DON'T HOLD BACK' Transitions to adulthood for young people with learning disabilities - Children's Commissioner for Wales
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Achieving the best for young people with learning disabilities ‘DON’T HOLD BACK’ Transitions to adulthood for young people with learning disabilities
Don’t hold back
Contents
Foreword by Sally Holland,
Children’s Commissioner for Wales 3
Key Messages from Young People 4
Introduction 5
Learning Disability 6
Policy Context and Legislation 7
What we did 10
Findings 11
What’s Important 12
Getting Involved 12
Family Life 16
Support 20
Getting Services 22
Quality of Services 26
Good Practice Within Services 28
Friends, Social life and Transport 30
Hopes for the future 32
Conclusion 35
Recommendations 38
2
Achieving the best for young people with learning disabilities
DON’T
1
HOLD BACK
Foreword by Sally Holland,
Children’s Commissioner for Wales
This report began with one conversation. It was in November 2016,
when I had a long discussion with the parents of young people with
learning disabilities and complex needs in a support group in north
Wales. At the end of the discussion I asked each one of them what
they would do if they had a magic wand.
One mother said, “For my daughter never to grow two pieces of legislation translate to the standards
up. I know it sounds terrible, but I have struggled of service and support that young people with
so hard to get her the education and support learning disabilities have a right to.
she needs, and I have no idea how she will be
supported when she’s an adult.” It was an answer All young people need support as they move
that stuck with me, and troubled me. towards adulthood. Young people with learning
disabilities have the same hopes for a good adult
The human rights of children and young people life but most will need additional help. The services
with learning disabilities are protected by the that their families may have worked so hard to
United Nations Convention on the Rights of get for them will usually change when they reach
the Child (UNCRC) and the United Nations the age of 18 (although the age differs in different
Convention on the Rights of Persons with services). There is almost universally a huge task
Disabilities (UNCRPD). In Wales we have some for young people and their families to navigate
important legislation that recognises these rights and negotiate the move to adult health and social
and requires services to be centred around each services, college courses and the prospects of
person’s needs, to involve people in planning their employment or other worthwhile activity after
own care, to be preventative and to be integrated. college.
These Acts, the Social Services and Well-being
(Wales) Act 2014 and the Well-being of Future In this report we hear from a few families that
Generations (Wales) Act 2015, were established to have been well supported through this period,
address the very real battles and concerns raised with dedicated transitions support, including
by that North Wales-based mother, and many life skills development from local authority or
thousands like her across Wales. But clearly these voluntary sector projects. However, the majority
Acts are failing to deliver the support needed for have found this process confusing, difficult and
young people with learning disabilities as they anxiety provoking. Young people have not had
move towards adulthood. the opportunities to be involved in this planning
that they have the right to, with planning too often
This report brings the experience and views of done ‘about them’ rather than ‘with’ them.
99 young people, 187 parents and carers, and
43 professionals, which reflect the need for Further integration of services is hard, but will reap
government and public services to take concerted enormous benefits for the experiences of children
action to make sure that the positive aims of those and young people with learning disabilities and
3
Don’t hold back
their families. It will also be more effective and as full and active citizens. This period from the
efficient. It makes no sense to have a system so mid-teens to the mid-twenties is a crucial window
incoherent that we need to employ special workers to ensure that young people are fully equipped
to help families navigate them. But this form of and supported for life. We need to have much
key worker support will continue to be desperately greater expectations that as a society we are
needed until the system itself can be made much prepared to find ways to reduce the stigma and
smoother. social exclusion of disability and welcome children
and young people with learning disabilities as
And, finally, we should be aspiring to much more equal citizens in our schools, workplaces and
than smoother systems and processes. At heart communities.
here is the need to ensure that people with
learning disabilities are able to take their place
Key messages
from young people and their families:
n Y
oung people’s participation in planning and n T
here are very limited opportunities for
decision-making appears to be very low – this work and apprenticeships, with no supported
means that their different priorities and specific employment opportunities – despite evidence
interests can get missed. suggesting this is particularly effective.
n P
arents play a crucial role and are relied upon n Y
oung people, parents and professionals
to do so, but often feel overwhelmed and all agree that young people with learning
anxious about the future – they need support disabilities are still expected to slot into services
and recognition. that already exist, with limited options if that
doesn’t fit their needs.
n S
ome young people face a considerable
change in how much support they receive after n A
lmost all of the above points run contrary
the age of 18 due to different thresholds rather to the aspirations of the Social Services and
than a sudden change in need – contrary to Well-being (Wales) Act 2014 and the Well-
the Social Services and Well-being (Wales) Act being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015,
2014. and to rights under the UNCRC and UNCRPD.
n E
very service has different ways of n W
here young people and their families
transferring to over-18s services. Having a key reported good experiences, they had been
worker or transition service is very valuable. involved, they were clear about the process,
they felt well supported by a keyworker, lead
n S
ocial isolation is a problem for many – even professional or dedicated transitions service
though friendships are rated as young people’s and they often had access to a youth-centred
top priority. provision that helped young people prepare
for adulthood and expand their social and
community networks.
