2 Fight Wildlife Crime | p 2ff IEF - Conservation of Land's - Conservation of Land's Largest Mammal
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2 / 1 6
a y 2016
M
Fight Wildlife Crime | p 2ff
IEF - Conservation of Land‘s
Largest Mammal | p 16
The Tarangire
Elephant Project | p 22
IIII WAZA 2/16 WAZA 2/16 1
Contents Editorial Susan
Hunt President’s Page
Fight Wildlife Crime..............................................................2
Confronting the Elephant poaching Crisis...........................4
African Elephants Find Safe Haven......................................7
New development in Sri Lanka......................................... 11
IEF Makes a BIG Difference................................................16
WAZA Interview:
Charles Foley......................................................................22
My Career:
David Jones.........................................................................25
Book Reviews.....................................................................29
Announcements.................................................................30
Recent Updates:
Sundaic Freshwater Fish.................................................... 33
New Exhibit News
Great Ape Centre................................................................ 34
Saving Sharks.....................................................................36
WAZA Projects:
Bat Conservation................................................................ 37
Penguin Find.......................................................................39 © WAZA
Bush Meat Crisis Africa.......................................................40 Gerald Dick and confiscated radiated tortoise at Taipei Zoo.
© Perth Zoo
Cape Vulture.......................................................................42 Susan and ring-tailed lemur.
Joint TAG Chairs Meeting...................................................43 Dear WAZA members and friends!
International Studbooks....................................................44
WAZA Member’s Area.........................................................45 This edition of WAZA NEWS has a focus on elephants Caring for large mammals such as Meanwhile, the threats to elephants contributor to changing commu-
Obituary with good reasons. It is part of a series on charismatic elephants and marine mammals re- in the wild are more and more seri- nity’s attitudes about these amazing
Peter Lupták.......................................................................47 animals in zoos and aquariums and follows the pandas mains an issue of high public interest ous. Zoos are important players in marine mammals. As Joel Manby
New Member of the last edition. Elephants are facing their biggest and in this edition of WAZA News we raising public awareness of this and said, zoos and aquariums are a part
Oakland Zoo...................................................................... 48 conservation crisis and therefore articles are highlight‑ explore this theme, focussing on the raising funds for elephant conserva- of the reason that our public are
ing the illegal trade of ivory, the related political dimen‑ acquisition and care of elephants. tion. At Perth we work with partners now so passionate about conserving
sion and many zoo supported conservation projects Frankfurt Zoological Society to pro- wildlife. And that’s a success. https://
in the field. The long expected export of elephants Perth Zoo’s Asian elephant matri- tect a group of 200 wild elephants seaworldcares.com/Future/.
from Swaziland to three US zoos did finally take place arch, ‘Tricia’ (whose name reflects in Bukit Tigapuluh in Sumatra. Our
despite activities of animal rights groups. Animal wel‑ a past era – she is named after the Perth Zoo elephants help raise funds The capacity to change and move
fare issues and improvements are addressed through 1963 ‘Miss Australia’) is almost to keep those elephants thriving in forward are vital to modern zoos
a partnership project in Sri Lanka. 60 years old. She came to Perth Zoo the wild. We call it “animals helping and aquariums. We are constantly
when elephants were just curious; animals”, and it works. In keeper changing, reflecting new and grow-
Imprint WAZA is continuously supporting the improvements when few people had an understand- talks, Zoo staff talk not only about ing knowledge of animals and being
of animal welfare and husbandry and is therefore plan‑ ing of or interest in the complexity of how we care for elephants in Perth effective ‘shopfronts’ for the pub-
Editor: Gerald Dick, ning a welfare focused accreditation summit together elephants’ social systems, or of their but also about the wild elephants in lic to wildlife conservation action.
WAZA Executive Office with all regional associations in August this year. prodigious intelligence. It was then Sumatra. Our local community loves I strongly encourage all zoos to
IUCN Conservation Centre As a concrete follow‑up of the new strategy “Caring acceptable for Tricia to be kept as Tricia the elephant – and they donate reference the two WAZA strategies
Rue Mauverney 28 for Wildlife” this meeting will offer the opportunity to a lone elephant and for her to live in to save her wild cousins. Caring for Wildlife and Committing
CH-1196 Gland address any issues in order to establish a system in sup‑ a small cement enclosure. Thankfully, to Conservation to understand and
Switzerland port of high animal welfare standards. I am grateful to there have been enormous changes Zoos have changed; are changing; realise this change.
Phone: +41 22 999 07 90 Wildlife Reserves Singapore for hosting this important in zoo animal care since the time of and will continue to change. Let’s
Fax: +41 22 999 07 91 event and to the regions for their active support Tricia’s arrival; and zoos and aquari- celebrate them. I was struck by this
and cooperation. ums continue to change and adapt in with the statement of the CEO of
Layout and typesetting: michal@sky.cz animal care and practice. Seaworld (and WAZA member), Joel …Zoos have
Cover: © Joel Sartore/National Geographic Photo Ark; In the next edition marine mammals will be in the focus, Manby announcing the changes in
with thanks for donating the photo a diverse group which has caused some controversy The growth in understanding and animal care taking place with the changed; are
Print: Agentura NP, Staré Město, Czech Republic and attention in the media. knowledge in zoos and aquariums killer whales in Seaworld’s care.
means that elephants are now man- Seaworld has been instrumental in changing; and will
Edition: 800 copies | © WAZA 2015 Best wishes, aged in social groups in large areas; building understanding about killer
Gerald Dick | Executive Director animals have choices, enrichment whales, and has been a significant continue to change.
This edition of WAZA News is also available on and excellent veterinary care. We fo-
www.waza.org (members’ area) cus on the needs of individual animals, Let’s celebrate
using positive operant conditioning;
Printed on FSC paper. and in the context of ongoing review them.…
on process improvements.
ISSN: 1662-7733
2 WAZA 2/16 WAZA 2/16 3
John F. Calvelli – Wildlife Conservation Society
Taking Back the Streets
to Fight Wildlife Crime
An estimated 35,000 elephants are It’s not hard to see why. In the past
killed each year in Africa due to the decade the insatiable demand for
global ivory trade. That’s 96 ele- ivory has sent prices skyrocketing. Yet
phants a day or one every 15 minutes. the acquisition of this lucrative com-
In 2013, the Wildlife Conservation modity has become a ghastly enter-
Society established a campaign called prise. Once the work of local villagers © WCS
96 Elephants to focus attention on the seeking to provide food and security WCS president and CEO
senseless slaughter of these highly for their families, ivory poaching has Cristián Samper, kneeling
intelligent and social animals. evolved into a sophisticated criminal beside a recently killed
elephant. Niassa, Mozambique,
endeavor conducted by coordinated photo by Alistair Nelson.
