FORESTRY & TIMBER NEWS - A MANIFESTO FOR FORESTRY June 2017 Issue 81 - Confor
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FORESTRY &
TIMBER NEWS
June 2017 Issue 81
A MANIFESTO
FOR FORESTRY
Treetop Forestry Ltd
07768 613036 07801 801596
www.treetopforestry.co.uk
Agents for
CONTENTS
NEWS & COMMENT FEATURES
Confor is a membership organisation 5 | EDITORIAL
that promotes sustainable forestry and MAINTAINING THE MOMENTUM
wood-using businesses.
6 | UK GENERAL ELECTION
Confor members receive Forestry and
CONFOR UNVEILS ITS
Timber News for free as part of their
MANIFESTO FOR FORESTRY
membership. For more information on
membership, visit THE MAIN PARTIES’
www.confor.org.uk/join-us MANIFESTOS
Past issues and articles can be accessed
online at
www.confor.org.uk/news/ftn-magazine
Non-member subscriptions:
£54 (£59 overseas).
Please contact Liz@confor.org.uk
10 | CONFOR NEWS
PACKED PROGRAMME FOR 18 | INTERNATIONAL
CONFOR CONTACTS CONFOR WOODLAND SHOW CREATING ECONOMIES OF
Stefanie Kaiser
FSC CONDITIONAL APPROVAL SCALE FOR SMALL-SCALE
Communications and editor FTN FOR UKWAS4 FORESTRY
T: 0131 240 1420
E: stefanie.kaiser@confor.org.uk CONFOR AROUND BRITAIN GLOBAL TRENDS
CONFOR WELCOMES UPDATED VIEW FROM THE EMERALD ISLE
Caroline Harrison FORESTRY STRATEGY
National manager for England
24 | Q&A
M: 07500 927482 13 | LETTER STEFANIE KAISER IN
E: caroline.harrison@confor.org.uk
PRESERVATIVE EFFECT OF CONVERSATION WITH
COPPER MAT IRVING
Jamie Farquhar
National manager for Scotland
M: 07817 374906 16 | CERTIFICATION 28 | THE LIFE OF A TREE
E: jamie.farquhar@confor.org.uk
CONFOR CHAIN OF CUSTODY CHAPTER 1: THE NURSERY
CERTIFICATION SURVEY
Martin Bishop
30 | SILVICULTURE
National manager for Wales 17 | MEDIA THE BRADFORD-HUTT SYSTEM:
Rheolwr Genedlaethol i Gymru
M: 07876 029482 FORESTRY MAKING THE NEWS SUCCESS OR FAILURE?
E: martin.bishop@confor.org.uk
35 | BIOMASS & ENERGY
Andrew Heald
National representative
REGULARS QUALITY AT CORE FOR
for N. Ireland
14 | CONFOR MEMBERS BIOMASS PIONEERS
M: 07771 844653
E: andrew.heald@confor.org.uk KEEPING POWERLINES IN
45 | GROWN IN BRITAIN THE CLEAR
52 | BUSINESS & FINANCE PREMIER PIONEERS
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COLLECTION AND SURVEYING
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D-MAX BUILDS ON MENSURATION SYSTEMS
WORKHOUSE APPEAL
For the latest news of forestry and wood
sign up to #forestandwood on twitter 59 | THE SHARP END
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66 | FORESTRY IN PICTURES resources for this FTN issue
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CONFOR.ORG.UK FORESTRY & TIMBER NEWS • June 2017 3
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EDITORIAL
Maintaining the momentum
STUART GOODALL CHIEF EXECUTIVE, CONFOR
T
heresa May’s snap election has come critics, and confounds the polls, we will have
at an unfortunate time for Confor in to explore new avenues!
England, interrupting what was an One positive development, in England,
increasingly effective campaign to press the has been the raising of the EIA threshold
UK Government to act on tree planting. outside of sensitive areas to 50 hectares.
After the Westminster EFRA Committee Unfortunately, this move was opposed
inquiry and various national media, we were strongly by RSPB who appear stuck in the
picking up real concern at a ministerial level mantra of the ‘right tree in the right place’,
about the failure to meet planting targets, whereby planting applications are at best ‘the
with pressure being placed on agencies to right tree in the wrong place’ and more often
act. simply ‘the wrong tree in the wrong place’.
An industry meeting had been arranged In Scotland, the RSPB pressed a Green
with Secretary of State, Andrea Leadsom, we MSP to attempt a last-minute scuppering of
had a conference organised for 07 June with legislation to effect a modest increase of the
forestry minister Dr Coffey, and there was the threshold there from 5 to 20 hectares. Confor
real possibility of a debate on the floor of the helped to organise successful resistance,
House of Commons. and the move was defeated, but it was very
With the election, much of the momentum disappointing to hear the arguments made,
has been lost. However, we are doing not least the lack of understanding of UKFS
what we can to rebuild that and its application.
momentum, and we will It is a pity that, even with the modern,
continue to do so both world-leading standards that forestry
through and after the operates against and all the environmental,
election period. This economic and social benefits that come from
includes further media expanding our forestry resource, that the
coverage, including on sector still faces an uphill battle at times.
Radio 4’s Costing the Our ability to overcome this opposition
Earth and supporting shows that our efforts to promote the sector
the Conservative- are bearing fruit, and we will keep building
leaning think-tank awareness and understanding at every
Bright Blue with their opportunity.
campaign for more In doing so, I usually employ a simple
tree planting….though, message - “take the time to speak to us and
if Jeremy Corbyn judge us on what we do, not what you think
surprises his many we do”.
UK GENERAL ELECTION
Confor unveils
Confor’s
its manifesto five-point
for forestry plan for
forestry
A
significant increase in tree planting and a
better understanding of forestry across all
levels of government are at the heart of
Confor’s manifesto for the general election.
Chief Executive Stuart Goodall said Confor’s
1
five-point plan for forestry, outlined in its manifesto,
Planting The Future, was “a positive, straightforward
and achievable vision for the next parliament”.