4
Achieving the best for young people with learning disabilities
INTRODUCTION
All children’s rights under the This report comes at a point in time when there
are significant changes and developments taking
UNCRC are equal and applicable place in Wales which will affect the lives of children
to all children. However, the and young people with learning disabilities and
their transition to adulthood. These changes
convention itself recognises include but are not limited to; the development
the vulnerability of disabled of Additional Learning Needs regulations and
mandatory Code, the review of the children
children providing not only a and young people’s Continuing Care guidance,
developments in work programmes under the
reminder that they should live ‘Prosperity for All: Employability Plan’, and the
as full as lives as possible but work programmes of the still relatively new
Public Services Boards and Regional Partnership
a requirement for ‘government Boards. Many of these are referenced within the
to do all they can to support Government’s Improving Lives Programme –
which specifically provides recommendations for
disabled children and their improving outcomes, in respect of people with
families.’2 learning disabilities - and have the potential to
have a positive impact on people with learning
disabilities in Wales across what is described as
their “life span.”
In light of all of these developments, this juncture
is an opportunity for Welsh Government, statutory
partners and others to pay specific attention
to how they can improve the lives of children
and young people in Wales including those with
learning disabilities approaching adulthood.
In this report I make a number of
recommendations related to established
legislation, namely the Social Services and Well-
being (Wales) Act 2014, but also about the
forthcoming developments identified above.
5
Don’t hold back
LEARNING
DISABILITY
Definition of learning disability: Children with learning
The charity MENCAP provides a full explanation:
disabilities in Wales
How many children in Wales have learning
n A
learning disability is a reduced intellectual
disabilities?
ability and difficulty with everyday activities
– for example household tasks, socialising or
A cross party report in respect of people with
managing money – which affects someone for
learning disabilities recognises that
their whole life.
“data on people with a learning disability are
recognised as being poor in Wales.”4
n P
eople with a learning disability tend to
take longer to learn and may need support to
Mencap estimate that approximately 193,707
develop new skills, understand complicated
school age children have a learning disability in the
information and interact with other people.
UK. This would suggest that around 9,297 children
in Wales have a learning disability. The extent to
n T
he level of support someone needs depends
which this impacts on their everyday lives will be
on the individual. For example, someone with a
very varied. Around half of that number, 4,727 are
mild learning disability may only need support
in special school. Many but not all pupils in those
with things like getting a job. However, someone
schools will have a learning disability. Very many
with a severe or profound learning disability
other children with a learning disability are being
may need fulltime care and support with every
supported to attend mainstream schools.
aspect of their life – they may also have physical
disabilities.
n P
eople with certain specific conditions can
have a learning disability too. For example,
people with Down’s syndrome and some people
with autism have a learning disability.
n I t’s important to remember that with the right
support, most people with a learning disability
in the UK can lead independent lives.’3
6Achieving the best for young people with learning disabilities
POLICY CONTEXT
AND LEGISLATION
Social Services Under the Act, the Part 9 Code of Practice makes
it clear that Regional Partnership Boards (RPBs)
The Social Services and Well-being (Wales) identify priority areas for support, including
Act 2014 came into force on 6 April 2016. The people with learning disabilities and children with
Explanatory Memorandum produced when the complex needs due to disability or illness. RPBs
Bill was introduced to the National Assembly for are required to integrate services in relation to
Wales states the following on page 4: people with learning disabilities, children with
complex needs due to disability and transition
“The Social Services and Well-being (Wales) Bill arrangements from children to adult services.
provides for a single Act for Wales that brings
together local authorities’ duties and functions The Partnership Arrangements Regulations require
in relation to improving the well-being of people RPBs to prepare annual reports on the extent to
who need care and support and carers who need which the board’s objectives have been achieved,
support. The Bill provides the statutory framework and submit these to Welsh Ministers.
to deliver the Welsh Government’s commitment to
integrate social services to support people of all These reports should specifically set out the steps
ages, and support people as part of families and taken to integrate services as noted above, and if
communities. not yet progressed, the steps that will be taken in
the following year in order to achieve this.
“It will transform the way social services are
delivered, primarily through promoting people’s Education
independence to give them stronger voice and
control. Integration and simplification of the law The Additional Learning Needs and Education
for people will also provide greater consistency Tribunal (Wales) Act 2018 received Royal Assent
and clarity to people who use social services, in January 2018. The Act introduces the definition
their carers, local authority staff and their partner of Additional Learning Needs and creates a single
organisations, the courts and the judiciary. The legislative framework for learners from 0-25.
Bill will promote equality, improve the quality of The Act will be supported by regulations and a
services and the provision of information people code which will include statutory guidance and
receive, as well as ensuring the right incentives mandatory requirements. These are in the first
for commissioners to achieve a shared focus on phase of development. The Welsh Government
prevention and early intervention.”5 has said that the practical implementation of the
Act is due to start in 2020 and be completed in
The Act introduced some new provisions such as full by 2023. In the meantime the Education Act
an automatic entitlement for carers to have an 1996, the relevant regulations in respect of Special
assessment of their own needs independent of Educational Needs and the 2004 SEN Codes of
the needs of the person they care for, and new Practice remain in place. The Code of Practice
structures such as Regional Partnership Boards provides the detail in respect of current transition
that bring together local authorities, health planning which should start at the child’s review in
boards and other agencies including third sector year 9 (the mid point in secondary school).
representatives, to assess and plan how to meet
the needs of the population in their area.
