First Report of the Parasitic Plant Phelipanche ramosa on Berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) in Tunisia
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Short Communication
First Report of the Parasitic Plant Phelipanche ramosa on
Berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) in Tunisia
Moez Amri, Centre Régional de Recherche en Grandes Cultures de Béja,
Laboratoire des Grandes Cultures, Université Carthage, Route de Tunis, km 5, 9000
Béja, Tunisia, Zouhaier Abbes, Meriam Bouhadida, and Mohamed Kharrat,
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, Laboratoire des Grandes
Cultures, Université Carthage, Rue Hédi Karray, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia
__________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Amri, M., Abbes, Z., Bouhadida, M., and Kharrat, M. 2013. First report of the
parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa on berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) in
Tunisia. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 8: 127-132.
Branched broomrape (Phelipanche ramosa) is a parasitic plant that has been described as an
agricultural problem on many host crops in the world. In Tunisia, this broomrape was found
parasitizing berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) in some commercial fields in Beja region in
north of Tunisia. P. ramosa attachments on the roots of berseem clover plants were observed and the
number of tubers in different berseem clover fields varied from 0.83 ± 1.33 to 3 ± 3.69 tubers/m². This
situation can be considered a further threat for many potential host crops cultivated in these fields at the
Beja region.
Keywords: Attachment, broomrape, Phelipanche ramosa, Trifolium alexandrinum, Tunisia
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Broomrapes (Orobanche spp. and noxious pests of economically important
Phelipanche spp.) are destructive crops. These are O. crenata, O. cumana,
holoparasitic flowering plants that O. minor, Phelipanche aegyptiaca and P.
completely depend on their host for all ramosa (10). Musselman (18) has
nutritional requirements. Under natural reported that the branched broomrape P.
conditions, interactions between parasitic ramosa is the most widespread
plants and their hosts first occur at the broomrape in the world, spreading from
underground level following seed Central Europe to North Africa, Pakistan,
germination of the parasite in response to Afghanistan, north India, China and
specific chemical root exudates released South Africa. The parasitic weed has also
from the host plant (1). Broomrapes been found in USA (7), Cuba (17), Chile
attack many crop species over the world. (19) and Australia (20). P. ramosa
Among all identified species only five are parasitizes a number of host species
belonging to various botanical families
Corresponding author: Moez Amri (20) and represents a real threat for many
Email: amrmoez@gmail.com
host crops. The main parasitized crops
belong to the Solanaceae family,
Accepted for publication 25 October 2013
including tomato (4), potato (12) and
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 127 Vol. 8, No. 2, 2013
tobacco (2). Other hosts include species basis with glabrous anthers or shortly
from Cruciferae and Leguminosae haired, and unilocular capsule with two
families (Parker 1994), cannabis valves adherent at the basis. To confirm
(Canabis sativa) and rapeseed (Brassica the attachments of the parasitic plant to
napus) from Cannabaceae and the host roots, berseem clover plants were
Brassicaceae families, respectively (3, gently dug up and the root systems were
11). Berseem clover (Trifolium washed. Clear P. ramosa attachments
alexandrinum) is an erect cool-season were observed (Fig. 4). In order to
forage legume crop. It can grow 60–80 determine the level of infestation, six
cm tall and can be mowed several times plots of 1 m² each were randomly chosen
for forage then ploughed as green in three berseem clover infested fields for
manure, yielding 33–66 kg/ha of nitrogen which the number of P. ramosa tubers
(16). Inter-cropping berseem clover with was determined. Results showed that the
cereals, such as oats, provide high quality numbers of P. ramosa tubers varied
silage or hay, increases yield and quality among the plots and were 0.83 ± 1.33,
of cereal forage crops and reduces 1.33 ± 1.03 and 3.0 ± 3.69.