He added: “We have highlighted planting more
If politicians grasp trees as it is vital for the future of the sector and
for meeting Government targets on tackling climate PLANT MORE
the full potential
change. The record of planting in England in the last TREES
of the forestry two years has been very disappointing, but the new At least 5000 hectares
and timber sector, government starts with a clean slate. of annual planting is
it can deliver “We are supporting the We Are Bright Blue1 cam-
needed in England,
multiple benefits paign to try to push up tree planting rates and to
when barely 500
across a range ensure that a workable grants system encourages
additional planting after Brexit.”
hectares has been
of policy areas. achieved in each of the
Mr Goodall said the fifth point in the manifesto,
David Lee reports fair treatment for forestry, was also crucial: “Ex- last two years. At least
plaining the true story of modern forestry remains a half of new planting
high priority for Confor. Mixed, modern forestry can must be productive
provide rural jobs and a timber supply to underpin species.
a £2bn industry supporting 80,000 jobs - but it
can also deliver a range of environmental and
social benefits.
“There is a low level of understanding
across government and its agencies BOOST THE ECONOMY
about what modern forestry looks The forestry industry is
worth £2bn every year
like. If the new government deliv- to the UK economy
ers on our five-point plan, as our
manifesto explains, it will cre-
ate rural jobs, tackle climate
TACKLE CLIMATE
change, provide timber to PROVIDE PLACES CHANGE
build new homes, protect FOR WILDLIFE A MORE Growing trees soak
places for wildlife and re-
Forests are home for
wildlife, such as Red
EFFECTIVE up carbon and lock that
away in wood products
duce the risks of flooding. squirrels, Goshawks and
many other rare species
FORESTRY
“These are not either/or POLICY
options - an increase in new WILL
planting, with at least half of
it productive species to cre-
ate the wooden products we CREATE RURAL JOBS
BUILD NEW HOMES
all use in our daily lives, can Timber provides warm,
Forestry supports
80,000 UK jobs, often
deliver all these benefits simul- attractive and energy
in rural areas with few
efficient homes to tackle
taneously. That’s why our docu- other employment
the housing crisis
opportunities
ment is sub-titled How trees can
deliver for our economy, environ-
REDUCE FLOOD RISK
ment and society.”
Upland tree planting
The manifesto, which has been shared can reduce flood
risks in communities
with all political parties, quotes extensively downstream
6 FORESTRY & TIMBER NEWS • June 2017 CONFOR.ORG.UK
2 3 4 5
TAKE THE APPOINT A CUT RED TAPE ENSURE FAIR
FORESTRY MINISTER TO England should follow TREATMENT
COMMISSION BACK STAND UP FOR Scotland’s example FOR FORESTRY
TO ITS ROOTS FORESTRY and appoint a planning England should follow
The Forestry We need a minister with expert to identify the Scotland’s example
Commission forestry in their title, to bureaucratic barriers to and appoint a planning
should be given full press the importance new woodland creation. expert to identify the
responsibility for of a £2 billion sector in bureaucratic barriers to
planting targets, as well the industrial strategy new woodland creation.
as woodland creation and after Brexit, and to
and management champion home-grown
applications and timber.
funding.
“
from the report by the Environment, Food and Ru- of straightforward actions to promote more man-
ral Affairs (EFRA) committee, published in March. aged forestry, our economy, our environment and
It said: “Forests and woodlands provide multiple our communities will benefit.
environmental, social and economic benefits” and “We will continue to work constructively with the There is a low
“The creation of new woodland is essential” but next government and campaign hard for our sector
also notes: “England has one of the lowest levels of and its interests.”
level of
woodland cover [in Europe].” understanding
Woodland cover in England is currently 10%, across
against a UK-wide average of 13% and an EU average
of around 37%. The UK is the third largest net im- REFERENCES & RESOURCES
government
porter of timber in the world, after China and Japan. and its agencies
Mr Goodall concluded: “Forestry has had a higher 1: http://brightblue.org.uk
about what
profile in recent years, thanks in large part to the ef- Additional resources at confor.org.uk
forts of Confor. We pressed for the EFRA inquiry and • Read the full manifesto
modern forestry
worked to secure the Westminster Hall debate, then • Twitter cards with the manifesto points looks like.
took the forestry story into the mainstream media • Infographic STUART GOODALL
with Countryfile.
@forestsandwood
“However, we must translate this higher profile
into action. Brexit offers opportunities to plant more Follow Confor on LinkedIn
trees in the right places and if we can take a number
CONFOR.ORG.UK FORESTRY & TIMBER NEWS • June 2017 7
UK GENERAL ELECTION
Confor has identified the forestry content in the main parties’ manifestos for
the UK general election on June 8th and analysed what it might mean for the
sector. After the election, Confor will work with the new Government and the
All-Party Parliamentary Group on Forestry to ensure the core elements of its
own manifesto are understood by all parties, and press for their implementation.
CONSERVATIVE LABOUR SCOTTISH NATIONAL PARTY
“In addition to the 11 million trees we are “We will work with farmers and foresters Publication of the SNP’s manifesto
planting across our nation, we will ensure to plant a million trees of native was delayed by the awful event in
that 1 million more are planted in our species to promote biodiversity and Manchester. In its manifesto for the
towns and cities, and place new duties on better flood management. Unlike the Holyrood election in May 2016 it said:
councils to consult when they wish to cut Conservatives who attempted to privatise “We will plant 10,000 hectares of trees
down street trees. our forests, Labour will keep them in every year until 2022 and work to hasten
“We will deliver on our commitment public hands.” the pace of application and approval
to improve natural flood management, of planting. We will also complete the
Confor says devolution of the Forestry Commission.”
such as improving the quality of water
courses to protect against soil erosion It is good that tree planting is linked to It says later: “In particular, we will support
and damage to vulnerable habitats and better flood management. Otherwise, the planting of woodland which can help
communities. We will continue to ensure this is very unambitious and shows a prevent flooding and assist in water basin
that public forests and woodland are lack of understanding of the value of management.”
kept in trust for the nation, and provide productive tree planting. Elsewhere,
stronger protections for our ancient the manifesto talks about a “credible Confor says
woodland.” industrial strategy” which will be built on The 10,000-hectare target could be
“objective, measurable missions designed hit this year and has been increased to
Confor says to address the great challenges of our 15,000 hectares per year by 2024-25 -
While the commitment to honour the times.” Those challenges include climate and importantly, this enhanced target is
2015 pledge to plant 11 million trees by change, building homes and providing linked directly to two key policy objectives,
2020, and to add to it, is pleasing, there rural employment - all of which can be meeting climate change targets and using
is lots of work to do to get there as the addressed by forestry. more home-grown timber. The reference to
previous government was way off target. It also promises to “champion sustainable planting to help prevent flooding is another
The pledges on the public forest and farming, food and fishing”. What about positive example of linked-up policy.
ancient woodland are crowd-pleasers and forestry? Clearly it is the forgotten f-word There has been action to “hasten the pace
it is disappointing that support for natural for Labour. of application and approval of planting”
flood management does not specifically through the work of Jim Mackinnon, whose
mention the role trees can play in report is being implemented in partnership
reducing water flows towards downstream with Confor.
communities.