The Act is due to be formally evaluated by the
Welsh Government to monitor the impact that it
has had since it was introduced.
7Don’t hold back 8
Achieving the best for young people with learning disabilities
Equality Act 2010 Policies
The Equality Act 2010 legally protects people In 2017, the Welsh Government commissioned
from discrimination in the workplace and in wider a Parliamentary Review of Health and Social
society. It replaced previous anti-discrimination Care. The final report entitled “A Revolution from
laws with a single Act, making the law easier to Within: Transforming Health and Care in Wales9”
understand and strengthening protection in some was published in January 2018 and the Welsh
situations. It sets out the different ways in which Government has recently set out its vision for
it’s unlawful to treat someone.6 It includes the “A Healthier Wales” in response to this.
public sector equality duty - “the broad purpose
of the equality duty is to integrate consideration The Welsh Government’s vision and aims for the
of equality and good relations into the day-to-day current Assembly Term are included within their
business of public authorities.”7 strategy document “Prosperity for All.” This is “a
single cross-cutting strategy to inform all decision-
making and to provide a framework for improved
The Well-being of Future cross-governmental working and to improve the
Generations (Wales) quality of people’s lives.”10
Act 2015 In 2007, a statement of policy and practice for
people with learning disabilities was published.
The Well-being of Future Generations (Wales)
These are: “the most recent guidance document
Act 2015 established new Public Services Boards
and still relevant today” according to the Minister,
(PSBs), which bring together senior leaders
but a review of services was needed to bring
from health, social services, police and fire
everything up to date in light of legislative
services, Natural Resources Wales and voluntary
changes. The resulting programme, “The Learning
organisations. Each PSB is required to publish
Disability – Improving Lives Programme” is a
a Local Assessment of Well-being, to set out
separate cross-government review of learning
the state of economic, social, environmental and
disability services, which was completed by the
cultural well-being in that PSB area.
Welsh Government in March 2018. A Cabinet
Paper about the review states that:
Public bodies in Wales, as named in the Act, are
required to evidence that their work fits with
“Prosperity for All and the Parliamentary Review
the five ways of working; long term, prevention,
present clear opportunities to take forward the
integration, collaboration and involvement.
recommendations.”11
Health and Social Care Act The timing of this report therefore coincides with
significant opportunities to change the way that
2008 health and social care services are being provided
in Wales, to ensure that person centred planning
“Health and social care organisations have to and provision are at the centre. Listening to
make “reasonable adjustments” in how services the voices of particular vulnerable groups such
are provided in order to reduce preventable as children and young people with additional
inequalities in health by people with a learning needs that are likely to continue into adulthood
disability.”8 are extremely important to the success of any
changes that are made as a result of these recent
reviews.
9Don’t hold back
WHAT
WE DID
We recognised that there were others who already had a lot of
specialist knowledge in this area. We therefore arranged for two
teams to do the research work that provided the content for this
report.
There were two elements They listened to the views of:
to this: n 9
9 young people aged 14-26 – in 10 face to
face focus groups and one Skype session
a) A review of the evidence: what is already
known from research? n 187 parents of children and young people with
learning disabilities, nearly all aged 14-25 – in an
Dr Axel Kaehne and his colleagues in Edge Hill online questionnaire
University conducted a ‘rapid review’ of existing
research into this topic. On our request they n 4
3 professionals from education, social care,
looked particularly at the relevance of research health and voluntary services in focus groups
to Wales. Out of nearly 3000 research papers
close to this subject, they found 58 that were n 6
national voluntary organisations through
particularly relevant. Their analysis of these 58 written submissions.
research studies is referred to throughout this
report. The full evidence review can be found here. Although all participants were self-selected (or
In this report, you will see findings from the rapid chosen by their school or college to take part)
review report in separate blue boxes, like this: they represent very varied experiences. There
were young people involved from most areas
of Wales, although the rural areas of mid and
Our evidence review of other research studies west Wales are over-represented in the sample
found: compared to the general population. 17% of the
young people spoke Welsh (with another quarter
speaking some Welsh). This is 2% lower than
the general population. 5% were from a Black or
b) The direct views and experiences of young Minority Ethnic background, which is similar to the
people, their parents or carers and professionals population in Wales. Young people’s
participation took place through focus groups
Most of the evidence in this report comes directly that were adapted to their needs, but some
from young people with learning disabilities and young people with the most severe learning
the adults who care for them or work with them. disabilities did not take part. However, some of
We engaged Vikki Butler and her team at CARP their experiences are represented by parents and
Collaborations to do this work. They worked in professionals.
partnership with a peer researcher – a young
researcher with learning disabilities – to help them
get this right.
10Achieving the best for young people with learning disabilities
FINDINGS
What’s
important
Hopes for Getting
the future involved
Friends,
social
life and Family life
transport
Quality of Support
services
Getting
services
This report takes the Instead, these findings are reported in the way
that people described their lives to us –
perspectives of young people,
their families and professionals n W
hat are the most important things at this
stage of life?
supporting them about what
they need and want as they n H
ow much do young people get involved in
planning their own lives?
move from childhood to
adulthood. The findings are not n W
hat is family life like?
therefore organised by ‘sector’ n W
hat about friends?