I am pleased to report that, with the syndicates increasingly tied to armed Poster of 96 elephants campaign.
support of more than two hundred rebel groups like the Lord’s Resist-
partners that include nearly 130 ance Army. Across sub‑Saharan Africa, And yet we always ponder how we
members of the US‑based Associa- these actions are destabilizing local can break through the immense
tion of Zoos and Aquariums, the 96 communities and instilling fear and amount of information that is avail-
Elephants campaign has successfully terror. able through media channels today.
brought together governments, ordi- We noted that most Americans – af-
nary citizens and non‑governmental The 96 Elephants campaign was con- ter a steady intake of popular crime
organizations in a unified effort structed on three pillars to address television shows in the United States –
aimed at ending the illegal ivory trade this crisis: stop the killing, stop the are familiar with what happens on
and saving this extraordinary and trafficking and stop the demand. To streets that go unprotected. They’ve
iconic species. stop the killing we have advocated for seen taped‑off crime scenes and the
and supported the commitment of © WCS pavement chalk marks indicating the
Times Square, New York, ivory crush
At the time the campaign began, greater resources to wildlife rangers on 19 June 2015 with US Interior
position in which innocent victims
demand for ivory had exploded in and ecoguards, assisting them in their Secretary Sally Jewell. were discovered dead.
China as a rising middle class began work through the use of technology
collecting traditional – and previously such as the WCS‑led SMART tool that As we enter the next phase of our
unaffordable – carved handicrafts as provides rangers real‑time informa- Ivory burning ceremony in Colombo, Sri Lanka, January 2016. © CITES Secretariat 96 Elephants campaign we hope this
a status symbol. Yet China was not tion about the movements and ac- imagery will help us tell a story of
the only place where ivory consump- tions of poachers. elephants being slaughtered far from
tion was expanding. The United The Association of Zoos and Aquari- These state bans complement and After raising awareness of the threat such streets while also paying tribute
States and Europe have long been To address the trafficking of ivory ums became one of the first members bolster federal enforcement efforts. to elephants and uniting to push for to the more than 100 conservation
major destinations for illegal ivory, and its demand, we have waged in the 96 Elephants campaign. Across In 2013, the Obama administration legislative action, the 96 Elephants rangers killed each year protecting
with the US likely the largest ivory an aggressive effort to educate the the United States, individual zoos and created the Presidential Task Force campaign now enters a new, third threatened wildlife in the line of duty.
market outside of Asia. public and representatives of govern- aquariums have been indispensable on Wildlife Trafficking, instructing phase, in which its central focus will
ment in the United States, Europe, partners, working with the United government agencies to take action turn to fighting the crimes of wildlife It is widely known that many of the
and elsewhere about the connection States Congress and local govern- to end this crisis and supporting poaching and trafficking. In the com- roads and trails they travel in Africa
between commercial ivory sales and ments to strengthen restrictions on restrictive new rules by the US Fish ing year, the 96 Elephants campaign were stamped out over centuries by
the slaughter of elephants, as well as the ivory trade at both the national and Wildlife Service to ban the com- will be working in a variety of creative generations of elephants. By confis-
the need to increase anti‑trafficking and subnational level. mercial import, export and interstate ways to engage its members in this cating the ivory, rhino horn, and other
enforcement at key ports and trade in ivory with limited exceptions. effort and make their voices heard by wildlife parts cruelly and illegally ac-
strengthen penalties. I could not have imagined that in the our elected leaders on legislation such quired by criminals seeking a profit at
span of a few short years, we would And to further set an example for as the END Wildlife Trafficking Act. the expense of innocent lives, we can
have passed bans on the sale and the global community, the US Fish begin to take back those streets.
trade of ivory in four states – New York, and Wildlife Service publicly – with
New Jersey, California, and Washing- the support of 96 Elephants and
ton – that includes two of the largest its partners – destroyed six tons of
ivory markets in the nation. As I write, confiscated elephant ivory in Novem-
Hawaii, with the 3rd largest market, is ber 2013. A second crush in New York
poised to become the next state to City’s Times Square followed almost
ban ivory sales, with Oregon and other two years later. www.96elephants.org
states likely soon to follow.
4 WAZA 2/16 WAZA 2/16 5
Susan Lieberman – Wildlife Conservation Society
Global Zoos and Aquariums
Can Play a Key Role in Confronting
the Elephant Poaching Crisis
Poaching for the illegal ivory trade
has surged in the past decade, and
African elephants are now in the
midst of the greatest poaching crisis
they have ever experienced. A study
published in 2014 found that some
100,000 elephants were illegally killed
for their ivory across Africa between
2010 and 2012. Our scientists also
demonstrated that between 2002
and 2013, Central Africa lost approxi-
mately 200,000 forest elephants – a
population decline of 65% – and
heavy poaching continues to this day.
At this rate, forest elephants could
be effectively extinct across most of
their range within a decade. Increas-
ingly, evidence and intelligence have © Julie Larsen Maher / WCS © Andrea Turkalo / WCS
shown that this large‑scale ivory African elephants. Dzanga Bai – a forest clearing in the Central African Republic.
trafficking is being run by transna-
tional organized criminal syndicates
that are moving illegal elephant ivory Globally, the Wildlife Conservation The poaching crisis we are in the A key issue that must be tackled – While the international commercial Several African elephant range state
out of Africa and into markets in Asia, Society (WCS) runs conservation midst of today is driven by multiple and one we can all do something trade in ivory has been banned since governments have called upon all
Europe, and the United States. programs and projects in approxi- factors – including weak or non‑ex- about – is the presence of legal 1990, under the Convention on Inter- countries to close their domestic
mately 60 countries around the world istent governance, corruption, greed, domestic markets for ivory. These national Trade in Endangered Species ivory markets – it is the staff of these
and works with partner governments and high consumer demand. Weak markets, found in many countries, of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), in- countries who put their lives on
in the management of more than 200 governance in many range, transit, stimulate consumer demand and dividual countries, including the U. S., the line to protect their elephants,
million acres of protected lands – in and consumer countries provides the purchasing, and drive trafficking and China, and others, have maintained and it is incumbent upon countries
…A motion has addition of course to running the enabling environment for these crimi- poaching. Brave park rangers are varying levels of legal domestic where the ivory from these poached
Bronx Zoo, NY Aquarium, and two nals to thrive; and the illegal ivory sacrificing their lives as they attempt ivory trade (allegedly only selling elephants is destined to heed this
been submitted other zoos in New York City. WCS is trade, in turn, exacerbates conflict, to defend wildlife against groups of pre‑CITES or legally imported ivory). call, and close their markets for good.