The big issue is that the planting target
is not linked to policy objectives, such as
meeting climate change targets, building
new homes, and reducing floods and
the broader commitment to leave the
environment in a better state than the new LIB DEMS
government inherited it. “Reverse the current sharp decline in
The big issue is that the planting target the rate of woodland creation by aiming
is not linked to policy objectives, such as to plant a tree for every UK citizen PLAID CYMRU
meeting climate change targets, building over the next 10 years, and protect Plaid have an ‘Action Plan’ rather than a
new homes, and reducing floods and remaining ancient woodlands.” manifesto. It doesn’t contain any reference
the broader commitment to leave the to forestry, with the closest relevant action
Confor says
environment in a better state than the being to “fight to ensure that every
new government inherited it.the broader A very positive commitment, which penny of European funding, including
commitment to leave the environment in recognises the ‘current sharp decline in the farming payments, is replaced by the UK
a better state than the new government rate of woodland creation’ and proposes Government”.
inherited it. an ambitious solution. A tree for every
citizen in the UK over the next ten years Confor says
would mean around 65 million trees, so 6.5 Confor says: the lack of reference to
million every year, compared to Labour’s forestry or related activity is disappointing,
1 million in 5 years and the Conservatives’ even in a relatively brief Action Plan.
2.2 million per year target. Again, it would
be positive to link the target back to other
policy objectives.
8 FORESTRY & TIMBER NEWS • June 2017 CONFOR.ORG.UK
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CONFOR NEWS
Preparations for Confor Woodland
Show are heating up
This show is set to be the biggest, most exciting try post Brexit? Come and put your questions to our
show yet with an extended field demonstration area panel of professionals.
offering exhibitors the space and flexibility they Throughout the two days there will be practical
Help us spread the word!
need. Alternating with Confor’s APF Exhibition, the demonstrations including horse logging, chainsaw
#Conforwoodlandshow
Confor Woodland Show provides an excellent plat- carving, archery, timber sports and much more.
Find us on Facebook and
form for those working in the industry to meet exist- A thank you to our sponsors to date, Tilhill For-
keep up to date
ing and potential customers, buy and sell. estry, Anglo American Oil Company and Eurofor-
Ask us for social media
The show will be held on Thursday 07 and Friday est. There are still sponsorship opportunities so if resources.
08 September at Longleat Estate, Wiltshire. you want to give your business exposure then take www.conforwoodlandshow.
There are nearly 100 exhibitors already booked a look at the sponsorship packages available on the org.uk
ranging from forest nurseries to timber harvesters. Confor woodland show website.
See the website for the full list of exhibitors. Book- See you at Longleat!
ings are still open – remember to take advantage of
discounts available for Confor members.
Whether you are a forestry business or an inter-
ested individual there will be something for you in
the packed programme of events, talks and topical
seminars that Confor and the Forestry Commission
are hosting throughout the two-days of the show.
The overall theme for Confor this year is, “Forest-
ry beyond Brexit”. What do you want for our indus-
TICKETS
Tickets (both free and non-member tickets)
can be purchased at gate or online.
Confor member: free (on presentation of valid
membership card)
Non-member advance (online): £9
Non-member student advance (online): £4.50
(student card required)
Non-member at gate: £10
Non-member student at gate: £5 (student
card required)
Under 16s: free entry
FSC conditional approval for UKWAS 4
The standard, familiar to many forest managers as the UK Wood- exercise has been a long haul but the completion of our work is in
land Assurance Standard or UKWAS, has undergone a thorough sight and the steering group will meet shortly to work on closing
revision process which began in 2013. A draft submitted to FSC out the remaining concerns raised by FSC. The revision process
International last year was not approved, and underwent further has been thorough and radical and, once these conditions are met,
revision before being re-submitted in February this year. This re- we hope that users will find the updated version to be more logi-
vised draft was conditionally approved following a meeting in cal in its approach and much easier to use than earlier versions.
early April. Praise is due to steering group members for their tenacity and the
In terms of the contents of the standard, the main condition dedication they have brought to the task of revising and improv-
for approval is that general references to compliance with the law, ing the UKWAS”.
such as health and safety or workers’ rights legislation, must be Andrew Heald of Confor, who is also a Director of UKWAS and a
replaced with readily auditable, outcome-oriented requirements. member of the Steering Group, said: “It is positive to have reached
FSC also stipulated that changes be made to the UK stand- this point, but as ever with certification, the devil is in the detail.
ard development group before the next revision of the standard, Hopefully these final hurdles can be overcome without much addi-
to ensure representation of economic, environmental and social tional time and cost. It is essential that certification focus on forest
interests is chamber-balanced in accordance with FSC require- management outcomes and not simply processes.”
ments. The UKWAS Steering Group will meet in Edinburgh on 06 June.
UKWAS Steering Group chair, Peter Wilson, says “The revision www.ukwas.org.uk
10 FORESTRY & TIMBER NEWS • June 2017 CONFOR.ORG.UKCONFOR AROUND BRITAIN
Confor COSTING
FORESTRY featured THE EARTH
SUMMIT in the on 23rd May
GREEN GOLD PRESS AND
Scottish rural featured tree
Stuart Goodall JOURNAL
secretary planting at Jerah
wrote in The FORESTRY
Fergus Ewing held and Doddington,
Scotsman (21 April) supplement
a Forestry Summit and Windymains
about the multiple in April
on 24 May sawmill
benefits of forestry
in Perth
to Scotland
CONFOR
BOARD
Confor
met on
ROYAL submitted a
18 May
HIGHLAND response to
SHOW the CHEVIOTS
22-25 June. FOREST
Confor will be DESIGN PLAN
participating in CONSULTATION
a new Forestry
tent at the Royal
Highland Show
IMPROVING
TIMBER WOODLAND
TRANSPORT PRODUCTIVITY
FORUM THROUGH
RESTOCKING:
