Instructor: Maurizio Casarin - Address: Unipd
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Instructor:
Maurizio Casarin
Address:
Maurizio Casarin: Via Loredan 4, 35131 - Padova
Phone number: +39 049 - 827 ext. 5164
E-mail address: maurizio.casarin@unipd.it
http://wwwdisc.chimica.unipd.it/maurizio.casarin/pubblica/casarin.htm
Maurizio Casarin Chimica Generale ed Inorganica (Canale M – Z)
Recommended Book:
“Chimica Generale” 11th edition
by
Petrucci, Herring, Madura, Bissonette
Piccin Eds
(47.00 €)
Academic Year 2019 - 2020
monday tuesday wednesday thursday friday
Aula 7 Aula 7
Aula 1
Aula 1
aula 1
aula 7
aula 1
Academic Year 2019 - 2020
https://didattica.unipd.it/off/2018/ME/corsi_attivi
Modalità di Esame:
Scritto
Orale (iff scritto ≥ 17/30 )
https://ptable.com/
Tc: Perrier, Segre in ‘37 at Italy
Fr: Perey in ‘39 at France
At: Corson, MacKenzie, Segre in ‘40 at USA
Pm: Marinsky, Glendenin, Coryell in ‘45 at USA
Np: obtained by Edwin M. McMillan and P. H. Abelson in 1940 in USA
Pu: obtained by G.T Seaborg, J.W. Kennedy, E. M.
McMillan and A. C. Wahl in 1940 in USAhttps://ptable.com/ On 28 November 2016, the IUPAC approved the name and symbols for four elements: nihonium (Nh), moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts), and oganesson (Og), respectively for element 113, 115, 117, and 118
https://ptable.com/ Jurij Colakovič Oganesian (1933 - )
15 February 1564[2] – 8 January 1642
Experiments are the only means of knowledge at our disposal. The rest is poetry, imagination. Max Planck 1894
Facts & Data Fact: A statement that scientists demonstrate to be true. Data: Raw information that scientists gather.
Laws & Hypotheses
Laws: A description of events that always happens.
No assumptions about why.
Hypotheses: An assumption about why things happen.
Requires testing. Never proven.Theory & Experiment
Theory: Like a hypothesis; but based on more observations.
Experiment: A controlled test of a hypothesis.The Scientific Method
Making observations
Making predictions
Doing Experiments
Making observations
Making predictions
Doing Experimentshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KcpqLk78YA
“It is a capital mistake to theorize before you have all the evidence. It biases the judgment." Sherlock Holmes, in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, "Scandal in Bohemia" (1892).
«La filosofia è scritta in questo grandissimo libro che continuamente ci sta aperto innanzi a gli occhi (io dico l'universo), ma non si può intendere se prima non s'impara a intender la lingua, e conoscer i caratteri, ne' quali è scritto. Egli è scritto in lingua matematica, e i caratteri son triangoli, cerchi, ed altre figure geometriche, senza i quali mezi è impossibile a intenderne umanamente parola; senza questi è un aggirarsi vanamente per un oscuro laberinto. » Galileo Galilei, Il Saggiatore, Ed. Accademia dei Lincei, Roma (1623).
Measurement Systems: Where did the “foot” originate from, and why was it useful? Carpenters always had it with them! Early definition of an inch? The distance occupied by four barley corns! The cubit is? The distance from the elbow to the end of the index finger.