very active in combating the threat corruption, and poverty in countries militarized poachers, some of whom These legal markets provide a cover It is time for the global community
to the IUCN World of poaching and illegal wildlife trade, that are already struggling to defend have helicopters, night vision goggles, for trade in illegal ivory and traffick- to stand up and agree – ivory is over.
both in our field and country pro- their economic and national security. and automatic weapons. ers exploit the regulatory loopholes in As long as people can still buy ivory,
Conservation grams across the globe and through There are ongoing efforts to tackle order to misrepresent illegal ivory as whether online or in stores or shops,
policy advocacy. WCS has extensive all of these, including intensification legal ivory. Given the scale of the cur- this poaching crisis will continue.
Congress that calls experience working on‑the‑ground to of anti‑poaching efforts, enhanced rent elephant poaching crisis across
conserve elephants in 15 of the 37 Af- work with local communities, and Africa, and the modus operandi of the
on all countries to rican elephant range States and 9 of assistance to governments with trade, governments must eliminate
13 Asian elephant range States – and anti‑trafficking and intelligence‑led these parallel legal markets and the
close their domestic it is that extensive field presence that law enforcement. But more must resulting opportunities for laundering
informs our advocacy and leader- be done. illegal ivory.
ivory markets… ship in the current fight to stop the
poaching of elephants and trafficking
in their ivory.
6 WAZA 2/16 WAZA 2/16 7
Dennis Pate – Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium,
Gregg Hudson– Dallas Zoo | Mark C. Reed – Sedgwick County Zoo
African Elephants Find Safe Haven
in Accredited U. S. Zoos
After nearly two years of planning, Although Swaziland’s parks are too “Management of Big Game Parks are
and a plethora of challenges, we are small to support large elephant herds, in my opinion right to be concerned
relieved and pleased to report that 17 Big Game Parks conservation plan about the negative impact their
African elephants found safe haven in identified the parks as ideal settings elephants are having on tall nesting
the United States on March 11, 2016 for a significant rhino conservation ef- trees for breeding vultures, and also
from drought‑stricken Swaziland fol- fort. The strategic conservation plan their potential negative impact on
lowing a successful relocation mission called for a reduction in the elephant habitat for rhinos if allowed to remain
conducted by three Association of population. As a result, a group of at high densities,” explained Dr. Rich-
Zoos and Aquarium (AZA) accredited elephants was slated to be culled if ard Emslie, Scientific Officer of IUCN’s
and WAZA member zoos: Dallas not relocated out of Swaziland. “Big African Rhino Specialist Group, and
Zoo in Texas, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Game Parks is managing for biodi- a member of the Southern African
© Michael Fay / WCS Zoo and Aquarium in Nebraska and versity and prioritizing its conserva- Rhino and Elephant Security Group/
Sedgwick County Zoo in Kansas, in tion efforts on severely threatened Interpol Environmental Crime Work-
Some of the 26 elephants slaughtered at Dzanga Bai in spring of 2013 by Seleka rebels
following a coup in the capital earlier in the year. partnership with Big Game Parks in rhinos,” the Big Game Park managers ing Group in a letter sent to the U. S.
Swaziland. explained. “Within the parks, the el- Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in
ephants were space‑restricted. They favor of the relocation of the ele-
The U. S. has taken steps to close its the next four years. A key element of These IUCN and CITES resolutions, if The elephants came from two pri- shared large, high‑security fenced phants. “I have visited Swaziland and
domestic ivory market, through the the Congress is its Members’ Assem- adopted, will show the powerful will vately managed parks in Swaziland, habitats with the rhinos. Unfortu- Big Game Parks’ Reserves a number
publication of a proposed rule under bly, where IUCN members vote on of the global community to declare, where the conservation management nately, the elephants had begun to of occasions, and seen first‑hand the
the U. S. Endangered Species Act that motions supporting various conserva- once and for all, that ivory is over – plan required their removal due to destroy trees important to nesting destructive impact on the habitat
will hopefully be finalized very soon. tion issues and initiatives. A motion and these policy declarations will help overpopulation and degradation of vultures which are also highly threat- by the small number of elephants
In September 2015, President Barak has been submitted that calls on all stimulate governments that still have the landscape. Destroying ancient ened, and they had become serious they have. … I support the proposed
Obama of the U. S. and President countries to close their domestic open ivory markets to take urgent trees and brush as they ate their forage competitors with both black reduction of elephant densities in the
Xi Jinping of China announced joint ivory markets. It was sponsored by action to close those markets. And in way across the parks, the elephants and white rhinos. While culling was kingdom… live exports are to be pre-
commitments to combat wildlife 2 governments and 12 non‑govern- addition to a critical need to provide were consuming sparse vegetation not a preferred option, reaching the ferred over the alternative of culling
trafficking, including the commit- mental organizations, including WCS, funding to organizations doing work faster than it could naturally regener- proposed population goals to help al- the surplus elephants.”
