Preliminary phytochemical screening test of Garcinia griffithii
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Innova Ciencia Vol 4, No. 4;Apr 2012
Preliminary phytochemical screening test of Garcinia griffithii
Plant
Tara Kamal1, Ahmad Muzammil1, Raji Akintunde
Abdullateef1, 2Muayad S. Rahma and Muhammad Nor Omar1#
1
Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalaln
Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota,
25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
2
Kulliyyah of Dentistry International Islamic University Malaysia
1#
IIUM Research and Innovation Office, Office of Campus Director, International Islamic University Malaysia
(IIUM), Jalaln Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota,
25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
E-mail: tarakamal111@hotmail.com, tarajalal@ymail.com
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, researchers are focusing their attention towards folk medicine for developing better
drugs against microbial infections. The present study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical
constituents from Garcinia griffithii plant. The plant materials were extracted using solvents with
different polarities (methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane). The solvent extracts were screened and
the results of screening test for phytochemicals showed that, the presence of various metabolites
in different solvents. only the phenolic groups were presented in hexane and ethyl acetate
extracts, whereas, The methanol extract contains terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and
glycosides, and those chemical compounds possess antibacterial activities against pathogenic
microorganisms.
Key words: G. griffithii, phytochemicals, antibacterial activities, medicinal plants.
Introduction:
Use of traditional medicine is an old means of curing diseases and infections. Various plants
have been used in different parts of the world to treat human diseases and infections (Caceres et
al., 1991; Nweze et al., 2004; Vineela and Elizabeth, 2005). The following plant, Garcinia
griffithii T. Anders (Guttiferae). The family of Guttiferae were reported to be rich in natural
chemical substances (Kosela et al., 1999). It is a medium-sized tree, widely distributed
throughout Peninsular Malaysia. The species either grows wild or is cultivated on a small scale
by villagers for its acidic fruits, much used for medicinaland culinary purposes (Permana et al.,
2001). Plants in the genus Garcinia is a rich source of bioactive molecules including xanthones,
flavonoids, benzophenones, lactones and phenolic acids (Patil, 2005). As part of an ongoing
effort to search for phytochemical substances from Garcinia plants, it was found out that the
methanol extract contains terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and glycosides, crude
methanol, whereas, only the phenolic groups were presented in hexane and ethyl acetate extracts.
Previous phytochemical investigation on the leaves reported the presence of cytotoxic
bixanthone, griffipavixanthone, which is common to G. griffithii (Xu et al., 1998)
68 IC@SCIENCERECORD.COMInnova Ciencia Vol 4, No. 4;Apr 2012 2. Materials and Methods Collection, preparation of plant materials: The plant was collected from Taman Pertanian Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah, Kuantan, Pahang, the plant was prepared for extraction by washing off all dirt and soil residues. They were left to dry in the oven at 40oC for 72h. After drying, powdered (650g) leaf parts of G. griffithii was sequentially extracted with different solvents polarities, i.e n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol using Soxhlet apparatus according to Green, (2004). Each solvent was removed in vacuo by rotary evaporator at 60˚C to obtain the extracts. Then, the extracts were stored at 4˚C until further analyses. 2.2 Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of G. griffithii Extracts The qualitative chemical screening were carried out using standard procedures to identify the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, reducing sugars and cardiac glycoside (Harborne et al., 1998). 3.2.1 Test for Flavonoids For 1 ml of each extract, a few drops of 2 % lead acetate solution were added. The configuration of yellow or orange colour was taken as evidence for the presence of the flavonoids in the plant extract. 3.2.2 Test for Alkaloids About 2 ml of the plant extract was mixed with 2ml of 2% HCl on a water bath. A few drops of Drangendorff’s reagent were then added to 1 ml of the filtrate. A yellow precipitation was taken as an indication of alkaloids in the plant. 3.2.3 Test for saponins 2 ml of each plant extract with 2 ml of distilled water were added to the test tube and strongly shaken. The subsequent formation of foam after 15 – 20 minutes was a preliminary indication of the presence of saponins. 3.2.4 Test for steroids Salkowski’s test: 2 ml of CHCl3 was added to 2ml of each extract and filtered. Then, 2ml of concentrated H2SO4 was added to the filtrate. Appearance of a reddish brown layer was the indication of the steroids compound in the plant extracts. 3.2.5 Test for terpenoids Salkowski’s test: 2ml of the CHCl3 was added to the alcoholic solution of each extract and then evaporated to dryness. Then 2ml of concentrated H2SO4 was added and heated for 2 minutes. A greyish colour was taken as a positive test for the presence of terpenoids. 3.2.6 Test for tannins To 2ml of aqueous solution of each extract, 4 drops of ferric chloride were added. Appearance of green precipitation was taken as a preliminary test for the tannins compound in the plant. 69 IC@SCIENCERECORD.COM
