friends, help with the domestic
chores and maintenance).
• For those who don't do any physical exercise, recommend at least
30 minutes of regular physical exercise of moderate intensity (wal-
king, preferably), at least 5 times a week. Subsequently recommend
increasing aerobical physical exercise (long walks, running, swim-
ming, cycling, etc).
INTENSIVE COUNSELLING:
It aspires to offer higher intensity counselling as a second action gui-
deline after the basic counselling in those patients that present risk fac-
tors. Preferably, it will be carried out by nurses following the nursery
35DIETETIC COUNSELLING
process model adapted to Dietetic Counselling (Appendage 6), with the
collaboration, if necessary, of other health professionals.
We present the intensive dietetic counselling in Primary Care as a
service aiming for the following goals or objectives:
• General Goal:
- To reduce morbimortality associated with an inadequate diet
and sedentary lifestyles.
• Intermediate Goal:
- To establish healthy eating habits.
- To establish adequate physical exercise, and reduce sedentary
habits.
• Specific Goals (Cognitive, Emotional and Psychomotor):
- To know and understand the importance of eating and its effects
on health.
- To know the foundations of a healthy diet.
- To know the importance of physical activity, and be aware of the
health risks of its lack and of sedentary habits.
- To know the exercise(s) and level of physical activity suitable to
each person.
- To be willing (want/wish) to keep to a healthy diet.
- To be willing (want/wish) to keep an appropriate physical activity
level and to reduce sedentary habits.
365. Dietetic Counselling Organization
- To have the ability of drawing up and/or choosing "diets" suitable
to each person.
- To be able to adapt the daily diet to the family and social
surroundings.
- To be able to establish a physical activity plan adapted to the
user's personal characteristics (time, resources, limitations...).
This advising can be done individually or in groups, and must inclu-
de at least:
- Motivational interview aimed at identifying barriers and detec-
ting problems and difficulties.
- Agreeing on and establishing targets (what has to change), tac-
kling them in order of importance and follow-up.
- Offering suggestions, giving nutritional advice, fomenting exerci-
se, modification of behaviour and help to lose or reduce weight.
- Evaluation of progress and expected results after each session
(individual or group).
- Individual sessions will last a minimum of 30 minutes, while
group sessions will last a minimum of 60 minutes.
- The number of sessions will range from 4-6, but can change
according to the characteristics of the patient and the process.
- Follow-up for 6-12 months.
37DIETETIC COUNSELLING
When giving Intensive Counselling, see in Appendage 6 the assess-
ment focusing on problems related to nutrition and physical exercise,
Nursery Diagnosis, main Expected Results (NOC) and the main
Interventions (NIC).
INTENSIVE COUNSELLING
COMPLETE NURSERY ASSESMENT
EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES: MOTIVATION
Care Plan
(Diang- Targets-Interventions)
GROUP ACTIVITY
4 to 6 sessions
Can be replace with individual activity if necessary
PERSONALIZED AND INDIVIDUAL
EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY
- 1 session (more if necessary)
ASSESMENT AND REINFORCEMENT
- Targets Assessment/Evaluation
- Reinforcement: Knowledge, Motivation, Abilities.
-----------------------------------------------------
Number and content of sessions according to the process.
Individual activities with possibilities of a group session (mainly motivational).
385. Dietetic Counselling Organization
FOLLOW-UP:
Follow-up sessions will be scheduled for all patients included in the
Counselling.
Counselling can be done by telephone, at the health centre, and/or
in house-visits (for bed-ridden or unable to move users).
- A follow-up session will be scheduled, at least, every 3 months.
- In any case, any visit to the health centre will be used for positive
reinforcement.
- Evaluation of lifestyle changes (physical activity and diet), BMI,
weight-loss and specific parameters (waist circumference, blood
pressure, glycaemia, lipid profile).
- Those patients who have received Basic Counselling and don't show
positive results but are highly motivated will receive Intensive
Counselling.
- The follow-up period will be of 12 months, unless specific issues
advise a different length of time.
396 Register and Evaluation System
6
6. Register and Evaluation System
Register procedures, with data from the Patient's Medical History,
will be established, and the possibility of using that information for the
evaluation of the program will be considered.
Registering the counselling in the medical history
If we give dietetic counselling, we must mention the fact in the use-
r's medical history.
The giving of advice will be registered in the Digital History (Diraya
application), we'll write it in the Attendance Sheet or follow-up register,
in Action Plan (e.g. "I give dietetic counselling, etc"). It can also be writ-
ten in the Problem List, as it's easier to see when opening the History,
and also easier to look for when building an indicator.
We will use the application to register Size, Weight, BMI (in
Constants Sheet), and any other clinical notes.
Temporarily, in those health centres that still don't have the TASS
application, the intervention can be recorded as seen above
(Attendance Sheet or register, Action Plan section, and Problem List).
Information System for the Assessment and Follow-up of the
Educational Intervention
We propose creating an information system that allows following-up
the counselling, as well as an indicator system that tells us the effective-
ness of said counselling:
• Percentage of people who have received dietetic counselling/ popu-
lation of the ZB Salud.
• Percentage of overweight and/or obese who have received counse-
lling on nutrition and/or exercise.
43DIETETIC COUNSELLING
Information gathering medium: Diraya application, through the
Data Exploitation Module. If this Module is not available, information
will be gathered by hand.
Intervention Results Information System.
At a later stage, the results of the Counselling in terms of
Intervention Health Impacts. In the future, especially if Digital Medical
Histories are widespread and data exploitation was feasible, we could
extract very interesting information (pre and post intervention BMI
analysis in temporary sets, linked to risk-groups interventions, etc).
447 Bibliography
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