ment of both countries to “enact the World Association of Zoos and on‑the‑ground to stop poaching and ate. This altered the land and threw leviate continued habitat degradation
nearly complete bans on ivory import Aquariums (WAZA), the European As- ivory trafficking, the zoo community resources out of balance, which and conflict with rhino conservation “For WAZA it is important to note
and export, including significant and sociation of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA), can play a major role in stopping the negatively affected other mammal objectives was critical. Thus, reloca- that the elephants in Swaziland are
timely restrictions on the import of and the Association of Zoos and elephant poaching crisis by working and bird species, such as vultures, in tion to the US zoos, which have the kept in enclosures, which means
ivory as hunting trophies, and to take Aquariums (AZA). to see that governments close their the parks. resources and capability to provide under ex situ conditions rather than
significant and timely steps to halt domestic ivory markets – and that state‑of‑the‑art environments, was in situ conditions. Those elephants
the domestic commercial trade of Also this year (Sept. 24–Oct. 5), the the IUCN and CITES resolutions are necessary and preferred.” had been introduced to Swaziland
ivory”. We hope the U. S. and China 17th meeting of the Conference of the adopted. Zoos and zoo associations and are not being managed as part
take these steps as soon as possible. Parties to CITES will take place in are well placed to advocate with their of the meta‑population that includes
Johannesburg, South Africa, bringing governments to both support these the neighboring populations in South
But more can be done, and zoos together more than 2,000 govern- resolutions, and take the needed Africa (no immigration or emigration
across the globe can help. The ment, non‑governmental, and inter- action to close their countries’ ivory …As a result, a group of elephants occurs between these populations),
International Union for the Conser- governmental delegates. There will markets. Together, we can help en- which means the removal of these el-
vation of Nature (IUCN) holds its be many important species‑related sure a future for elephants. was slated to be culled if not relocated ephants would not be detrimental to
World Conservation Congress this proposals; in addition, it is expected the species,” wrote WAZA Executive
September in Hawai’i. The Congress, that several governments will jointly out of Swaziland… Director Gerald Dick in comments to
held every four years, is the world’s submit a resolution calling on coun- the USFWS in favor of the relocation.
largest conservation‑focused global tries to close their domestic ivory
forum, and it is expected to influence markets.
the direction of conservation and
global sustainable development for
8 WAZA 2/16 WAZA 2/16 9
AZA‑accredited institutions are
constantly researching and apply-
ing what we are learning to ensure a
healthy future for elephants every-
where. Some important examples
of these scientific efforts include the
invaluable research being conducted
on elephant endotheliotropic herpes
viruses (EEHV) a fatal disease that af-
fects elephants equally in human care
and in wild settings. The more we can
study and understand this disease
through efforts led by zoos, the more
opportunities we can uncover how to
protect and preserve elephant popu-
lations worldwide.
© Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium Each of our zoos created a newly
Elephants in Swaziland Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium. designed habitat for the elephants
that reflects what zoos have learned
through the latest scientific research
“AZA members have a strong com- Population modeling for the African about elephant welfare. Refer-
mitment to conservation education elephant, conducted by biologists ence data includes a landmark 2013
and research. As the independent with the AZA Population Manage- study that assessed the health of
accrediting organization responsible ment Center in 2011, and reassessed 255 elephants at all U. S. accredited
© Sedgwick County zoo for setting and monitoring compli- in 2014, indicated that if conditions zoos and identified opportunities to
Elephant rests in soft sand at Sedgwick County Zoo. ance with its Accreditation Standards, remained unchanged, the African improve welfare for all elephants in
AZA is able to state for the record Elephant Species Survival Program professional care. Insights from these
A historic drought in the region Together, we worked on the complex Make no mistake if not for the zoo that Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and (SSP) population would face an an- studies are expanding our knowl-
further complicated issues for park logistics to relocate the elephants af- community stepping in to support Aquarium, Dallas Zoo and Sedgwick nual 2.3 percent decline over the next edge, informing how accredited zoos
management and put severe stress ter receiving a permit by USFWS and and relocate these animals, they County Zoo are meeting or exceeding 30 years due to its top‑heavy age care for elephants to ensure optimal
on wildlife as it created a scarcity of Swaziland wildlife authorities. The would have met certain death. The their conservation and research re- structure. This modeling revealed a health and welfare.
food and increased competition for USFWS approved the permit after its WAZA and AZA community is com- quirements,” stated Kristin Vehrs, Ex- critical need to increase reproduction
what little was left. The drought is rigorous analysis determined that the mitted to providing the highest qual- ecutive Director for AZA in a written of African elephants and to acquire The innovative design of our zoos’
causing one of the most significant import met regulatory requirements ity care for elephants which includes statement to USFWS supporting this elephants from outside of the AZA new state‑of‑the‑art habitats will
health threats to the people and under the Convention on the Interna- meeting their physical, social and effort. “AZA shares a common vision population to optimize sustainability meet each elephant’s complex
wildlife in the region, and in January tional Trade in Endangered Species of psychological needs. Our community with other professional elephant con- of the African elephant SSP popula- physical, mental and social needs
Swaziland declared a national state Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the is also committed to elephant conser- servation organizations and with our tion long‑term. The relocation of in multigenerational herds. Five
of emergency. The United Nations Endangered Species Act (ESA). vation in the wild, contributing more elephant care colleagues – a vision the Swaziland elephants was fully elephants are now adjusting to their
stepped in to provide food assistance than $1 million US per year specifi- that includes elephants in the world’s supported and encouraged by AZA’s new habitat in Dallas, and groups of
to more than 200,000 people in the Despite false rhetoric by critics of cally toward elephant conservation future forever, both in zoos and in Elephant Taxon Advisory Group. six each are doing well in Wichita and
country. The drought has resulted in the project, everything about this and combating the elephant poach- the wild. The future for elephants is Omaha.
the deaths of tens of thousands of relocation was conducted legally and ing crisis. largely in the hands of the committed It is important to remember that
animals – both domestic and wild. was based on significant research professional conservation organiza- over 30,000 wild African elephants
and study. For example, alternative tions and knowledgeable professional are killed per year – almost 100 each
For several months, our zoos pro- locations for the elephants were elephant care experts who have day -- for their ivory. WAZA and AZA
vided financial support to bring explored in the region but none dedicated their lives to ensuring that members believe it is critical that visi-
truckloads of hay from South Africa proved realistic due to issues related there will be elephants for future tors to zoos make the connection be-
in order to feed the elephants and to excessive poaching, loss of habitat generations.” The efforts to relocate tween these ambassador elephants
other animals, including rhinos, in and elephant‑human conflicts. In these elephants from Swaziland was and the threats they face in the wild,
the parks; however, many animals – fact, the most vocal group critical of in the best interests of the individual empowering the public to take ac-
including 38,000 head of livestock – the relocation, who filed a lawsuit in elephants, that would have died oth- tion and help conserve elephants for
died in the severe conditions. As food federal U. S. court in an attempt to erwise, and it is also in the best scien- future generations.
supply became scarcer, it became delay the relocation, has since volun- tific interest for maintaining a healthy
increasingly urgent to relocate the tarily dismissed their own claim after and sustainable safety net population
elephants to homes where they could recognizing the law was on our side. of elephants in North America.
be well cared for.