visit to Ardcastle A Confor members
floating pier site on event visiting Zetland
30 June. Contact estate on 12 June.
Roland Stiven Contact Caroline
Harrison
CBEEBIES
WE DID THIS:
ROYAL WELSH Confor member
SHOW Oliver Combe’s
24-27 July Confor stand
at the Christmas trees
Visit Confor’s will feature on the
Forestry tent NORTHERN
IRELAND Christmas show
FORESTRY FAIR
28-29 May
NURSERY
PRODUCERS THE COUNTRYFILE
GROUP FORESTRY SPECIAL
MEETING (2 April) showcased
26-27 June Confor members in
Inquiry into Northumberland,
FORESTRY AND The Highlands and
WOODLAND POLICY North Wales
Confor submitted
a response to this
National Assembly for
Wales consultation
CONFOR
WOODLAND SHOW
7/8 September
at Longleat
Estate. Bring your
membership cards
for free entry
Stuart Goodall
was interviewed Following his meeting
on FARMING TODAY with Confor, Scottish
on 3 May, on the Speaking at this rural secretary Fergus
need for a better tree WESTMINSTER Ewing secured a
planting grant scheme CONFERENCE, GROUP ON FORESTRY
in England Confor is the lead Confor’s Andrew Heald TO CO-ORDINATE
signatory of emphasised the need POLICY BETWEEN THE
BRIGHT BLUE’S for forestry to be UK AND DEVOLVED
ELECTION CAMPAIGN at the heart of rural ADMINISTRATIONS
to get higher targets policymaking
for tree planting,
featured in the
TelegraphCONFOR NEWS
Confor welcomes updated
Scottish forestry strategy
C
onfor has urged the Scottish Government to Confor is also working hard to secure cross-party
commit to expanding tree cover in the first support for forestry to help with the production of a
major new forestry legislation in Scotland for new strategy and to ensure its continued application
50 years. The Forestry and Land Management (Scot- beyond electoral cycles.
“
land) Bill, published in May, sets out a new policy and Mr Goodall concluded: “It’s clear this Bill is a
regulatory framework for forestry, and outlines the complex piece of legislation that will require wider
future role of Forestry Commission Scotland. support in the Scottish Parliament and co-opera-
Stuart Goodall, chief executive of Confor, has tion with the UK Government. Confor will examine
urged ministers to focus on the big picture - secur- carefully the detail of what is proposed, then
ing the future of an industry worth £1 billion a year publish our comments on the draft legislation. We Forestry is
to Scotland, which employs more than 25,000 peo- need to ensure this bill gives Scottish Ministers the becoming the
ple and delivers many additional environmental and right powers to support our industry to grow further,
social benefits. and to deliver on its commitment to increased tree modern-day
Mr Goodall welcomed the intention to create planting. engine-room
a forestry division more clearly set within the Scot- “There are positive signs that tree planting is
of the Scottish
tish Government, which will place forestry at the starting to increase again in Scotland, which we
heart of future rural policy and action on climate need to guarantee jobs and investment in the long rural economy
change – vital given the challenges and opportuni- term. This new Bill recognises that forestry is a very
STUART GOODALL
ties presented by Brexit. He said: “The Bill is a real long-term business and Confor will continue to work
opportunity to focus on the big picture - what for- with all parties to develop the emerging consensus
estry can deliver for the Scottish environment, econ- around securing the future success of the forestry
omy and communities. industry.”
“Forestry is becoming the modern-day engine-
room of the Scottish rural economy, and Scotland is
the powerhouse of the UK forestry sector. Changes
to the governance of forestry have been inevitable
since the devolution settlement, especially as there
has been change elsewhere in the UK. The aim in THE FORESTRY AND
Scotland must be to put in place a legislative frame- LAND MANAGEMENT
work that suits forestry here.” (SCOTLAND) BILL:
Mr Goodall welcomed the emphasis on retaining • aims to ensure forestry is
the expertise of forestry professionals in the papers fully accountable to Ministers
accompanying the Bill and the intention to place for- and Parliament, and that
estry at the heart of future rural policy and action on governance arrangements
climate change: “Forestry needs to be in there at the are simpler and more
heart of decision-making; forestry at arms’ length is transparent;
forestry forgotten.” • places a duty on Scottish
Ministers to “promote
Long-term approach sustainable forest
Mr Goodall was pleased at the commitment to a management”;
long-term approach to policy and support, and the • requires Ministers to
development of a new forestry strategy for Scotland. prepare a new forestry
However, the new Bill, unlike the 1967 Bill that it strategy;
replaces, does not place a duty on the Scottish Gov- • allows the National Forestry
ernment to expand forestry in Scotland. “We were Estate to undertake non-tree
pleased when the Scottish Government committed, related activity and provide
in January, to increasing tree planting targets to services to third parties;
tackle climate change and increase the use of home- • includes community
grown timber – and we look forward to seeing it fol- management and
low through on that commitment,” said Mr Godall. “It compulsory purchase of land;
is very important to link planting targets with policy • provides for continued
objectives and we will press the Scottish Govern- cross-border co-operation on
research and statistics.
ment to continue with this approach.”
It is expected that a call for evidence on the con-
tents of the Bill be made over the summer. Ahead
of that, Confor will provide an analysis of the Bill to
members and then circulate its proposed response.
12 FORESTRY & TIMBER NEWS • June 2017 CONFOR.ORG.UKLETTER
Did you know that ….
Preservative You can directly access all additional
resources for this issue from the home
effect of copper
page at
I was very interested, as ever,
to read Prof. Julian Evans’ arti- www.confor.org.uk
cle More questions than answers
(FTN, April 2017, p65) .
My particular interest was his
question about the ‘preservative’ Why don’t you tweet them or use them
effects of copper leaching from in your presentations?
brass screws. I may be able to help
you with this question as I am a
retired chemist who volunteers in
the conservation laboratory of the
York Archaeological Trust. One of
our specialities is the conservation
of waterlogged wood and we do
indeed find that wood preserva-
tion is sometimes better in the vi-
cinity of copper alloy fittings. We
have always attributed this obser-
vation to the poisonous proper-
ties of copper ions produced by
the copper alloy, although I would
struggle to find a reference to any
research evidence – it is more of a
conservation ‘given’.
UK MANUFACTURED METAL
A more macabre example of
the same phenomenon is that we
STRAINER SYSTEMS
sometimes find traces of textile
adhering to the back of copper al-
loy grave goods in burials, when Visit us at
there are no other textile traces the Confor
preserved. This textile is the re- Woodland
mains of cloth the deceased was Show
wearing, or wrapped in, before
burial, preserved by the same
mechanism.