fertilizer needs (22). Berseem clover was reported to be
In Tunisia, O. crenata (syn. O. parasitized by O. foetida in an infested
speciosa) and O. foetida are known as the field in Tunisia (15) and by O. crenata in
two major important Orobanche species a pot experiment (5). Other studies have
that cause a serious problem for legume reported berseem clover to be a catch
crops (13). However, P. ramosa has been crop, effective in reducing O. crenata
reported only in very limited infestation emergence in faba bean and to have
levels in some regions of Tunisia (14). potential for broomrape control in
During a survey conducted in March rotations (6) which explains and confirms
2011, P. ramosa was found for the first reductions of O. crenata infestations on
time parasitizing berseem clover cultivars faba bean or pea intercropped with
in different fields in the region of Beja in berseem clover (8). Fernandez et al. (9)
north of Tunisia (Fig. 1). The broomrape demonstrated that P. ramosa seeds
morphology and biology were typical of germinate with berseem clover root
P. ramosa plant with branched stems exudates. However, this is the first report
(Figs. 2 and 3), bract and bracteoles of P. ramosa infecting berseem clover in
equaling a lanceolated division calyx, Tunisia and that could be, especially in
corolla blue-purple with curved tube, the region of Beja, a further threat for
bilobed and ciliated upper and lower lips potential host cultivated crops in this area
with three spreading lobes and hairy such as potato, tomato and pepper.
external face, four hairy stamens in the
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RESUME
Amri M., Abbes Z., Bouhadida, M. et Kharrat, M. 2013. Premier signalement de la
plante parasite Phelipanche ramosa sur le trèfle d'Alexandrie (Trifolium alexandrinum)
en Tunisie. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 8: 127-132.
L’orobanche ramifiée (Phelipanche ramosa) est une plante parasite qui a été décrite comme un
problème majeur pour plusieurs cultures dans le monde. En Tunisie, cette espèce a été trouvée
parasitant le trèfle d'Alexandrie (Trifolium alexandrinum) dans certains champs de la région de Béja
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 128 Vol. 8, No. 2, 2013
Fig. 1. Phelipanche ramosa broomrape Fig. 2. Lateral view of Phelipanche ramosa
parasitizing berseem clover plant (Trifolium blue-purple flower showing the corolla and
alexandrinum) in a commercial field. the calyx.
Fig. 3. The Phelipanche ramosa reproductive organs (the pistil on the
left and the 4 stamens).
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 129 Vol. 8, No. 2, 2013
Trifolium alexandrinum) roots, b: Magnification ×10. Fig. 4. a: Attachment of Phelipanche ramosa to berseem clover (Trifolium Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 130 Vol. 8, No. 2, 2013
dans le Nord de la Tunisie. L’attachement de P. ramosa aux racines des plantes de trèfle d'Alexandrie a
été observé et le nombre de tubercules dans les différents champs cultivés de trèfle d'Alexandrie variait
entre 0,83 ± 1,33 et 3 ± 3,69 tubercules/m². Cette situation peut être considérée comme une nouvelle
menace pour plusieurs espèces cultivées dans les champs de la région de Beja.
Mots clés: Attachement, Orobanche, Phelipanche ramosa, Trifolium alexandrinum, Tunisie
__________________________________________________________________________
Phelipanche % &' ) ت ا !" أول.2013 .ا اط ة و س و وزھ ،ي ا
.-+ " %. (Trifolium alexandrinum) * ت ا+ , ramosa
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 8: 127-132.
أ ء !" ﻣ# را ت% ا ' ﻣ& ا ة زرا ﻣPhelipanche ramosa ع ا كا
"# (Trifolium alexandrinum) ( 2 ت ا 0 1 ا ا * ع ﻣ& ا ك ﻣ+ھ ( ا ' ر- ،/ - "# و.( ا
ادA او>? أ- ( و2 ور ا+@8 >= ا < ق ا ك0 ? ﻣ- . 3 د ا0 ل ا6 "# 7 8 91* 8 ل9 ا: 8
ةA # Eا إA A - DE ا ا+ & ا ر ھ.2م/ در3,69± 3 إ1,33± 0,83 & ( ا ! ﻣ2 ل ا9> "# ر تA ا
. 7 8 91*" ﻣ# ل9 ه ا+" ھ# رو% ا اF اG H أ اع ﻣ& ا
Trifolium alexandrinum ،Phelipanche ramosa ، ھ ك،/ - ، ا < ق: > ت ﻣ
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