10 WAZA 2/16 WAZA 2/16 11
Harald M. Schwammer & Gaby V. Schwammer – Vienna Zoo
Our collective elephant programs’
training philosophy in Dallas, Omaha
and Wichita is based on positive rein-
forcement focused operant condition-
New Development
ing that is conducted using protected
contact. All of the elephants’ inter-
actions with our care staff are vol-
in Sri Lanka – Report
untary, providing the elephant with
the choice or option of participating.
There are only positive interactions
verbally and physically as a standard
practice. Already we are seeing posi- Generally speaking, a turning point In 2011 WAZA financially supported So we started an EAZA similar
tive relationships forming between has been reached in Sri Lanka over several workshops in Dehiwala Zoo, screening of Dehiwala Zoo, Pinnawa-
our elephant care personnel and the the past years, a rethinking involv- Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage and la Elephant Orphanage and Pinnawa-
elephants that are relaxed, content, ing more democracy and a more Elephant Transit Home to the differ- la Zoo – but in a simplified form and
eating and socializing normally and liberal approach has developed. This ent topics: Zoological Collection Plan- at a much lower level and visited the
adjusting quickly to their new homes. also holds true for the unbelievably ning and Zoo Management, Elephant Safari Park Ridiyagama, which is still
positive development of the capital Management and Care, Elephant under construction. A questionnaire
Dallas Zoo offers the first habitat in Colombo into a modern, cosmopoli- Orphans, First Aid, Treatment and was sent from us to the colleagues
the U. S. to combine African elephants tan city. Care and last not least Enrichment for in Sri Lanka before our visit. On site
with zebras, giraffes, impalas, ostrich- Zoo‑Animals. team‑discussions were held, plans
es and guinea fowl together. Omaha’s The attitude towards nature con- examined and documents reviewed
Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium servation and natural resources has The whole funded program by Vienna at the four zoological facilities.
offers the largest herd room in North apparently also undergone a change. Zoo in Sri Lanka is a very success-
America where elephants can gather This is manifested by the confiscation ful story as there always had been • 18 and 19 January 2016:
together whenever they choose to of illegally captured young elephants a good cooperation with different Screening Dehiwala Zoo – Colombo
socialize while they engage with and the demonstrative destruction of ministers and directors of the Depart- • 20 January 2016:
advanced enrichment opportunities. seized ivory from Africa on 26th Janu- ment of Wildlife Conservation and Screening Elephant Orphanage
Sedgwick County Zoo offers more ary 2016. Department of National Zoological • 21 January 2016:
than five acres designed to keep ele- Gardens. Screening Pinnawala Zoo
phants foraging and active throughout It is widely known that the Vienna • 26 January 2016:
the day, including the world’s largest Zoo is strongly committed to the Anyway, there always had been an Safari Park Ridiyagama
pool for elephants at 550,000 gallons. ASERC (Austrian Sri Lankan El- ongoing but very slow development
ephant Research and Conservation) in improving animal care condi- It should be noted, that from the
In addition to the wellbeing of these conservation project in Sri Lanka tions – due to the main problem: the onset, all participants and responsi-
elephants, our zoos are resolute ongoing since 2003. Harald and constantly change of directors at the ble persons made a great effort and
in our commitment to Swaziland’s Gaby Schwammer are founders and Colombo Zoo, who are also responsi- conscientiously worked through the
conservation efforts, and are continu- team‑leaders together with the local ble for Pinnawala Elephant Orphan- questionnaires we had prepared. All
ing to contribute funds for food being © Dallas Zoo colleagues Lalith Seneviratne and age. Some were in office for only a the sites provided us with full access
trucked in for the animals living in the Nolwazi at Dallas Zoo eating browse. H. A. N.T. Perera. (Schwammer H. few months. The first modernization and even unpleasant questions were
national parks that desperately need 2006, 2010, 2015). efforts were undertaken in 2003 by answered honestly and openly. Of
it. We have a long‑term commitment director Brigadier Hant Perera, a course, numerous problems remain
to the conservation of elephants and The arrival of the Swaziland elephants Our zoos serve as a critical connection The project consists of different visionary, who was also part of the to be resolved in the near future.
critically endangered rhinos in Africa in our communities has been met point for people to engage with and elephant‑conservation programs founding team of our ASERC projects. It is nonetheless striking that the
that are facing extreme threats to with excitement and an overwhelm- appreciate nature. It is through these in situ and ex situ together with con- whole team showed an optimistic,
their survival from poaching, drought, ing show of support. People lined moments of wonder and discovery, servation‑education programs and Recently from time to time welfare future‑oriented mood. Many positive
loss of habitat and human conflict. the streets with banners welcoming when we look into the eyes of our activities in several specific selected people approached us with com- things have been implemented over
We are proud of our ongoing conser- the elephants to their new homes. In visitors as they make a vital connec- schools in rural regions around the plaints about animal‑care quality in the last two years and numerous fur-
vation partnership with the people of Omaha, on April 6, after the el- tion with a magnificent species, that Udawalawe National Park. Dehiwala Zoo and even in Elephant ther improvements are in the works.
Swaziland. ephants had sufficient time to adjust we are reminded we are serving a Orphanage Pinnawala. And com- These involve renovations, new
to their new surroundings, members higher purpose and helping to spark The support of the Vienna Zoo plaints arrived at the WAZA office, too. construction and, above all, organiza-
This is the second time that elephants of the public were welcomed to get a passion, and create a culture of caring. consists of expertise transfer by tional clarity and transparency.
have successfully transitioned from glimpse of the family group. Chil- The long‑term benefits of thousands organising many different spe- As reaction Dr.Gerald Dick suggested
Swaziland parks to the U. S. In 2003, dren who had never seen a real, live of people having an opportunity to cific workshops, but also of provid- a sort of screening of the National
11 elephants arrived from Swaziland elephant, saw one for the very first see and experience elephants up close ing veterinary‑equipment from Zoological Gardens, as the Vienna
and joined African elephants already time and were overcome with won- may never be fully understood, but we blood‑sample machines to dart- team planned to stay in Sri Lanka in
at two U. S. AZA‑accredited zoos as derment and awe. do know from years of experience that ing‑guns, micro‑chipping equipment January 2016 for starting additional
part of an earlier effort to manage these critical moments when people and GPS collars. conservation and education projects.
the elephant population. Today those make a real connection with wildlife, Meanwhile two more zoological
elephants are thriving. Each female can serve as a compass that directs institutions had been planned and
has successfully delivered at least two them on a path toward caring and constructed and freshly opened for
calves, and all but one bull has sired, conservation of nature. the public.
resulting in 14 births.