Chemically, I would expect
that lead fittings might produce
the same effect, like the effects
on rooftop algae I have observed
of the run-off from lead flashings
around chimneys. Though asking
around in the tearoom at the lab
did not produce any known exam-
ples of lead leaching producing a
similar effect to copper.
Anthony J.G. Crawshaw
Knaresborough
Hinge Joint Fencing
Hampton NET™ Fencing
PATENT PENDING
StapleloK Intermediate
NEW Box and Angle Metal Posts
Metal Strainer Systems Barbed Wires
Line Wires
01933 234070
sales@hamptonsteel.co.uk hamptonsteel.co.uk
CONFOR.ORG.UK FORESTRY & TIMBER NEWS • June 2017 13CONFOR MEMBERS
Foresters Golf Society
Russel Matthews of Land & Landscape
Management took the individual honours
at the Foresters’ Golf Society meeting
held at Wareham Golf Club, Dorset
on 7 April 2017. On a beautiful day for
golf, Russel had a winning score of 37
Stableford points. In second place was
Richard Preston, formerly of the Forestry
Commission and the current captain at
Wareham Golf Club, closely followed by
David Duncan in third place. The team
event was won by Russel Matthews, David
Duncan and John Lockhart.
The Foresters’ Golf Society is open
to anyone with a forestry interest – from
owners to accountants. The next event is
scheduled to be at Whiteleaf Golf Club
in Buckinghamshire on 5 October 2017.
Confor member donates trees for Anyone interested in playing who would
like to be notified of the date should
children’s TV programme contact John Clegg by emailing jec@
johnclegg.co.uk or call 01844 291384.
Once more, Confor was able to offer the land on our streets every January.
BBC guidance and production input for They replanted a potted tree in their
one of their programmes. In this case, the forest area and decorated it with snacks
children’s magazine The Let’s Go Club for the birds to enjoy. They used a dead
(Cbeebies) was looking at three ways to tree with dry needles as mulch for potted
reuse a Christmas tree – an episode to be plants in the school yard. Branches of
broadcast around Christmas this year. a third tree were used as a feeding and
Confor was able to source three suit- hiding place for fish living in their school
able Christmas trees with only a few days’ pond.
notice, thanks to member Oliver Combe Confor was very pleased to be able to
(York Christmas Trees, Wiggington) who support an initiative that uses commercial
kindly selected trees to suit the produc- trees to showcase basic concepts of sus-
ers’ needs and couriered them down to tainability and the value of natural capital.
Manchester for a Friday shoot. We will follow up on this topic of
In a hands-on way, the children were Christmas trees more in depth in an up-
explained the value of natural resources coming FTN issue this year. Kezia Dugdale MSP, leader of the Scottish
and were shown three ways to recycle Labour Party, visited Alba Trees on 20
some of the many Christmas trees that Confor making the news – see p17. May. Photo: Dave Johnston
Floating pier site
opens in Argyll
ST Floating Piers has completed the
installation of a mainland-based floating
pier system and related infrastructure at
a site on the National Forest Estate at
Ardcastle, Argyll. The £300k pier project
located on Loch Fyne was supported
with a £120k of Scottish Strategic Timber
Transport Scheme funding.
With harvesting volumes increasing
and the nearby Ardrishaig Pier already easily navigated water, combined with Initial cargo being loaded at Ardcastle,
extremely busy, the facility will boost the a shoreside storage area with capacity 3m chipwood bound for Inverness – this
ability for shipping greater quantities for up to 6000t of roundwood/ forest one shipment removing 20,000 truck
of timber to wood processors. The products. miles from Scottish roads.
site offers 12m of deep, sheltered and www.jstservices.co.uk Photo credit NWS/JST
14 FORESTRY & TIMBER NEWS • June 2017 CONFOR.ORG.UKYoungsters
learn value of
rural skills
Pupils from Aboyne Academy descended
in to Glen Tanar’s ancient pine forests on
Deeside on 17 May to take part in a schools
forestry day to learn about the rural envi-
ronment and observe how forestry prac-
tices are carried out. Held at Glen Tanar
Estate, just outside Aboyne, S3 pupils took
part in the full day workshop which encom-
passed the full journey of trees from seed
to sawmill with demonstrations on how
trees are planted, harvested, processed and the entire S3 year of around 120 pu-
and the eventual end products. pils took part. The project has recently won
The students also got the opportunity Scottish Land and Estate’s Regional “Help- Members help with
to watch trees being felled by chainsaw
and watch a mobile sawmill in action to see
ing it Happen” Award.
Michael Bruce, Glen Tanar Estate, said:
charity’s planting
how trees are turned into useable material. “This programme gives a whole secondary Local people from around Earlston,
The schools forestry initiative is run in school pupil year group first-hand experi- Scotland, turned out in force to help
conjunction with Ballogie Estate and Din- ence of what real forestry involves.” plant 1300 trees to improve the facilities
net Estate and held over three days in May www.glentanar.org.uk for the dogs at Borders Pet Rescue and
create a space for the local community
to use. The charity needed trees and
Forest on historic airship base tree shelters to allow the planting of
some small woodland areas in the
fields and make them more interesting
gains FSC certification for the dogs. Tilhill Forestry District
Manager Eddie Addis stepped in and
UK Forest Certification Group has agreed to supply the tree shelters and
announced the addition of Lenabo Forest asked parent company BSW to supply
in Aberdeenshire to FSC Certification. the tree stakes. Alba Trees offered to
Lenabo Forest is a 360ha provide the trees at no cost.
predominantly Sitka Spruce plantation www.tilhill.com www.albatrees.co.uk
established in 1920 by the Forestry
Commission. Now in its second rotation GreenMech realigns
the plantation has a recently approved
Long Term Forest Plan which marks the
dealer network
start of major restructuring. GreenMech has continued its dealer
Lenabo, now in private ownership, is realignment with new dealers New
managed by Brook Forestry. Company Forest Farm Machinery and GA
director Jolyon Amos has been involved Groundcare. Existing dealer Burden
with management of the forest for Brothers Agri will extend its coverage
many years. A former sceptic of forest area. All existing warranties relating to
certification, since establishing a working GreenMech chippers, sold by T H White,
relationship with UKFCG, Jolyon is less had to be cleared before any building will be supported by these new dealers.