– health, social care, housing, n W
ho supports us?
education – because that’s not
n H
ow do we get the support and services we
how people think about and need?
experience their lives.
n W
hat is good and not so good about the
support and services we receive?
n W
hat are my hopes for the future?
11Don’t hold back
MOVING FROM CHILDHOOD
TO ADULTHOOD – WHAT’S IMPORTANT?
Young people, parents and professionals had you, which you have to earn. You are trusted
different ways of understanding the transition increasingly with having money.”
from childhood to adulthood. For young people
it was about a life stage – leaving school and When 91 young people ranked their priorities
going to college, changes in your body, different at this stage of life, choosing three from a list,
relationships and starting work. Parents and ‘having friends’ was by far the most popular
professionals described it mainly in terms of choice, followed by having enough money and
which services end at age 16 or 18, and how young understanding it, and being treated with respect.”
people can move on to adult services.
In contrast, parents and professionals’ focus was
Young people’s views about becoming an adult: on services, and what would be available after
the move away from children’s services and
“There are physical changes that happen. You the education system. Although this concern is
change mentally and realise that you don’t completely understandable, there is a risk that the
want to be alone as an adult. Mood swings. social aspects of young people’s priorities could
Friendships change – they can become closer, be underplayed due to the focus on professional
or can change a lot and develop.” service delivery. The different priorities shows the
importance of ensuring that children and young
“Getting a job, or your first experience of people’s voices are taken into account. This is
work. There is increased responsibility given to considered in the next section.
GETTING INVOLVED
Depending on a young person’s needs, they may Young people’s participation in
have different transition plans for education,
care and support provided by Social Services, transition plans
Education and Health.
Researchers discussed transition plans with a total
The young people who told us about their of 78 of the 99 young people and found that:
experiences did not generally appear to be
involved in transition planning and their voice n 8
young people could describe their transition
does not appear to be present within planning and plan and their part in the process of decision
review processes, with a few notable exceptions. making. Example descriptions were:
The exceptions demonstrate that young people
can be involved in planning the support they “Social Workers come and go, but I know that
receive, and that this is valued by them. the plan advises me about what things I might
need. My parents will also be involved with it.
The general issue of involvement was highlighted We are waiting for a new Social Worker at the
in the evidence review: moment.”
‘A consistent comment throughout many papers “I had a plan for when I moved from children’s
relates to the ability of young people to be heard services to adult services, but I am not sure
throughout the process. Commentators and what happened with it.”
researchers repeatedly articulated a concern that
young people are still not being listened to and “In transition from school to college, I was
their preferences are not being acted upon.’ involved in it.”
“Everyone met with X and the family at the age
of 13 years” [supported by advocate]
12Achieving the best for young people with learning disabilities
“She got to chair her transition plan meeting, in this area and why holistic planning processes
had a say in it and it went better than she remain rare.”
thought it would.” [Explained by staff at young
person’s request]
Young person’s participation in
n 5
3 young people did not think they had a their social care
transition plan and that they had not been a
part of the process of decision making in what With the exception of 16 young people living in
they did after school. Within 3 fieldwork sites, one town in mid Wales, the majority of young
staff intervened to correct the young people’s people in this study who were engaged with social
responses and told researchers “they have all services did not feel that they participated within
been involved in transition planning.” decisions about their social care or in social work
reviews.
However, the young people did not appear to
recognise the planning or their involvement and The consensus from young people was that social
whilst some may have been involved from a staff workers generally talk to parents and that they
viewpoint, it was very clear from the young people change jobs regularly. Only two young people
that the process had not been one which they felt mentioned participating in any social services
they had participated within. transition meetings. Parents’ comments echo this
lack of participation in social care:
All of the 70 young people who felt they had not
been involved in any transition plans understood “No participation in their own care at all.”
transition planning to be in relation to moving to
college and not in relation to planning any other “The social worker has never had a conversation
services they receive. with my daughter.”
No young person mentioned having an
Young people’s involvement in independent advocate and parents also stated
education that there was “no mention of advocacy.” An
advocate can help a child or young person have
The researchers undertook activities that explored an independent voice in decisions. This can be
young people’s perceptions of their participation particularly important when they have a different
within reviews of the support they needed in view to their parents or their parents don’t feel
school. Only 7 young people said they had been able to speak up on their behalf.
involved in reviews. For example, one young
person said that she had been involved on a one The Social Services and Well-being (Wales) Act
to one basis and was involved in planning for the 2014 gives a statutory entitlement to independent
following year. professional advocacy for all children in need
of care and support. This Act also includes a
In four fieldwork sites staff said that young people presumption that any child with a disability is
were involved in reviews but in three of them said a child who will need care and support, under
young people lost interest so were less involved, or Section 21 (7). On this basis it is surprising that
that involvement was variable. independent advocacy, offered through social
services, has not been mentioned at all throughout
Our evidence review of other research studies this work and an indication that it may not be
found: reaching those children who have an entitlement
to statutory advocacy.