12 WAZA 2/16 WAZA 2/16 13
© H&G Schwammer © H&G Schwammer
Two of Pinnawala’s first femal mahouts: Chandrika Priyadharshani, education officer, Elephant
Vasana Madushani (left) and Sashima Sewandi (right). Orphanage Pinnawala, Dinushika Manawadu, assistant director,
Elephant Orphanage Pinnawala, Gaby V. Schwammer,
© H&G Schwammer Head of education, Vienna Zoo (from left to right).
Masterplan presentation at Dehiwala Zoo
by Dhammika Malsinghe, Director, Dept. Pinnawala Elephant
of National Zoological Gardens and
Renuka Bandaranayaka, Deputy Director,
Dehiwala Zoo Orphanage
Dept. of National Zoological Gardens and
Harald M. Schwammer, Deputy Director, During our visit in January 2016, we A particularly interesting piece of Many positive things have happened Fortunately, all the elephants are TB is quite a problem in Sri Lanka
Vienna Zoo.
conducted a 2-day, detailed screen- news came from the curator of the in Pinnawala Elephant Orhanage as now equipped with microchips, which and there are suspicious cases in el-
ing at the Dehiwala Zoo, the efforts aquarium (a very small building with well. The entire operation has been were sponsored by Vienna Zoo. ephants since several years. The main
in the direction of a modern zoo very finely maintained aquariums): re‑organized. Turnstiles have finally Moreover, it struck us that the overall problem is that there is still no proper
management are clearly visible and he has been working intensively on been installed (like in Dehiwala Zoo “condition of the elephants” has method done of taking relevant
promise serious further development. cultivating endangered endemic fish and in the new Pinnawala Zoo). This improved – including their feet. For samples for testing. And there seem
species. The visitors are also informed now allows a transparent quantifica- the first time, it was not necessary to to be no proper laboratories, which
Dehiwala Zoo has finally experienced A masterplan is currently in place, about the threats through the infor- tion and documentation of visitor conduct urgently needed foot care can proof this disease in Sri Lanka.
a first up‑swing and the same holds containing some of the well‑known mation provided in the visitor area. numbers: entry fees can no longer during our visit! Our hoof knives are Anyway the whole problem can
true for the Pinnawala Elephant ideas from the time of Hant Perera, disappear. Luckily, the re‑organiza- still present and in use. develop to a very big one at any time.
Orphanage. The newly opened such as the outdoor elephant enclo- It is remarkable, both at Dehiwala tion encompassed only those things Vienna offered therefore support to
Pinnawala Zoo currently has only a sure, along with numerous new influ- Zoo and at the Pinnawala Elephant that were necessary and did not Unexpectedly, the vision of the the problem solving.
few animal facilities; these are very ences reflecting modern ideas for the Orphanage, that the interpreter involve an undifferentiated, blanket multi‑award‑winning cinema‑movie
spaciously laid out and supported improvement of animal keeping. This system has been introduced and that control effort. “Chandani: the daughter of the It is noteworthy, that a dedicated and
by comprehensive didactic informa- master plan was presented in detail education‑effort has been progressing elephant whisperer and her elephant” comprehensive pedagogic program
tion that addresses modern species and discussed with the responsible in small but continuous steps. Thus, A written visitor evacuation plan is (concept, consulting and supervision has already been installed at Pin-
conservation (e. g., leopards). The persons. Some old, tiny cat facilities the elephant presentations at Dehi- also now in place. This was necessary, in the creation of the film: Harald nawala Elephant Orphanage and
entirely new Safari Park Ridiyagama have been torn down and spacious wala Zoo or the feeding of the young because there is always the danger- Schwammer) has become real- is much appreciated by the local
already boasts an extensive infra- enclosures are now under construc- elephants at Pinnawala Elephant ous possibility that single elephants ity in Pinnawala: today there are in schools. Worksheets are available
structure and has been opened to the tion at their former sites. It is visible Orphanage are now commented. The can run amok. The animal data are fact three female mahouts in this for the schoolchildren and various
public at the end of March 2016. that action has started for improve- respective texts were translated and also being collected and stored male‑dominated profession. events are held with school participa-
ments. presented in writing to us, includ- professionally. The health monitor- tion, such as a drawing contest. In the
ing those for the seal feeding and ing – to the extent that it does not German and Austrian volunteers, future, detailed information for an
Unfortunately, the outdoor elephant elephant shows. Both are acceptable; require high‑tech measures – is also who have worked at Pinnawala on international public will be provided
enclosure continues to remain unfin- some work still needs to be done on very good. numerous occasions, have repeat- in the form of a display‑platform
ished, but the completion has to be the wording in the commentaries. edly pointed to a problem that we at the center of the grounds. It will
done now immediately. Accordingly, Accordingly, some of the information were able to view first‑hand while report on the important tasks being
all the elephants, including an African on species conservation needs to be on site. The elephant manure is pil- conducted at Pinnawala Elephant
elephant, always remain chained supplemented. The circus elements ing up in huge heaps and is merely Orphanage. The site for this new con-
except for the bathing sessions and have largely been removed from the being covered from sight. This calls cept has already been selected and
the shows (not the African). elephant show. The presentation has for an urgent overall re‑organization, the implementation is underway.
now been defused, but a watchful eye including the installation of a new
still needs to be held over the program. logistic for regular disposal. Urgent
Impressively the whole info‑system government support is needed to
in Dehiwala Zoo is provided in English, solve this problem quickly!
Singhalese and Tamil‑language.
14 WAZA 2/16 WAZA 2/16 15
© H&G Schwammer
Corocidile facility under construction.
© H&G Schwammer © H&G Schwammer
New leopard facility in Pinnawala Zoo. Meeting with Kasun Samasekara, assistant director, Safari Park Ridiyagama (middle)
and some of the curators, Safari Park Ridiyagama and Gaby V. & Harald M. Schwammer.