reserved: “Where in the past certification could start. The site was closed in 1920 Burden Brothers will now be servicing
felt an adversarial bureaucratic burden, and the land planted by the Forestry customers in Surrey, adding to its
with the support of UKFCG, we have found Commission. When the first rotation of established areas of Kent and Sussex.
certification can be an opportunity to trees were felled in the 1960s and 1970s it www.greenmech.co.uk
demonstrate our good working practices was discovered that some of the buildings
and build upon a quality service”. still remained. The chimneys and entrance
Lenabo Forest cloaks the area formerly pillars were demolished in 1966 as the WELCOME TO NEW
used as a Royal Naval Air Service airship structures were thought to be unsafe. CONFOR MEMBERS
station known as RNAS Longside. Planned felling in this part of the forest Abersenny Ltd, Abergavenny
The land at Lenabo was a large piece will be preceded by an archaeological Pontypool & Clytha Estate,
of bog land and when it was decided to survey to define areas which will be Monmouthshire
commission it to be used as the most returned to open ground. Powell Training, Wiltshire
northerly British air base station, the land www.forestcertification.org.uk
CONFOR.ORG.UK FORESTRY & TIMBER NEWS • June 2017 15CERTIFICATION
Confor chain of custody Availability of material
I have written previously how the domi-
nance of the certified Forestry Commission
certification survey supplied timber in the supply chain has de-
clined, it currently represents about 40% of
harvested material and that percentage will
decline further as supply from the private
and an annual audit, will their finished prod- sector increases.
Andrew Heald
ucts attract a premium in the market place? Two thirds of respondents said that they
explains some of The results of the survey show that were generally able to source sufficient
the key findings 60% of respondents did not pay any extra supplies of certified material, but 61% said
from the survey. for certified material, and that in terms of that there was less certified material avail-
sales, 100% of respondents said that there able now than five years ago and 53% said
was no price differential when they sold that they were sourcing less certified mate-
C
onfor has been working hard for the certified material. rial compared to 2012.
last two years to try to improve the However, it is worth exploring this fur- Conscious of increasing pressure on cer-
certification process. In the April is- ther; for the forest owner market access tified supplies, over 80% said that if sourc-
sue of FTN, I highlighted the challenge that and flexibility is often as important as ab- ing became more challenging they would
some mills have in sourcing adequate sup- solute price. If the material is certified it be prepared to switch to a volume credit
plies of certified material. To understand can usually be sold into a wider range of approach – meaning an instant reduction
why there is a problem we launched an markets, and moved from a harvesting site of 30% of certified output.
anonymous survey of sawmills and proces- more quickly. There are significant advan-
sors. We had 20 responses to the survey tages in moving material quickly: What next?
and about half of these were from mills • Reduces pressure on stacking areas In April, Confor met with PEFC Interna-
larger than 200,000 tonnes per year; this • Improves cash flow for all concerned tional CEO Ben Gunneberg and received
represents a reasonable proportion of mills in harvesting reassurance that PEFC were working hard
in the UK. • Avoids timber “drying out” and losing to make certification more straightforward.
weight at roadside. PEFC is very common in many parts of cen-
Key findings There are potential differences in behav- tral Europe, with very large group schemes
While 78% of respondents said that “Meet- iour, though, depending on size and levels comprising tens of thousands of small for-
ing Customer Requirements” is the main of activity. A forest owner/manager regu- est owners.
benefit of certification, only 60% said their larly harvesting large volumes of timber will I have proposed a motion at the forth-
customers specified FSC and/or PEFC. want to access the widest range of markets. coming FSC General Assembly calling for
And within that 60%, the comment made However, a smaller producer who only har- FSC to standardize the audit reporting
was that only a minority of customers actu- vests occasionally, may choose to play the system and make better use of the data
ally specified FSC and/or PEFC. market a little more and only harvest if and in developing a risk based approach. Con-
The “Cost of auditing and record keep- when there is strong demand for their ma- for has also asked for a meeting with Kim
ing” was the biggest challenge for 79% of terial, regardless of whether it is certified. Carstensen the Director General of FSC In-
respondents. The expectation in some key parts ternational, where we will be pushing for a
Only 41% that said there is a price differ- of the UK construction market is that all real and rapid commitment to making cer-
ential when sourcing certified raw material. timber will be certified. This is primarily tification simpler for smaller forest owners.
because evidence of sustainability is de- If the area of certified woodland in the
Price premium manded when tendering for Government UK continues to plateau, or even reduce,
Forest owners and managers want to know contracts. In these cases, certified timber is while levels of consumption increase, the
if they invest in certification, whether they seen as the ‘norm’ and therefore does not need for change will become ever stronger.
will see a return on their investment in attract a premium. The survey highlighted
terms of better timber prices. Similarly, if a that whilst it is a number of ‘key accounts’ Questionnaire results and further
sawmill prioritises certified suppliers, and who specified certified material, many of details are available on the
also invests in a chain of custody system the others do not. Confor website.
Is there a price differential for certified material Compared to five years ago, has the availability of
that you buy? certified material changed?
Answered: 17 Skipped: 3 Answered: 18 Skipped: 2
No More available now
Yes Less available now
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
About the same
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
16 FORESTRY & TIMBER NEWS • June 2017 CONFOR.ORG.UKMEDIA
Forestry making the news
The forestry and timber sector area than a forest planted in the 1970s or 80s.
He continued: “By generating public access,
continues to increase its presence
amenity, landscape [value] and wildlife benefits, that
in the mainstream media – is the cost of getting approval - but it is also the right
thanks to the efforts of Confor. thing to do. It’s improved the site and I want to be
proud of it and for people to enjoy it.”