“The most important concern remains however
why many young people are not included in the
transition planning process and how this can be
rectified. The planning process is time consuming,
resource intensive and remains sector specific and
poorly integrated across life domains. The question
is why educational institutions continue to struggle
with providing meaningfully inclusive practice
13Don’t hold back 14
Achieving the best for young people with learning disabilities
The data from professionals supports the apparent
lack of involvement:
Awareness of rights and equal
opportunities
“Solutions should be child-centred. However,
decisions are being made when decision
Approximately half of the fieldwork sites
makers haven’t even met the child.”
promoted awareness of rights with posters on the
wall and some young people informed researchers
“There is a huge gap between what professionals
about the UNCRC and how staff supported their
think is person centred and what is.”
rights to be implemented.
Additionally, some members of transition social
However, it was not apparent how rights-based
services teams said: ‘… we don’t work with the
approaches had been implemented into the
children’ but instead described their role as one of
transition process, even though rights based
coordination between child and adult services.
approaches were being implemented in other
ways within the fieldwork sites. Young people who
Participation and the Welsh attended youth clubs, self-advocacy projects and
transition projects were also aware of disabled
Language people’s rights and appeared more able to
articulate what this meant for them in everyday
Families who use Welsh as their first language
life:
faced particular limitations in terms of
participation since there appeared to be a lack of
“Don’t hold back or be ashamed of your
services available through the medium of Welsh.
disability.”
This issue was best summed up by a professional:
“Having learning difficulties is not your problem
“No-one here has mentioned the Welsh
but society’s problem.”
Language, which really is the elephant in
the room. Children and young people whose
“Having a learning difficulty is a part of you.”
first language is Welsh are clearly being
discriminated against, despite us saying equal
Some parents also highlighted how their son
status for the language etc. in some areas in
or daughter needed to actively be given equal
Wales, there is no access to Welsh speaking
opportunities so that they could live an equitable
services and in other areas where there are
life compared to non-disabled peers:
Welsh speaking staff there are no services at all.
Welsh Government really needs to get a handle
“Being valued as a citizen and human being
on this, as the issue doesn’t really even have
would be the most important. Having the same
any profile at all”[Health Professional]
opportunities as her peers, having a say and
control over her life and for independence and
development skills to continue.”
15Don’t hold back
FAMILY
LIFE
Parents of young people with learning disabilities have additional
caring responsibilities compared to parents of non-disabled
children, and those caring responsibilities do not diminish as
the child grows older. Parents have to find the balance between
enabling their child to become an adult whilst also continuing to
support their care needs.
Because parents play such as crucial role in we are inundated with organising all of the
transition, this section explains some of the services constant involvement.”
barriers they face, as well as young people’s
perspectives on their parents’ role. “I have to manage different health services-
can be 5 or 6 different services. Managing
Not all parents reported difficulties. But paperwork which sometimes doesn’t get
approximately half of the total who used specialist passed between health services leading to
health services and one third of those accessing endless repeating of medical history.”
statutory social care services described how
difficult they found it to work with services; with Additionally, most of these parents felt that their
many pointing to the problems of managing experience of supporting their young person was
multiple appointments and different services. often ignored once the young person reaches
adult services:
Personal organising and “Adult services do not recognise the parents’
administration role and so you get shut out.”
The following quotes exemplify the experience A few parents who did feel listened to wrote
that many parents had in trying to coordinate about this positively within questionnaires:
services for their young people:
“They listen to what us parents have to say
“The endless appointments have been a real about the well-being of our child.”
pain and a source of great time investment for
me….The paper based NHS is a big job for me in Section 19 of the Social Services and Well-being
terms of managing the appointments.” (Wales) Act 2014 is clear that wherever feasible
any carer that the person has must be involved in
“I have found that I need to be a secretary and any assessment of need (section 19), care planning
administrator to the multidisciplinary team that and review (Section 54).
my son is supposed to have. If I don’t chase
them up the appointments don’t come and The dual feeling of organising a number of
the assessments get missed and we’ve even appointments and also being unheard during
been discharged for missing an appointment discussions within the appointments takes a toll
due to illness. A clerical error which cost me upon parental emotional health. The data showed
months of phone calls to reinstate. They never a consensus of parents describing unsupportive
communicate between departments. They experiences as ‘struggle’ ‘battle’ ‘stressful’ and
rarely turn up to meetings for reviews … ‘fearful’ with a very small minority alluding to
16Achieving the best for young people with learning disabilities
suicidal thoughts and attempts with comments Managing work
such as:
and caring duties
“You do get to see them if you try and end it all
… but it shouldn’t have to get to that stage.” A minority of parents described being forced
to give up work for a variety of reasons which
It also adds to the fears and concerns that parents included:
have for their young person as they become
an adult, since adult services tended to involve n a
lack of specialist or supportive child care;
parents less than children’s services.
n t he amount of administration of appointments;
Parental concerns for their n m
anaging temporary exclusions, or choosing to
young person with a learning home educate (this was a small minority).
disability These issues were particularly a problem for single
parents and women. Where parents had given up
Since parents coordinated most of the services work, they experienced poverty and distress from
that their young person used, transition to trying to makes ends meet.
adulthood involves a fear that without the parent
coordinating the services, the young person will “I can’t work because no funding for specialist
not access them. This was accompanied by a fear breakfast club or after school club.”
that when the parents became too old to care for
the young person no one would look after them: “I had to give up full time work because of
school and health appointments for my son.