Pinnawala Zoo Safari Park Ridiyagama Summary
This is a new, modern zoo adjoining An enormous crocodile facility is cur- We could visit this Safari Park when The screening and the evaluation of We want to thank Mr. Shane R.
the Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage, rently under construction, along with still under construction in January and the recent situation of Dehiwala Zoo, Dullewe as Ministry Adviser and References:
with an impressive entrance portal a sloth bear facility, both spaciously it already boasts spacious parking Pinnawala Elephant Orphange and Hon. Minister D. M. Swaminathan
and modern visitor access logistics. dimensioned and each equipped with lots, infrastructure buildings, quaran- Pinnawala Zoo is documenting that for cooperation and showing profes- • Schwammer Harald. M. 2006;
The zoo was opened for the public on its own info‑center. tine stations, acclimatization enclo- after many years of standing still an sional interest in developing these ASERC – the Austrian Sri Lankan
17 April 2015. This is the first open‑air sures and extensive safari grounds active new time has been started. zoological institutions to modern Elephant Research and Conserva-
zoo in Sri Lanka and second zoo in Sri This zoo operates in the sense of a subdivided according to continents. And the chance of changes can be centers of Education, Conservation tion Project. JEMA, Vol 17, No 2.
Lanka after Dehiwala zoo. modern zoological institution with seen more optimistically than ever and Research! • Schwammer Harald. M., Gaby
spacious and well structured facilities, The concept as well as the currently before. V. Schwammer and Lalith M.
The grounds have a magnificent old accompanied by a comprehensive available infrastructure for the ani- The Vienna Zoo has continuously Seneviratne 2010: Conservation
forest stand and there are currently didactic effort. mals as well as for the visitors makes Our screening details documents the supported conservation and educa- of Asian Elephants in Sri Lanka:
several enclosures for ruminant spe- a professional impression. Moreover, existing levels of these institutions tion projects in Sri Lanka since 2003 a holistic ecological, educational
cies. Clearly, a zoo with modern, fully How this will be received by the visi- the team is highly motivated and and at the same time defines exactly and we are looking forward to further and socio‑economic approach.
dimensioned enclosure facilities – tors is a question that remains to be has visited Oakland to gain practical what is still missing and where the cooperation and engagement. In: Gerald Dick and Markus Gus-
complete with the respective informa- answered in the future. Trained per- experience. development has to go in future. set: Building a Future for Wildlife.
tion buildings – is developing here. sonnel is extremely scarce, especially WAZA.
with regard to the animal keeping du- Sri Lanka’s first Safari Park at Ridi- We want to thank especially Mrs. • Schwammer Harald. M. 2015: 15
A 1.5 ha enclosure is available for the ties, because Sri Lanka lacks profes- yagama in the southern province Dhammika Malsinghe, Mrs. Renuka Year anniversary of the Interna-
leopards. The 5-meter‑high fence was sional animal keeper training institu- opened Monday, 28th March for the Bandaranayake and their teams tional Elephant management
built and has electrical security; it is tions. But the whole responsible team, local as well as foreign tourists. So, (listed above) for very good coopera- Academy of the Vienna Zoo.
angled and equipped with a safety concept, plans, and the new facilities it will be very interesting to see this tion, open discussions and exchange JEMA, Vo. 26, No 2.
system along the upper fence edge. are promising, indeed. Safari Park in the public‑opened sta- of experiences, and last but not least
This facility is the largest leopard tus during our next visit, to be able to for the great hospitality.
enclosure we are aware of, complete observe this project in his next steps
with good vegetation and furnishings of development.
and boasting a comprehensive didac-
tic exhibition supplying detailed infor-
mation. The latter specifically draws
attention to the issue of threats.
16 WAZA 2/16 WAZA 2/16 17
Frank Carlos Camacho – Africam Safari and IEF president
International Elephant Foundation
Makes a BIG Difference in the
Conservation of Land’s
Largest Mammal
The mission of the foundation reads: a globally recognized organization. Conservation of elephants
More than 90% of all the funds raised in key areas of Murchison
IEF creates sustainable by IEF have gone directly to programs. Falls Conservation Area and
future for elephants. Moreover, no board member receives Queen Elizabeth Conserva-
We generate and effectively monies from IEF. Rather, they all make tion Area, Uganda
invest resources to support significant financial contributions to
elephant conservation, IEF, as do many other elephant hous- This area of Uganda was historically
education, research and ing institutions. known for having the highest densities
management programs of elephants in all of Africa. Today, a
worldwide. Through Projects that are funded in 2016, mere 500 remain plus thousands of
our passion, expertise, include: snares and gin traps, and large gangs
knowledge, and partnerships of armed poachers. This project will
we inspire and engage people Africa build multiple permanent anti-poach-
to ensure a vibrant future ing ranger posts throughout MFCA
with elephants everywhere. African Parks Conservation and QECA as well as equip the rangers.
training programme
Now, that’s a bold statement! And Farmer-elephant coexi-
that is precisely what elephants need In order to effectively manage stence: unmanned aerial
nowadays: daring action; coura- protected areas there is an inherent vehicles (UAV) for reducing
geous people that stand up and don’t need to provide adequate training for elephant crop-raiding,
hesitate in the face of rebuff; smart park staff. Southern African Wildlife Tanzania
allocation of precious few dollars, College provides essential training in
rupees, rand, euros, pesos and such; law enforcement and conservation Small, unmanned aerial vehicles
and an expert voice that genuinely management. IEF covers the year- (UAVs) will be used as part of the
cares about elephants everywhere. long tuition and associated costs of toolkit for responding to human-ele-
IEF does just that. two chosen students. The curriculum, phant conflict (HEC). The field tests of
centers on anti-poaching, particularly UAVs by wildlife managers this past
IEF was incorporated in 1999, as a non- of elephants. The Training Program harvest season in northern Tanzania
profit organization. Mike Fouraker, Ex- has a direct impact on efforts to has provided evidence that the UAVs
ecutive Director of the Fort Worth Zoo, rebuild, maintain, and grow elephant are highly effective at deterring ele-
in the southern state of Texas, USA, populations in parks through effec- phants from crop raiding and herding
gathered a group of people interested tive conservation management and them out of high conflict areas. Pres- © IEF
Iconic Big Tusker, Tsavo.
