Generic photonic integration for sensing and fibre sensor interrogation systems - Iñigo Artundo, VLC Photonics
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Generic photonic integration for
sensing and fibre sensor
interrogation systems
Iñigo Artundo, VLC Photonics
Optical Sensors and Cyber-Physical Systems Congress
Session 8: Hybrid and monolithic system integration
www.vlcphotonics.com
What does photonic integration mean?
Aggregate multiple components of a system into a single monolithic chip.
Transistors
Capacitors
Resistors
Inductors
etc.
Same evolution path as electronics:
Lasers/LEDs
Photodetectors
Modulators
Optical Filters
Couplers/Splitters
Multiplexers
Interferometers
etc. Micro-optics
Integrated optics
03/20/14 www.vlcphotonics.com 2
Photonic Integration: Why?
Advantages of chip integration:
– Reduced volume and weight
– Simpler assembly and packaging
– Better mechanical and thermal stability
– Enable complex system scalability
– Allow to scale up production
– Reduce costs on large series
System
Chip Design Manufacture and test
Concept
Mimic the electronic
fabless model Design houses Generic foundries
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Integrated Sensors and Interrogators
Biophotonic sensors and lab-on-a-chip:
- biological macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, other macromolecules), small
molecules (chemicals), and nanoparticles and virus
- mass screenings for pathogen identification
- fast identification and reaction for incidents
- frequent and periodic evolution monitoring
Courtesy NRC 2011 Courtesy Univ. Iceland 2012
Courtesy Genalyte Courtesy Univ. Manchester 2011
Fiber sensor interrogators:
- Measure temperature, strain, pressure, PH, etc.
- Rapid serial and parallel Bragg grating sensors
- Miniaturized and precise interrogation
03/20/14 www.vlcphotonics.com 4
Traditional FBG interrogators
Based on a broadband source and a tunable Fabry-Perot filter
that scans the whole spectrum searching for peak responses
from FBG sensors.
Broadband
source
FBG sensors
Interrogator
Aprox. specs
- 1500-1600 nm operating
range
- 1-2 pm resolution
- 4-8 channels
- 25 sensors/ch
- few Hz sampling
BraggMETER, courtesy of Fibersensing
03/20/14 www.vlcphotonics.com 5
Integrated interrogator approaches
Based on traditional approaches, but miniaturized, using a carrier injection
or thermally tuned tunable filter and a broadband (InP) source.
Based on spectrometry techniques, using a DWDM filter to parallelize
measurement on all channels in the full spectrum.
Courtesy of Tornado Spectral Systems
Based on interferometry techniques, where a 3-output MZI interferes the
signal reflected at the FBGs from a broadband source with a 120º phase
shift, and using demultiplexing techniques to have serial sensing.
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MZI interrogator approach
Measure interferometric displacement of FBG response, and locate it in wavelength range
sensor
...
FBG displacement
response
...
3-port MZI filter response
AWG filter response
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Multiple technologies
Depending on requirements, different materials:
- Silicon photonics: Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI), Silicon
Dioxide (SiO2/PLC), Silicon Nitride (Si3N4/TripleX), etc.
- III-V semiconductors: Indium Phosphide (InP),
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), etc.
- Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3)
Best Technology Features SOI SiO2/Si Si3N4/SiO2 InP/GaAs LiNbO3
Low propagation loss
Good coupling to fibers
Good electro-optic effect
Good thermo-optic effect
Good electro-absorption effect
Light generation / regeneration
Small footprint
Compatibility with electronics
Wavelength range: ~1200-2000 nm (Si3N4: 400 – 2350 nm)
03/20/14 www.vlcphotonics.com 8
BB Example: Arrayed Waveguide Gratings
Silicon on Insulator (SOI) technology
#Ports Chann Chann DL (m) FSR FSR
Space space [nm] [nm] (m)
[GHz] [nm] [nm]
5 400 3.2 3.173 25 25.338
23 200 1.6 1.510 72 -
23 100 0.8 0.789 36 35.097
Telecom grade specs
Ultracompact design
Also possible in e.g.
thin/thick SOI (1550 & 1310 nm)
or TripleX (400-2350 nm)
9th April, 2012 www.vlcphotonics.com 9
BB Example: Arrayed Waveguide Gratings (II)
Parametric design
InP
Multiple geometries and
channel configurations
TripleX Thick SOI
9th April, 2012 www.vlcphotonics.com 10BB Example: Parametric Echelle gratings
Silicon on Insulator (SOI) and SiN technologies
Mux/demux device, optimized for:
- low insertion losses
- low PDL
- low crosstalk
- small size
x high dependence from fabrication
Critical to have the BB
validated for each foundry
SiN and thick SOI Flat surfaces for metallization, or DBR reflectors
9th April, 2012 www.vlcphotonics.com 11BB example: 2x3 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
Silicon on Insulator (SOI) technology
Non-symmetrical 2x2 MMI MZI Symmetrical 2x3 MMI
Free Spectral Range (FSR):
25 GHz @ 1550 nm
(equiv. 200 pm)
+/- 0.5 dB IL among channels
www.vlcphotonics.comBB example: 2x3 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
Silicon on Insulator (SOI) technology
Non-symmetrical 2x2 MMI MZI Symmetrical 2x3 MMI
Free Spectral Range (FSR):
1.25 GHz @ 1550 nm
(equiv. 10 pm)
+/- 0.5 dB IL among channels
12 dB Insertion loss given the
Huge arm length difference
(~5.5 cm @ 2 dB/cm)
www.vlcphotonics.comBB example: Photodiode
Silicon on Insulator (SOI) technology
Ge Photodiodes
BW > 5 GHz @ 1550 nm
Responsivity > 0.6 A/W
Dark current < 4 uA @ -2V bias
www.vlcphotonics.comBB Example: MMI couplers
Symmetric and non-symmetric
coupllng ratios
2×2 MMIs
1×3 MMIs
2×3 MMIs
3×3 MMIs
4×4 MMIs
9th April, 2012 www.vlcphotonics.com 15BB Example: MMI couplers (II)
1x2 (50/50)
2x2 (85/15)
2x2 (50/50)
Same device compared in three
different PICs → Excellent repeatability
9th April, 2012 www.vlcphotonics.com 16Ex: Spectrometer-based interrogator
Miniature dual Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) for wavelength channel
splitting system using standard telecom wavelengths.
Photonic chip layout Manufactured SOI prototype
Optical system concept at ePIXfab MPW run, 2011
photodiodes
Mux/
Mux/
sensors demux
demux
Standard PLC vs. SOI AWG sizes
03/20/14 www.vlcphotonics.com 17Ex: MZI-based interrogator
Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor interrogator, based on AWG + 10
GHz Mach-Zehnder modulator + photodiode.
Basic config read-out ~100 kHz, spectral resolution below 10 pm.
KuifMAZE, Courtesy of Technobis
Targets:
1) Channel multiplexing: up to 12 channels
2) High resolution: down to 2-20 fm at 80 kHz
3) High speed: 250 kHz to 20 MHz
4) Low cost: 1 ch, 1-4 sensors/ch, 1 pm res at 1 kHz
03/20/14 www.vlcphotonics.com 18Conclusions
Photonic integration can provide important
advantages in the field of optical sensing.
Integrated optical sensors and fiber sensor
interrogators are already being developed in
mature and low-cost platforms.
New system configurations and
implementations based on PICs can lead to
much higher performances.
03/20/14 www.vlcphotonics.com 19Thank you for your attention
info@vlcphotonics.com
www.vlcphotonics.com
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