“My biggest, darkest fear is dying and leaving Now I work part time a few hours to boost my
him alone in the world. I don’t trust anyone to carers’ allowance.”
look after him as well as I do...and there have
been so many instances where society, where “Had to give up work to care for him during the
those who are supposed to support us have let summer holidays. (There’s no care available for
us down.” 19 year olds).”
“If anything happened to us it doesn’t bear
thinking about to be honest.” Managing family life
These deep fears and concerns placed pressure on Many parents felt they had to manage family
parents and add to the emotional issues that they life rather than just live it or experience it. Many
were already having to deal with on a daily basis. parents described the strain of trying to meet
other family duties and continue their caring role:
“I don’t get to spend any time with other non-
disabled children. Family life revolves around
the disabled young person.”
“The whole family needs help and emotional
support.”
17Don’t hold back
Emotional impact of managing Additionally, one young person said:
family life and a caring role “I actually need the help of parents and family,
I have no choice.”
A minority of parents described how they were left
alone to ‘struggle’ until crisis hit, which resulted in Social care professionals echoed the sentiment
their young person entering residential care: that parents can be overprotective and do not
support young people with learning difficulties to
“Crisis hit and I’m now cut off from my child become independent:
who has gone to residential setting.”
“I have great difficulty with getting parents
“There’s no help until a crisis comes and then to realise their role in independent living and
our son went into residential which was a helping their children to develop self-care skills.”
disaster.” [Children’s Disability Team Social Worker]
Young people’s views on the “But it’s understandable that, and we need to
provide parents with more support to be able to
role of parents support their kids with becoming independent.”
[Transitions Officer, in response to the above
All young people recognised that their parents comment]
found it difficult to reconcile the parenting role,
caring role and support for independence. These Professionals need to recognise the long-term
views are summed up in these comments: emotional strain that many families will have been
under, and that previous poor experiences of
“They have your best interest at heart and each services may lead to mistrust and anxiety about
parent is a person too.” whether their child’s needs will be met.
“Parents need help to let go and should know It is also important to recognise that families will
where to go to help you get advice. There be crucial to the success of transition planning:
should be more help for lone parents too.”
The literature also identifies families as a key
About a third said their parents were facilitator for successful educational transition
overprotective. planning which can only work if parents and young
people are kept in the loop, their social network is
Young people who felt ‘overprotected’ said they involved proactively, and where young people are
felt ‘wrapped up in bubble wrap’ and: heard and listened to in the process.
“[They] don’t want us taking risks, but that is
how we learn.”
“I want to be a bit more independent. They stop
me.”
Young people who did not feel overprotected said:
“Parents nag you about your independence.”
“I have freedom and my parents are looking
after me.”
“My Mum worries about me, but she cares
about me, as I am only 17.”
18Achieving the best for young people with learning disabilities
19Don’t hold back
SUPPORT
In this section we explore who supports young people and their
families during transition and what help they need. It is clear that
young people see their greatest support by far as coming from their
parents, with 77 out of 99 listing parents and families as supporting
them. Nearly half listed school or college staff and others noted
as supportive were careers staff, support staff, keyworkers, social
workers, police and friends.
Encouragingly the vast majority of young people What do young people want
felt they had someone to help them:
help with?
“There’s lots of help in school. A good Social
Worker, who is helpful and is always in contact, Young people were very clear in the things that
so that I always know what’s happening.” they need help with during transition.
Sadly a small number (9%) of respondents felt that n T
ransport: ‘The cost, confidence and tickets.’,
there was no one who could give you good advice. ‘I need to know directions or have travel
Most of these were young people who had left arrangements.’
foster care at aged 18 and felt alone, or who did
not have a good relationship with their parents. n A
dvice with studying: ‘There are limited
courses and you have to make choices’, ‘I find
Whilst only a proportion of the respondents had qualifications really difficult, the exams are
access to a key worker or transition project, they hard.’
were highly valued as a source of support and
guidance: n F
inances: ‘I am worried about money, paying
bills and budgeting.’
“My key worker does everything.” (only 25
young people had access to key workers). n L
ife skills and independence: ‘Help with
looking after yourself.’, ‘Doing your own
housework and laundry.’ ‘Moving into supported
Support for parents living and how to do it.’ ‘Courage to go to new
places.’
Parents, like the young people, get their greatest
support from family members. This was the n W
ork: ‘Finding a job.’, ‘Help with filling in
greatest source of support cited by parents (38%). application forms.’
Sadly the next most common response was ‘no
one’ (32%). Less frequently mentioned were social n M
anaging friendships: ‘Making new friends in
workers, friends and school or college. Perhaps college.’
surprisingly, both health professionals and peer
support groups were only rarely mentioned. n C
hoices: ‘Choices about how and who you
trust, based on good advice.’