T
he BBC Countryfile special on forestry, broad- Stuart Goodall said Jerah showed that large areas
cast to 7.5 million viewers in April, marked a of Scotland and northern England could be planted
high point in Confor’s efforts to publicise the with mixed, modern productive forestry which deliv-
positive, modern face of the sector. ered a range of economic, environmental and social A summary of
recent general
Since the peak-time Sunday evening broadcast, benefits.
media coverage
Confor has continued working hard to ensure gen- However, he warned of the danger of the drop-
eral media interest in forestry has remained high - off in planting in England: “We were planting a lot BBC Countryfile
special on forestry
with major success. of trees until the 1980s and then it almost com-
02 April
After signing a letter by think-tank We Are Bright pletely stopped overnight. All those mature forests
Blue, calling for post-Brexit funding to encourage are coming through for harvesting in the next 20-25 The Daily Telegraph
more tree planting (published in The Daily Tele- years, and then there is a complete falling away. Radio 4 Farming
graph), Confor Chief Executive Stuart Goodall was “We expect investment in saw milling and the Today 03 May
interviewed on Radio 4’s Farming Today. number of jobs supported by the industry will suf- Radio 4 Farming
This interview was broadcast on May 3, with fur- fer unless we start planting more trees immediately.” Today 12 May
ther positive coverage of forestry (the new Scot- Davey Rodger, who manages Glennon Brothers’ The Telegraph
tish Bill) on Farming Today on May 12. Two na- Windymains Sawmill in East Lothian, told the pro- 15 May
tional newspapers, The Daily Telegraph and Daily gramme: “The raw material is a concern for us. If we BBC Radio Scotland,
Express, picked up Confor’s press release on woe- invest a lot of money in the sawmill, which we intend Out of Doors
ful tree planting in the same week, while Confor to do, we need guaranteed supplies. In 20 years’ (Andrew Heald on
featured heavily on Radio 4’s flagship environment time, there are not enough logs, simple as that.” pest control) 20 May
programme, Costing The Earth, on a Future Forests Tom Heap ended the Costing the Earth pro- Radio 4 Costing
special on May 23. gramme by describing the many benefits of modern the Earth forestry
Stuart Goodall worked with producer Sarah forestry, including timber production, and conclud- special 23 May
Swadling to set up interviews at two high-profile ed: “Woodlands are to be used, not just admired.”
planting sites, Jerah in central Scotland and Dod- Stuart Goodall said the hard work of the whole
dington in Northumberland, as well as the Windy- Confor team in taking the forestry and wood story to
mains sawmill in East Lothian. a wider audience was really paying off: “There is very
Mr Goodall met presenter Tom Heap with Tilhill strong interest in what the sector is doing in terms of
Forestry’s Andrew Vaughan, the driving-force be- its economic, environmental and social contribution.
hind Jerah. On site, Mr Vaughan described how Til- “Every story increases the understanding of the
hill prepared 19 different designs for the former hill importance and value of our sector. It is vital that ex-
farm between Menstrie and Dunblane, with around perienced and skilled presenters like Tom Heap and Tom Heap interviews
580 of the 1000-hectare site designated for plant- Charlotte Smith have seen the forestry and timber Davy Rodger at
ing a mixture of productive softwood species and story up close and spread the message of what it Windymains Sawmill
broadleaves. can offer.” with producer Sarah
He told the programme Jerah had been designed www.confor.org.uk/news/forestry-in-the-media Swadling (Centre)
to help with flood mitigation. Menstrie had been
prone to flooding and the old site had almost 100km
of drainage channels to send water down the hill,
adding to flood risks. The new design keeps the ma-
jority of water up the hill, and even less water will
flow down as the trees grow and the canopy soaks
up rainfall.
Mr Vaughan also talked about wildlife on the site;
short-eared owls, buzzards and hen harriers have
been seen at Jerah, while the design encourages
black grouse to return to the area. He also discussed
vast improvements to public access to the site.
Tom Heap asked Mr Vaughan: “When you com-
bine all these things - flood alleviation, access, ap-
pearance, species diversity - it must cost a lot more
to set up and yield less return. So why do you do it?”
Mr Vaughan said modern high-quality trees would
deliver the same amount of saw logs from a smaller
CONFOR.ORG.UK FORESTRY & TIMBER NEWS • June 2017 17INTERNATIONAL
Creating economies of scale
T
The Western-most “Bundesland” in Austria, he alpine and densily populated re-
is a pioneering region for timber design, gion of Vorarlberg features a network
renewable energy and sustainable land of very small forest lots, with an aver-
use in general. Stefanie Kaiser finds age size of only five hectares. This in-
cludes some larger forest enterprises
out how a co-operative forest service
but mainly holdings of about one to
allows small forests to be managed two hectares, often privately owned. Nevertheless,
making use of economies of scale for forest management in the region is not only highly
timber marketing and conservation. sustainably in the ecological sense, but also eco-
nomically viable, thanks to a structure of collective
management.
BUNDESLAND
“We have the advantage that CCF has a long tra-
Land area 260,100ha
Forest cover 37%
dition and on our small forest areas we have a semi-
Total forest area c. 95,000ha natural mixed-aged structure. Felling has a very low
Area productive forests c. 60,000ha visual footprint in the management of ‘close-to-
nature forests, and therefore, public acceptance is
fairly high. According to a National study in Austria,
Vorarlberg ranks highest in ‘naturalness’ of their for-
ests”, says Thomas Ölz, Head of Forestry, Chamber
of Agriculture.
Mastering cross-ownership management
“The ‘urbanised’ landowner, with no knowledge of
or interest in forestry and timber marketing, is be-
coming more and more common in the region. They
are often unaware of the location or sometimes even
the existence of a forest lot they have inherited. It is
Making small-scale
low-impact timber 1
production work
Clearfelling, defined as >0.5ha in pro- ment grants are available in the case
tective forest and >2ha in productive of very low-impact felling methods,
forest, is not part of the Austrian for- which otherwise would not be afford-
est management approach. able”, says Walter Ammann, chairman
The use of harvesters in felling only of Waldverband.
accounts for about 2-3% in the main Overall, forestry is usually profit-
valleys of Vorarlberg and low-impact able within the currently used col-
harvesters are used for thinnings. The lective management system. Some
secret lies in the logistics of collective of this profit will be invested in for-
forest management. est maintenance and maintenance of
A landowner who wants to fell a trails and forest roads. But it has to be
few trees can call the Waldverband considered that in such semi-natural
and enquiry about current market forests, maintenance costs are signifi-
prizes and timber sizes in demand. cantly reduced due to the fact that
He/she then cuts to size and leaves no replanting is undertaken. This can
the timber at roadside. The Waldver- save around e5000-10,000 of affor-
band collects the logs at a suitable estation costs per hectare.
time to save transport costs. Logistics “Our maintenance costs are mini-
are the decisive factor here. mal, as timber extraction serves the
“In the case of protective forests, purpose of forest maintenance at the
we mostly have to use skylines due to same time. Basically most of the man-
difficult access. Luckily we can cover agement costs you have in a planta-
costs here, as better rural develop- tion forest don’t occur here.”