Quantitative Units of Measurement
(SI UNITS)
Measurement Unit Name Abbreviation
Mass Kilogram kg
Length Meter m
Time Second s
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount Mol mol
Electric Current Ampere A
Luminous Intensity Candela cdSI Prefixes Prefix Symbol Multipliers Prefix Symbol Multipliers deci d 10-1 deka da 101 centi c 10-2 hecto h 102 milli m 10-3 kilo k 103 micro m 10-6 mega M 106 nano n 10-9 giga G 109 pico p 10-12 tera T 1012 femto f 10-15 peta P 1015 atto a 10-18 exa E 1018 zepto z 10-21 zetta Z 1021 yocto y 10-24 yotta Y 1024
SI DERIVED UNITS SI Derived Quantity Unit Name Symbol Dimension acceleration meter per second per second - m ✕ s-2 electric charge coulomb C A ✕ s electric field volt per meter - V ✕ m-1 electric potential volt V J ✕ C-1 force newton N Kg ✕ m ✕ s-2 frequency hertz Hz s-1 momentum newton second - Kg ✕ m ✕ s-1 power watt W J ✕ s-1 pressure pascal Pa N ✕ m-2 radioactivity becquerel Bq s-1 speed meter per second - m ✕ s-1 work, energy, heat joule (newton meter) J Kg ✕ m2 ✕ s-2
Special Units and Conversion Factors
Quantity Unit Symbol Conversion
energy electron volt eV 1 eV = 1.60217733 ✕ 10-19 J
heat calorie cal 1 cal = 4.184 J
length ångstrom Å 1Å = 10-8 cm = 10-10 m
mass atomic mass unit u or Da 1 u/1 Da = 1.6605402 ✕ 10-27 kg
pressure atmosphere atm 1 atm = 1.01325 ✕ 105 Pa
pressure torr torr 1 torr = (1/760) atm
temperature Celsius °C °C = K - 273.15Special Units and Conversion Factors Quantity Unit Symbol Conversion time minute min 1 min = 60 s time hour h 1h = 60 m = 3600 s time day d 1d = 24 h = 86400 s time year y 1y = 365.25 d volume liter L 1L = 1 dm3 = 10-3 m3 volume cubic centimeter cm3, cc 1 cm3 = 1 mL = 10-3 L
Physical Constants Quantity Symbol Value acceleration due to gravity (earth) g 9.80665 m.s-2 Avogadro’s Number N 6.0221367 ✕ 1023 mol-1 Bohr radius a0 0.529177249 ✕ 10-10 m Boltzmann’s constant kB 1.380658 ✕ 10-23 J.K-1 electronic charge-to-mass ratio -e/me 1.75881962 ✕ 1011 C.kg-1 elementary charge e 1.60217733 ✕ 10-19 C Faraday constant F 9.6485309 ✕ 104 C.mol-1 gravitational constant G 6.67259 ✕ 10-11 m3.kg-1.s-2 mass of electron me 9.1093897 ✕ 10-31 kg mass of neutron mn 1.6749286 ✕ 10-27 kg mass of a proton mp 1.6726231 ✕ 10-27 kg
Physical Constants
Quantity Symbol Value
molar volume of ideal gas at NTP Vm 22.41410 L.mol-1
permittivity of vacuum ε0 8.854187817 x 10-12 C.N-1.m-2
Planck’s constant h 6.6260755 x 10-34 J.s
Rydberg constant R∞ 2.1798741 x 10-18 J
speed of light in vacuum c 2.99792458 x 108 m.s-1
universal gas constant R 8.314510 J.mol-1.K-1
0.08205783 atm.L.mol-1.K-1Mass and weight • Mass is the resistance of an object to its change in state of motion. • On earth this is due to gravity, and is “constant”. We measure a weight.
Density = mass/volume
Density = mass/volume
Uncertainty in Measurements
meniscus
Instrument error
Human errorconcave meniscus convex meniscus
Accuracy vs Precision
Accuracy: how close to “Real”
Precision: how reproducible
Good
precision
Terrible
Accuracy!Significant Figures (Sig Figs) The answer can be no more precise than the least precise measurement.
Rules to determine Sig Figs:
1. All non-zero integers ALWAYS count as Sig Figs.
The numbers 14576 and 1.7895 both have FIVE SigFigs
2. Exact numbers NEVER limit the number of Sig Figs in a
calculation and as a result are assumed to have an
UNLIMITED number of Sig Figs.
Exact numbers are those that are determined by counting rather
than measuring; they also arise from definitions of quantities.