in the wellbeing of elephants in the poaching prevention. ently, after a year of testing, there is
wild and in human care, to discuss no evidence of elephant habituation
how a foundation could significantly Conservation to the UAVs, and no evidence that the
enhance current and future elephant Justice-Wildlife department animals circle back to the fields the Generating support for Poaching syndicates capitalize on others in the community. Any effort
conservation efforts. collaboration with wildlife same night after being moved by the elephant conservation this situation by paying local villagers to protect elephants must have the
law enforcement in UAVs. This makes it safer for rangers, among local people near $60/ kg for ivory, which represents an support of local people who share the
To date, over 4 million US dollars in di- Port-Gentil, Gabon farmers, and elephants. Ruaha, Tanzania enormous sum in a country where the land with elephants. With IEF support,
rect financial assistance have been al- per capita income is $584/year. While this project will deliver a comprehen-
located in support of over 150 different Gabon is identified as a hotspot for This area holds the largest elephant those hired to poach elephants repre- sive conservation education program
elephant conservation projects world- the trade of illegal ivory. With IEF sup- population in East Africa, despite sent a small minority in any single vil- designed to reach, and meaningfully
wide. In 2016, a total of $510,000.00 port, Conservation Justice will begin poaching that has reduced elephant lage, their activities and identities are engage, nearly every person living
US Dollars goes to elephant conser- operations in Port-Gentil, Gabon numbers by 77% since 2009. typically known and kept secret by in each of the 21 villages bordering
vation initiatives. This foundation is leading to the arrests and prosecu- Ruaha National Park.
tions of traffickers.18 WAZA 2/16 WAZA 2/16 19
© IEF
Large elephant monitoring, Tsavo.
© IEF
Mounted horse patrol anti-poaching unit for Mount Kenya.
Human-elephant conflict Mounted horse patrol Protecting elephants
mitigation for the communi- anti-poaching unit (MHPAU) through the Conservation Asia
ties of Chiawa, Zambia for Mount Kenya Detection Dog Network for
Africa (CDDNA). Support to joint Community based elephant Conservation action plan
The area is home to a growing human With the use of horses, this project conservancy anti-poaching conservation program, for the Garo Hills Elephant
population and as a result, poaching enhances the capacity of law enforce- The use of trained dogs for threat team of Northern Range- Bhutan Reserve, India
for ivory and bush meat, and human ment personnel to decrease the levels detection, especially illegal ivory lands Trust (NRT) to protect
elephant conflict (HEC) threatens the of elephant and bushmeat poaching, transport and wire snares, which con- African elephants in nor- Human-elephant conflict in Bhutan The Garo Hills Elephant Reserve, cre-
safety of both the local elephant and monitor wildlife, increase awareness stitute a significant threat through- thern Kenya is a serious threat to rural livelihoods ated in 2001, has never developed an
human populations. Supported by and conservation education within out Africa, has proven invaluable. and results in crop damage. With IEF integrated conservation action plan
IEF since 2014, Conservation Lower the communities living in and around Through the network, Working Dogs The ongoing and increasing threat support, education and training will for elephants despite the fact that
Zambezi (CLZ) trained a unit of 20 Vil- Mount Kenya, and improves the re- for Conservation provides technical of elephant poaching in the Laikipia- be provided to farmers and forestry both elephant numbers and habitat
lage Scouts (VS) to increase wildlife sponse times, intelligence gathering support for dog and handler training, Isiolo-Samburu ecosystem (with staff in order to reduce the intensity of have been in continuous decline for
protection and HEC mitigation in the and information sharing for the ben- veterinary care, and canine project the second largest population of elephant damage. HEC will also be ad- the past twenty-five years. IEF support
Lower Zambezi. Since its inception, efit of all of Mount Kenya’s wildlife, management, including integration elephants in Kenya) is a primary con- dressed through elephant habitat im- will procure remote sensing imagery
the VS team has carried out 8,184 with other law enforcement officers. servation need. The work of the joint provement activities in the degraded and produce maps that will be the
patrol man-days. Preserving Africa’s last anti-poaching team has led to signifi- areas, benefiting many other species. basis for site-specific management ac-
great tuskers, South Africa Protecting the elephants cant declines in elephant poaching tions detailed in the action plan.
Logistical support for the of Kibale National Park, throughout NRT and reversed the Conservation & monitoring
Nsama community scout an- A low-tech, field-friendly method through school based con- trend, which had been steadily in- of Sumatran elephants in Measuring Asian elephant
ti-poaching unit for Nsumbu allows for viable, cryopreserved sper- servation education pro- creasing since 2010. The presence of Bukit Tigapuluh, Indonesia abundance and mitigating
National Park. Zambia matozoa to be stored at the National grams, Uganda the joint anti-poaching team has also human-elephant conflict in
Zoological Gardens Biomaterial Bank helped improve the civil and govern- The Bukit Tigapuluh elephants form Cambodia.
The use of community scouts in Zam- in South Africa. Through this innova- With IEF support, in 2016 The Kibale ment security response to the theft of one of the last remaining viable
bia addresses government manpower tive and insightful approach, semen Forest Schools Program will develop livestock and highway banditry as the populations of Sumatran elephants The Cardamom Mountains Landscape
shortages, as well as provides em- may be stored for decades and an elephant focused conservation same people are frequently involved however they are threatened by holds a core population of Asian
ployment and career opportunities thus represents a valuable genetic education project for 14 government in all three activities. human-elephant conflict (HEC). elephant; yet to date, there has been
for local community members living resource for the last remaining big primary schools bordering Kibale Na- Satellite telemetry now provides vital few targeted conservation efforts
in close proximity to protected areas. tuskers of Africa. tional Park, Uganda to build empathy information on elephant movements and little is known about this globally
With IEF support, Conservation Lake towards elephants and conservation needed to run an Early-Warning- important population. The long-term
Tanganyika’s 10 community scouts in 8,000 primary school children, their System (EWS), which supports both goal of the project is to develop a
will patrol 180 man-days per month. schools and communities. local communities and professional monitoring program for Asian el-
ranger teams in HEC mitigation. IEF ephants in the southern Cardamoms
assistance allows broken GPS collars and to ensure conservation efforts
to be replaced to maintain the EWS of this core population are strategic,
and thus to substantially reduce the effective and adaptive.
risk for severe HECs and elephants
being killed.You can also read