18 FORESTRY & TIMBER NEWS • June 2017 CONFOR.ORG.UKfor small-scale forestry
for those people that the Chamber of Agriculture, a
governmental body representing land owners, offers
a forest management and timber marketing service
called Waldverband, a forestry co-operative”, ex-
plains Thomas Ölz. Owners of land over one hectare
are obliged to be members of the Chamber, but us-
ing the service of the Waldverband is optional.
This non-for profit service aims to ensure the
management of a network of very small forest hold-
ings. It allows for cross-ownership management to
be conducted by experts with relevant forestry skills.
Different services available
• Round wood marketing
• Specific forest management contracts
• Complete lease of forest to chamber (hands-
off approach): the chamber is in charge of
everything from compliance with legislation to
management and timber marketing. The owner
gets a percentage of any net profit.
Timber species and marketing
Conifer species predominate in the region. In terms
of land area, 60% is spruce (Picea abies) and around Walter Ammann, chairman Waldverband, and Thomas Ölz, Head of
12% is Silver fir (Abies alba). The remaining part are Forestry, Chamber of Agriculture
Continued on p21
Thomas Ölz and Walter Ammann show examples of skyline and harvester
extraction sites. (1) Rack resulting from a skyline extraction performed two
2 months earlier (2) impact of recent harvester extraction
Skyline extraction • Skyline extraction cost per m3 e40
“We fitted a skyline of about 300m • Ave value or profit per m3 e20-30
between two slopes to fell trees along In spite of the additional small fee
the rack. This is an example of a pro- for the public forest management ser-
tective forest that is also managed for vice, a small profit can be achieved
timber. Some older trees are felled to even in small-scale and difficult-to-
allow for younger, stronger trees to access forests.
regrow and stabilise the slope. And
at the same time (and not less impor- Harvester and forwarder
tant), we want to market good tim- “In the example (2), we have taken out
ber. We extracted 400m3 of timber 300m3 of timber (that’s 10 lorry loads)
from three racks”. but, as you can see, you can hardly no-
The hand felling along each of tice the felling impact at all.”
the racks takes a pair of contrac- These extraction racks will be used
tors roughly a day. The skyline is set again in ten years’ time. The harvester
up in half to three-quarters of a day, only move along the racks and trees
and the timber transported down to are hand-felled selectively on each side
roadside in another day and a half. In into the rack. “We only fell trees that
this convex landscape, no pillars are can be pulled out to the access route
needed. “We simply use pillar trees (eg using winches attached to the har-
and anchor trees. Once the trees are vester) without further impact to the
left at roadside, a small processor de- surrounding forest.” Extraction routes
branches and pre-cuts them before a are planned every 40-50m to reach
haulier picks up the logs and later, the most of the forest areas. On occasions,
firewood. horses are used for log extraction.
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A zoning approach for
deer management
For deer management purposes, cate species, but the deer density is
Vorarlberg is divided in core zones, kept low enough in this type of forest
2 buffer zones and free zones. The red to be sustainable and not significant-
deer is encouraged to remain in the ly threatened the regrowth.
core zones, which are managed to Despite all the efforts, deer remains
offer a suitable habitat for them. a big challenge for foresters in the re-
Regional culling quota are negoti- gion. However, due to the zoned man-
ated on an annual basis. Every three agement, at least in the ’free’ lowland
years, the impact of deer on vegeta- zones many different tree species can
tion is assessed for this purpose, us- now thrive. But the problem has now
ing 6x6m plots in a 50m grid. This is moved upwards and remains a threat
system is applied regardless of land to protective forests.
Bregenzerwald, a region of Vorarlberg, is tenure, across the whole county. Although there is a well-structured
particularly famous for its timber buildings Unlike in other countries, in Aus- regional-level management plan, the
and is has attracted many architects from tria deer is being fed over the winter. actual deer population almost dou-
around the world in the last decades. (1) In particular in the densely popu- bles the target numbers. Private hunt-
A typical contemporary timber building in lated and alpine regions, large parts ing is only allowed on private land of
Andelsbuch featuring a Silver fir cladding of natural habitats have been lost; in more than 115 ha. Smaller lots are or-
(source: www.holzbaukunst.at) and (2) nature, the animals would follow a ganised in collective hunting grounds
traditional shingled house in the same village pattern of remaining in lowlands in of at least 300ha. The leasing of hunt-
(source: Flickr gaschy22) winter and moving up into higher al- ing rights is decided by the co-opera-
titudes in summer. By feeding them, tive, and individual forest owners get
Continued from p19 they can be kept in areas that offer their share of any revenues from the
broadleaves, mainly beech, sycamore and ash. a habitat for conservation while pro- lease of hunting rights.
In the case of softwoods, the ‘top-half’ of saw tecting managed forests in other ar- Rewildering is a hot topic in a
log production is fed into the regional network of eas at the same time. region with several remote alpine
mainly small sawmills (with some medium-sized Forest and deer management borders. The lynx is slowly moving
mills producing up to 70,000 solid m3 pa). Sawmills are planned in parallel, and the zon- back in from neighbouring Swit-
are mostly specialised, working with band saws that ing approach allows foresters to rely zerland, and is a welcome predator.
process logs of >40cm dbh into a variety of prod- on natural regeneration in managed The occasional sighting of wolves,
ucts. Small round wood is fed into larger-scale pro- forests despite the existence of deer. however, is seen as much more prob-
cessors in other Austrian regions. At present, wood Silver fir, for example, is a very deli- lematic.
up to 50cm goes into these markets, as a sawlog
processor in the region has shut down and regional
saw log supply is currently exceeding demand from
sawmills.
Roundwood is mainly processed into biomass
(due to the distance of other processors, this is cur-
rently the most cost-effective market), plywood
and board or traded internationally as raw-material
for other wood-based industries. Some larger for-
est companies also sell into the pulp industry. This
can be profitable even for small-scale forestry. It is
an option in areas where mechanised harvesting is
possible and timber down to 8cm dbh can be used.
Only just over half of the available annual incre-
ment is being used, ie about 350,000 of around
600,000 solid m3 per year.
TIMBER PRODUCTION IN VORARLBERG
Annual figures in solid m3
Total 300,000 - 350,000
From total of small Waldverband forests
50,000 - 60,000
From the largest single business (8000 ha)
15,000 - 20,000
Source: Walter Ammann, Waldverband Red deer (Photo: Franz Kovacs, Bundesforste)
CONFOR.ORG.UK FORESTRY & TIMBER NEWS • June 2017 21You can also read