20Achieving the best for young people with learning disabilities
What would help parents more? With the exception of support for transport,
young people and parents are requesting help
When asked: ‘What help would you like?’ parents with somewhat different things. Young people
identified the following: expressed needing help with practical skills for
adulthood (e.g. finances, managing work) whilst
n R
espite breaks. Many parents said that they parents said they needed good information
wanted respite breaks so that they could and emotional support. Effective transition
rest as they felt physically exhausted. Some planning that recognises the importance of family
parents also felt that respite should be used relationships could include the needs of the
to further their young person’s social skills and parents separately to the needs of the child; on
independent living skills. the evidence that parents are an invaluable and
primary source of support for the young people.
n S
omeone who will listen and give advice. This
varied between calls for ‘anyone who would
just listen’ to ‘guidance to get through the The literature also points to a largely underused
systems’ through to ‘explanations of education resource in transition planning. Researchers note
entitlements and opportunities.’ that existing social networks and family networks
may function as considerable sources of support.
n B
etter sources of information and flexible This message aligns with increasing emphasis
meeting times for working parents and lone placed on asset based approaches in social care
parents. Working lone parents particularly and should constitute part of any educational
highlighted how difficult it was to manage transition planning.
everything. Suggestions included online leaflets
and support via social media, evening and
weekend carers’ support activities, and online
peer support.
n E
motional support for parents. Parents
recognised that transition is a particularly
emotional time and that they can gain help
from each other but also need support for their
emotional well-being.
n H
elp with transport. Some parents needed help
to transport their child to school whilst others
also said they need help with all transport
because their young person could not use
public transport.
n F
lexible support. Some parents pointed out
that there is no choice of services and that ‘a
one size fits all doesn’t work’.
21Don’t hold back
ACCESSING
SERVICES
Most of the comments in this section come from parents and
professionals, because parents are more likely to be trying to access
services on the young person’s behalf. It should be noted that
there were many comments in parents’ questionnaires that are not
included here because they do not relate specifically to transition,
but about which they expressed powerful feelings. This includes
the difficulties in getting a diagnosis in order to unlock access to
services, and access to mental health services. We will use this
information in other policy and influencing work.
Accessing health services Accessing health services can be hampered by
residential placements. The comment below was
Approximately one third of all parent respondents a common experience for parents whose young
did not use specialist health services, so only people were in residential education placements:
two thirds of respondents had comments to
make regarding health services and of these, half “In 2015 CAMHS near school said he needed
reported negative and frustrating experiences (i.e. intervention, but would not provide it as
one third of the total respondents). As is often the he was at boarding school. When he came
case within self-completed research, respondents home it was the week after his 18th birthday
did not particularly explain what was working well and he came under adult services. It was a
within health services. battle to get him seen, initially he was referred
to the psychiatrist attached to the learning
When a young person is referred at transition age, disability team, but did not meet the learning
health services can deliberate about which service disability criteria. Eventually he was seen by a
the young person should be referred to, which psychiatrist and referred to a psychologist who
delays both decisions and access: met with him weekly and stopped seeing him
in order to provide support for support workers
“He was referred by a consultant (for OT) who have had no contact since.”
takes so long to access treatment. As he is 15
the health board spent 6 months “deciding”
who should treat him adult services, the local The literature also identifies a specific subgroup
children’s centre or school physio … eventually of young people with learning disabilities which
all they could offer was a session to show me encounter specific difficulties in transition: young
what to do whilst we wait another 6 months for people living out of area. Their access to NHS and
a free hydro pool slot.” care services is fraught with particular challenges
since they are often seen as only temporarily
resident.
22Achieving the best for young people with learning disabilities
23Don’t hold back
Access to further education Generally, transition preparation greatly varies
between different regions as well as between
Access to further education varied according different services. For example, 8 parents from
to whether the young person was accessing a different areas discussed the age at which
mainstream or specialist course and the level of transition occurred within social care:
support the young person may need. 79% of all
parent respondents reported having concerns “You get dropped at 16,17,18” [i.e. different ages
about their child being able to continue to learn at from different respondents]
college.
“They withdraw at 14 to prepare you for adult
Parents who made additional comments regarding services which aren’t there.”
education tended to focus upon their children’s
needs and request specialist provision. They had However, for all services there was agreement that:
high levels of concern about post school education
after their child became 19 years old: “You have to fit diagnosis and thresholds for
adult services.”
“There are no local colleges for people with
severe disabilities. We are being pushed to Thresholds were described to change on
residential. We don’t want this.” transition, with certain services only being
accessible because of access to other services. For
“He will need an accessible college placement example, one parent explained this in relation to
after he is 19. So far the only college we know of school and adult mental health services:
is over 100 miles away. Plus it’s private and the
funding will be difficult to get. Every agency will ‘[He] attended mainstream school. There is a lot
argue that they can’t pay it. It’s a very difficult of unnecessary criteria for adult mental health
road to getting what my son needs.” services as regards to whether your child went
to a mainstream school the authority doesn’t
The lack of available choices meant some young regard them as having a learning disability even
people went to out of county placements and though they have. This then removes the right
occasionally the lack of choice ended the young for them to see the disability team, so you see
person’s education: the regular team who can’t help them because
they have autism!! So you see no one as has
“Left college now but had to go out of county happened to my son.’
to get needs met!”
“When the child finishes with paediatric services
“My son is now 19, he went to college but he the care, support network and understanding
was in a special unit and they had nothing for goes with it. Adult services functions very
him to continue in the college after the special differently seeing the patient more on an
needs course finished.” emergency rather than maintenance basis.”