102 people were in the room; it indicates that EXACTLY 102
people were in the room; not 101 or 105 or 102.334 people. The
number 102 is an EXACT number and carries with it an unlimited
number of Sig Figs.Rules to determine Sig Figs:
3. Treatment of zeros (note: if you have a problem with Sig
Figs it will be here). There are three types of zeros:
i) Leading zeros (zeros that precede all of the non-zero digits [i.e.
are to the left]) NEVER count as Sig Figs;
ii) Captive zeros (zeros that fall between non-zero digits) ALWAYS
count as Sig Figs;
iii) Trailing zeros (zeros at the right end of a number) are ONLY
SIGNIFICANT IF THE NUMBER CONTAINS A DECIMAL POINT.Leading zeros: Say you have a counter on a turnstile that reads ‘0012’. The zeros here are NOT significant (think about it...they simply tell you that less than 1100 people have passed through your turnstile). This number has TWO Sig Figs. 0.00034; here this number has four leading zeros, none of which are significant...all they do is fix the decimal point. This number has TWO Sig Figs.
Captive zeros:
10.005 has three captive zeros ALL of which are significant. This
number therefore has FIVE Sig Figs.
Trailing zeros
120 has two significant figures, while 120. has three; the decimal
point indicates that the zero IS significant.
What about 10.000? If you said it has FIVE Sig Figs, you’d be correct!
By the way, if I said that I counted 120 oranges, now that number has
THREE Sig Figs, since it is now an exact number and should be best
represented by writing 120..Significant Figures (Sig Figs)
1.23 grams = 3
0.000123 grams = 3
2.0 grams = 2
0.020 grams = 2
100 grams = 1
100. grams = 3
a defined quantity = infinityRules of use:
1.Multiplication and Division:
Least significant rules.
2. Addition and Subtraction
Least # decimal places.
My suggestions:
i) Use all the numbers available for all calculations.
ii) When the calculation is done, then apply rules.
Use rounding when appropriate.What are Physical Properties? Properties that can be seen and measured without changing the composition of the substance.
Physical Properties • Color • Density • Melting and Boiling points • Heat of fusion and vaporization • Solubility • Ability to conduct heat or electricity • Magnetic Properties • Metallic Character • Malleability • Ductility • Viscosity
States of Matter
Solid Liquid
meltingStates of Matter
Liquid Solid
freezingStates of Matter Liquid gas vaporizing
States of Matter gas liquid condensing
States of Matter
solid gas
sublimingStates of Matter solid gas deposition
FeS structure
FeS
FeS2 (oro degli stolti)
FeS2 structureSolute Solvent Solution
gas O2 in a gas N2 Air
Gas CO2 in a Liquid H2O Carbonated Water
liquid H2O in a Gas Air Fog
liquid EtOH in a Liquid H2O Wine
Liquid Hg in a Solid Ag Dental-filling
Solid NaCl in a Liquid H2O Brine
Solid Ag in a Solid Au 14 Karat goldChemical Change
Reactants Products
The number and
Must equal those
kind of atoms on
on this side of the
this side of the
equation
equation
This is the conservation of matter
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
(Paris 1743, ivi 1794)This is Antoine Lavoisier's (1743-94) first book. It deals with the phenomena of disengagement and fixation of an elastic fluid during combustion and fermentation. It represents the first phase in a series of experiments which ultimately led to the rejection of the phlogiston theory and the discovery of oxygen. In order to have the book published, Lavoisier had to reperform all the experiments before the Commissioners of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris.
The Traité was his crowning achievement giving a full exposition of his and his disciples achievement in chemistry. It opens with the famous 'Discours preliminaire' which outlines his views on methodology. Indeed the 'Discours' is the most widely read of Lavoisier's writings today. In the Traité Lavoisier included a table of substances simples which is a precursor to the Periodic Table. It is quite revealing as to the state of knowledge about material elements in his day. The thirteen copperplate engravings are the work of Lavoisier's wife who dedicated her life to assisting and promoting her husband's work.
https://ptable.com/ On 28 November 2016, the IUPAC approved the name and symbols for four elements: nihonium (Nh), moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts), and oganesson (Og), respectively for element 113, 115, 117, and 118
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