Federalism is based on the love of complexity
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24/02/2019
Ecole des Sciences Criminelles
Swiss federalism and police reforms
Olivier Ribaux
“Federalism is based on
the love of complexity”
Denis de Rougemont, 1948, (free translation) cited in: Frey. R.L., Kreis, G., Plattner, G.-
R., Rhinow, R. , Le fédéralisme Suisse. La réforme engage, Ce qui reste à faire, Le savoir
Suisse, Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romaines, Lausanne, p. 61
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Plan of the presentation
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I. From a confederation of states to a
federal state: the origin of the
Swiss police
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18th century: separated territories connected by a
complex set of alliances
5 https://www.web-vd.ch/vd_dgeo/formation-
citoyenne/pdf/Module_%20mediation_autrefois.pdf
1798-1803: Helvetic Republic
6 https://www.web-vd.ch/vd_dgeo/formation-
citoyenne/pdf/Module_%20mediation_autrefois.pdf
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Mechanism – Helvetic Republic
The project:
Helvetic Republic (1798) Failure !
France impose Scattered situation
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Mediation act (1803): confederation of
states
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacte_fédéral_de_1815
8 https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acte_de_Médiation
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Mechanism – Helvetic Republic
The project:
Helvetic Republic (1798) Failure
Residue
Result:
Act of mediation
Napoléon change
the strategy Bottom-up
France impose Scattered situation
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Gendarmerie, Vaud (1803)
10 Image: Yves Paudex (2018)
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Pact of Switzerland (1815)
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacte_fédéral_de_1815
11 https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acte_de_Médiation
From a confederation of states to a
federal state – 1847-48
Unitarists – Federalists
Conservative – Revolutionaries - Radicalism
Catholic – Protestant
Economic concerns – pressure from the great powers within Europe
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Sonderbund_War_Map_English.png
12 https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_de_la_Suisse#/media/File:Constitution_fédérale_1848.jpg
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Mechanism - Sonderbund
The project:
Centralised Federal State
Failure
(Sonderbund)
Residue
Result:
Weak Federal State
(1848)
Bottom-up
Result:
Confederation of States
(weak-not working)
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II. Current system, disparities and
dysfunctions
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II. Current system, disparities and
dysfunctions
Current system
Switzerland -Schwiiz–Svizzera–Schweiz-Sviza
Vaud
City of Lausanne
16 https://fr.wikipedia.org
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Police system in Switzerland
Multi-level governance
Federal
900
(3.5%)
+ Customs, Border guards, National security
18’400
Cantons
(75.5%)
5’100
Cities
About 300
(21%)
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Proportions
From 28 employees …to 3’491
Proportions of police Min Max Mean
officers
Police officer /
inhabitants 1/710 1/286 1/453
Municipality /
canton (included 0% 51% 22%
civilians)
Civilians / Police
officer 5% 50% 19%
(N=68.7)
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Multi-level governance
SPOC
Federal
Cantons SRC
Cities
About 300
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II. Current system, disparities and
dysfunctions
Coordination et cooperation
mechanisms
1024/02/2019
Multi-level governance
SPOC
Federal
SRC
Regions
Cantons
Cities
About 300
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Regional level
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National network for security
Federal
Fedpol National security
(SRC)
Cantons
Cities
About 300
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II. Current system, disparities and
Dysfunctions
Dysfunctions
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Idealy
Basic principles:
• Delegation (adequate geographical level)
• Coherency (multi-level fluidity)
• Interroperability (equipements and technical resources are
shared)
• Flexibility (engagement of resources)
The Swiss system is recognised as intrinsically not optimal to
achieve those goals
25 Aepli, P. (2008) 'Les réformes de la police en Suisse', Revue internationale de
criminologie et de police technique et scientifique (4), 463-480
Dysfunctions: examples
• Hard to understand by the public
• Biaised priorities
• Hard to coordinate and creating Linkage
blindness
• Major events difficult to organize
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III. Drivers of changes
Drivers of changes
• Dysfunctions / failures
• Conformity to European security system
• Digital transformations
• Crime globalisation
• Economy
• Terrorism /radicalisation (other high profile
situation)
• Models of policing – Style of management
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« To put an end to the dysfunctions and wastage
between cantonal and municipal police, the
Vaud police are appealing to the people. They
will launch an initiative "for a unified and more
effective police " » (free translation)
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IV. Failures and successes
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The simplistic path to changes
Centralization gives the ‘obvious’ direction :
standardization, simplification, more
effectiveness and efficiency !
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Ambitious project: mechanisms
1. USIS : revision of the Swiss security system
2. CICOP: regional analysis network
3. Integration of local police into cantonal police
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IV. Failures and successes
Vertical: the USIS project
1. USIS : revision of the Swiss security system
“The cross-border nature of risks and dangers
has increased. At the heart of the
phenomenon is the development of organized
crime and transnational criminal tourism. The
increased material and geographical
imbrication of threat areas requires the
implementation of new approaches.»
34 http://www.usis.ch/franz/faq/faq_franz.html (accessed in 2005)
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Revision of the security system
“ The project has been
unfortunately abandoned by
the new chief of the federal
department of justice and
police. He estimated that the
police are mainly the
http://www.usis.ch (address no more valid)
responsibility of the cantons,
Residues :
• adaptations do the European system and it was not the role of the
• National crime statistic
confederation to interfer”
Aepli, 2008 'Les réformes de la police en Suisse', Revue internationale de
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criminologie et de police technique et scientifique (4), 463-480 free translation
Ecole des Sciences Criminelles
IV. Failures and successes
Horizontal: the CICOP project
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Horizonal agreement
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PICAR Intelligence system
Plateforme
d’ Information
du CICOP
pour l’ Analyse
et le Renseignement
In 2018: 2’500 crime
series detected
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Vaud: Intelligence sharing
The blues against Failure of the
centralization Audit
the reds
Intelligence as an
expressed topic.
More structure:
Operational More structure,
Putting the
meetings visioconference,
foot in the Regional police
Intelligence best practice
door Better integration
products manual proposed
1994 1998 2009 2018-19
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V. Dynamic – emerging pattern
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Mechanism - pattern
Ambitious Project of Centralization
or Harmonization Failure
Top-down
Success
Residue
Result: Step forward
OR Bottom-up
Recognition of a weakness
External driver
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VI. Conclusion
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Revisions of the security system
Federal
SPOC
Regions
Cantons
Cities
Env. 300
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Thank you
Professor Andreas LADNER, School of Public
Administration, Faculty of Law, Criminal Justice, and Public
Administration, UNIL
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