“My son has severe autism and is non-verbal Some families found that they were ‘signed off’
with challenging behaviours and where I live prior to transition and therefore could not access
there is nowhere for him to go.” adult services. Others found that services stopped
at 18 and they had to apply for adult services:
Changing thresholds between “Respite stops at 18 and have to re-apply to
child and adult services adult services. It may or may not happen and
will be a whole load of new workers.”
All three statutory services were described by
parents to have different thresholds between The Social Services and Well-being (Wales) Act
children’s services and adult services. 2014 contains provisions that should by now be
beginning to improve the transition between child
and adult social services. This was not yet the
experience of the majority of respondents to this
24Achieving the best for young people with learning disabilities
study. Similarly, the Additional Learning Needs and 3. Late decision making
Education Tribunal (Wales) Act 2018 should, in
the future, assist with the continuity of Individual Parents and professionals spoke about how late
Development Plans (IDPs) from leaving school age decision making caused worry and uncertainty
up to the age of 25. even though planning took place over years:
“Late decision making and access to social care
Issues of access and delivery services. It definitely differs between areas.
common to all statutory We have one Transition Plan Officer basically
overseeing 200 Young people from two
services different teams.” [Disabled children’s team]
1. Access dictated by budgets
“We plan for 15 years old and upwards, but
decisions are made late and this makes
Parents felt that often ‘decisions are budget-led’
successful transitions difficult.” [Education Staff]
regarding service provision and are not based
upon the needs of their young people. This was
‘We had one Young Person who had a very last-
perceived to be the case regardless of the specific
minute decision of health care continuity lately,
service:
the day before we transitioned them.” [Health
Professional]
“I want him to have as good an opportunity
that he can and have opportunities for further
“My son is almost 19 and we have no funding
education and learning. Our local council tries
agreements secured for his post 19 education.
to dictate where my son should go and this of
It’s been a shambles since I started planning his
course is related to their budgets.”
transition aged 13.”
“Access to most health services i.e. physio,
The challenges of providing a smooth transition
speech and language etc. have ceased due to
across a multitude of services is clearly evidenced
budgetary constraints.”
in the research studies reviewed:
2. Inflexible service models
‘The main challenge of transition remains to be one
of different service structures between children
Professionals recognised that there were gaps for
and adult sector, different care approaches,
young people who did not meet certain thresholds
different eligibility criteria and sectoral
or who did not fit specific criteria and explained it
fragmentation in the adult provision. At the same
in terms of using inflexible models:
time as young people experience biological
changes, gain maturity and assertiveness, services
“We need to be asking what people actually
in adult tertiary providers, such as mental health
need rather than what services are available.”
trusts, the NHS and local social services operate
differently to those in the children’s sector. This
“Services are inflexible, they ask people to
often leads to a delay in transition from children to
‘meet’ the service rather than the service meet
adult sector altogether or a ceasing of service.’
their need.”
“An important part of all successful transition
Many parents and professionals discussed the lack
planning is for young people and their families to
of choice in services and how young people were
be kept informed throughout the process and the
“slotted into” existing provision rather than being
literature highlights that many young people and
able to have individualised services. An example
their families are left in the dark about the future
comment regarding respite was:
until very late in the day.”
“Respite is organised around the service not
around the people in it.”
25Don’t hold back
QUALITY
OF SERVICE
Varied provision Some older young people felt they had been let
down by education services during their transition
Different regions and local authorities provide and they listed key elements to being able to live
different services. For example, some authorities independently that had been missing from their
provided transition key workers (which are education. In common to all these elements was
warmly welcomed by families), others have self that the learning they did have was not related to
and peer advocacy projects, whilst many appear practical everyday life and occurred too late in the
to have neither of these provisions. Some local education process.
authorities have a focus upon support within
mainstream schools whilst others do not. Some Joint working
local authorities commission specialist youth
clubs whilst others pay for individualised support Parents and professionals identified similar
packages without peer socialising opportunities. areas for improvements to current joint working
Our research also found that some areas have arrangements.
transition social workers and some have transition
from children to adult services. Although some
local authorities have recently moved towards all- Communication
age teams, none of the participants in this study
had experience of them. Professionals recognised that there was often poor
or a lack of communication between services, and
that information was not shared as necessary.
Preparation for independence Parents’ negative experiences were often
underpinned by poor communication.
There was some criticism from both parents and
professionals that mainstream schools are not
focusing upon life skills that are needed for a Poor coordination and
successful transition to adulthood, and are instead decision making
focusing on on core subjects and work readiness.
However, some special schools were also seen to Parents highlighted that although meetings and
not prepare young people for adulthood in terms discussions about transition took place before
of core subjects, reading skills and life skills: a young person reached 18, no one coordinated
transition and so decisions were delayed:
“While I appreciate the need for core subjects,
without life skills, everything is a barrier in “There is no overarching support or expertise
day to day life, when reaching transition to and parents are forced to act as go-betweens
adulthood.” constantly. “
“I am terrified for my daughter’s future. She has “I have been incredibly proactive in planning
been completely let down by the education transition, but despite this the results coming
system. I am very realistic about her educational through transition have been very poor, he is in
attainment. All I ever wanted was for her to the last year of education (one term to go) and
learn life skills to help her live independently & we STILL don’t have a provision for education
have good self-esteem so she can be an active or social support agreed.”
part of society.”
“Who makes decisions? It takes a lifetime to get
agreement.”
26You can also read