Innova Ciencia Vol 4, No. 4;Apr 2012 3.2.7 Test of phenolic groups About 1ml of 1% gelatine reagent containing 10% of sodium chloride was added to 1ml of each filtered aqueous extract. The formation of white precipitate was predicted as the presence of the phenols. 3.2.8 Test for glycoside Keller-Killani’s Test: About 2ml of each extract were treated with 2ml of glacial acetic acid solution which was contained in 1 drop of ferric chloride solution and 1ml of concentrated H2SO4. A reddish brown colour formed at the junction of the two layers was taken as an indication of the presence of glycoside in the plant extract. RESULTS The result of the phytochemical screening of G. griffithii extracts is presented in Table 1, which revealed that the presence of various metabolites in different solvents. The methanol extract contains terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and glycosides, and those chemical compounds possess antibacterial activities against pathogens according to Nweze et al., (2007), whereas, only the phenolic groups were presented in hexane and ethyl acetate etracts. The presence of tannins in G. griffithii was observed when formation of a green precipitation was formed after the addition of ferric chloride solution. There was a development of greyish colouration which is a positive reaction for the presence of terpenoids. Flavonoids were present when a yellow colouration formed after treating the sample with lead acetate. A reddish-brown layer was observed and taken as a significant result of the presence of steroids. The formation of steady foam after shaking each extract with distilled water was a positive test for the presence of saponins in the plant extracts. The appearance of a white precipitate indicated the presence of phenolic groups after the addition of gelatine reagent. A reddish brown colour was formed at the correlation of the two layers indicated the positive result of the presence of glycoside in the plant and that is a glycone portion of glycoside. 70 IC@SCIENCERECORD.COM
Innova Ciencia Vol 4, No. 4;Apr 2012 DISCUSSION The result of the phytochemical screening of G. griffithii is presented in Table 1. Which revealed the presence of various metabolites in different solvents. The methanol extract contains terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins and glycosides, and those chemical compounds possessed antibacterial activities against pathogens according to Nwaogu et al., (2007). Only the phenolic groups were presented in hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of the plant. Phenolic groups are known to exhibit medicinal as well as physiological activity (Sofowora, 1993). Flavonoids which are part of the phytochemical constituents of methanolic extract of G. giriffithii exhibit a wide range of biological activities towards hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion radicals, and thus promoting health in action (Ferguson, 2001). Flavonoids also exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiangionic, anti-allergic effects, analgesic and antioxidant properties (Hodek et al., 2002). Besides that, flavonoids have also been reported as anticancer, antiviral and antibacterial agents (Silva et al., 1996; Iwu, 1999; Scheck et al., 2006). These observations support the usefulness of G. griffithii in folklore remedies for the treatment of various infections. Another finding showed that the methanol extract contains high amount of saponins and polyphenols which were reported earlier to have some antimicrobial activities (Nabila et al., 2008). Tannins have remarkable activity in cancer prevention and anticancer (Li et al., 2003). CONCLUSION The present study showed that crude extracts of the leaves of Garcinia grifithii, can be used in herbal medicine. The presence of saponins in large percentages confirmed its usage by traditional healers in treating infected wounds and ulcers and also as anti toxic properties. Flavonoids are known to be anti-inflammtory, antiallergic, antiviral and antibacterial agents. Tannins has remarkable activity in cancer prevention and anticancer. Thus, G. griffithii support the traditional medicinal use in the treatment of ailments caused by microorganisms. 71 IC@SCIENCERECORD.COM
Innova Ciencia Vol 4, No. 4;Apr 2012
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73 IC@SCIENCERECORD.COMInnova Ciencia Vol 4, No. 4;Apr 2012
Table 1. Phytochemical screening of G. griffithii (leaves)
Phytochemical Hexane Ethylacetate Methanol
components extract extract extract
Phenolic
+ + +
group
flavonoids
_ _ ++
alkaloids _ _ +
tannins
_ _ +
Saponins
_ _ +++
Terpenoids
_ _ ++
Glycoside
_ _ ++
Steroids
_ + +
+ = Trace, ++ = Moderate, +++ = Abundant, = Absent
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