Introduction to the Hungarian pension system - IAA Council and Committee Meetings Social Security Committee Budapest, Hungary 19 April 2017

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Central Administration of
                                 National Pension Insurance

Introduction to the Hungarian pension system

        IAA Council and Committee Meetings
             Social Security Committee
          Budapest, Hungary 19 April 2017
Agenda
Foreword
    You are here: Hungary
    History – brief
    The big picture
The 2nd pillar: A short outlook to the supplementary pension vehicles
        2nd pillar: voluntary schemes
           Our Voluntary Pension Funds
           Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision, the EU IORPs
           Pension Insurance
           Pension Savings Accounts
1st pillar: Social Security Pensions
        The present social security pension fund
           Benefits of the 1st pillar: social security pension
           Demography: Ageing society
           Rules and parameters
        Year 2015 Budget of the Social Security Pension Fund
Forecasting pensions
    Budget estimates forecasting
    EU requirements
    CANPI Microsimulation model

Data sources: CANPI, CSO, Hungarian National Bank
Central Administration of
                                               National Pension Insurance

Introduction to the Hungarian pension system

FOREWORD
You are here: Hungary
                                   700                                                                50
Area: 93 000 km2                                                                                      45
                                   600
                                                                                                      40
Population: 9.84 million           500                                                                35
                                   400                                                                30
                                                                                                      25
                                   300                                                                20
                                   200                                                                15
                                                                                                      10
                                   100
                                                                                                      5
                                    0                                                                 0

                                                 Area 1000km2   Population, million

Economic indicators                                                                                        Currency: Hungarian Forint
     115,0                                                                             25 000,0                                30 000,0
                                                                                                  Per capita GDP on PPP
     110,0                                                                                                                     25 000,0
                                                                                       20 000,0
     105,0                                                                                                                     20 000,0
                                                                                       15 000,0

                                                                                                                                          USD
                                                                                 EUR
     100,0                                                                                                                     15 000,0
                                                                                       10 000,0
      95,0                                                                                                                     10 000,0

      90,0                                                                              5 000,0                                5 000,0

      85,0                                                                                  0,0                                0,0

                      GDP growth    Inflation                                                                  EUR   USD

                                                *FX rates: 1 EUR : HUF 310 and 1 USD : HUF 290, https://www.oanda.com/currency/converter/
History – brief
Antecedent pension schemes – ever since the early XIXth centaury
First regulation: Act XLVII of 1868 on mutual pensions
Consolidation of sectoral schemes into one piece of legislation: Act XL of 1928 – on funded basis
WWII followed by hyper inflation: financing crisis with benefit improvements
Consolidation of the scheme as PAYG – Presidential Decree 36. of 1950
Our way of baby-boom: 1953
Years of extension of rights and contribution base: sectoral mandatory insurance for private
employees
Consolidation of the legislation – Act II of 1975
The turn of 1990s: Return to market economy – and to inflation and loss of contribution base –
and
       Personal income taxation and tax incentives and
            Re-Introduction of voluntary private pensions – Act XCVI of 1993
Consolidation of the pension system: fiscal and legal and structural reforms of 1995 – 1997
Joining of the EU – 2004
Consolidation of the pension system: fiscal and legal and structural reforms of 2010 - 2012
The big picture
Structure

The Hungarian pension system consists of one mandatory pillar, the social security
pension system, and other forms of funded voluntary pension institutions as second
pillar:
      1st pillar: mandatory public pension: universal earnings-related (defined-benefit)
           pay-as-you-go system, combined with a minimum pension,
      2nd pillar: private voluntary defined contribution pension funds, pension
           insurance and pension savings accounts with banks.
Central Administration of
                                               National Pension Insurance

Introduction to the Hungarian pension system

THE 2ND PILLAR
A short outlook to the supplementary pension vehicles
2nd pillar: voluntary schemes

Voluntary Pension Funds and Voluntary Privately Managed Pension Funds
Occupational Pension Institutions (under EU IORP Directive)
Pension Insurance
Retirement Saving Account
Our Voluntary Pension Funds
The voluntary pension fund is a funded defined contribution (DC) pension scheme established by its members
Membership: Individuals, any person who is over the age of 16, agrees to abide by the provisions of the bylaws
and agrees to pay membership dues shall be eligible for fund membership.
So it is not by definition „occupational”. Then what it is: mutual association
Contributions: Varying per individual, a minimum amount of contribution is mandatory. Employers may
undertake to partly or entirely assume these contributions under the title of employer's contribution.
Benefits @ retirement age: Programmed withdrawal fixed or life-long, fixed term annuity, lump sum payment,
a combination of the two, according to the bylaws.
Other cash withdrawal – but not as tax sheltered benefit – possible after 10 years membership.
Tax allowance: Tax allowances are applied to incentive the individual savings and contributions. The members’
personal income tax can be reduced by 20% of the annual contribution (maximum 150,000 HUF) and this
amount should be added to the members’ account.
Statistics
The number of voluntary pension funds and members has seen a dynamic growth and by 1995 there had
already been around 250 funds in operation. This number has fallen to 40 due to the
concentration/consolidation process.
However, the number of members – who has voluntary pension fund savings – is still 1.145 million, that is
about 33% of the total number of insured people.
Their assets have exceeded HUF 1 216 billion.
Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision

These are the EU-styled IORPs
Two instances
    – one „home”: operating locally
    – one „host”: a real cross-border

Note: 18 of the 40 VPFs are de facto occupational pension funds
Pension Insurance
Just recently, in 2015, the Tax Law defined the minimal necessary features of pension insurance
policies to be eligible for tax allowances, and the MNB, the financial supervisor, issued guidelines
for the insurers to clarify the professional standards of this line of business. The main message
was to differentiate between the goals of unit linked life insurances (savings products) and long
term products aiming to pay annuities at retirement.
However, of this short history we cannot foresee the resulting annuities.

Tax sheltered pension insurance policies                 165 921
  of this: eligible to the individual’s allowance        164 378
     of this: unit linked life insurance policies        113 564
Other pension insurance policies                           3 513
Other annuity insurance policies                           4 000
                                                                       Source: MNB (Hungarian National Bank)
Pension Savings Accounts
The Pension Savings Account is also a tax sheltered form of old age self-support. The accounts
are in fact special purpose securities accounts, managed by banks, with limited option to early
withdrawal (taxed at penalty rate). It is advisable for the use of high earner, financially educated
clients.

No. of PSAs:          165 007
PSA securities on market value (million)       HUF         EUR
   HUF denominated                             471 390     1 597
   Foreign currency                              7 697       26
   Total                                       479 087     1 623
                                                                                      Source: MNB, 2013.06.30
          The amount of savings have increased, the number of accounts decreased by about 10% since 2013.
Central Administration of
                                               National Pension Insurance

Introduction to the Hungarian pension system

SOCIAL SECURITY PENSIONS
The present social security pension fund
Stabilizing the sustainability of the Pension Insurance Fund
The objective of the 2010 reforms was to establish the stability of the clear pension system.
From 2012 and onwards the formerly early retirement pensions are not paid as pensions, and a
pension can only be awarded after reaching the normal retirement age.
The budget of the Pension Insurance Fund has become balanced for pensions now for years.

In the following we overview
          Benefits and benefit statistics
          Demography
          Rules and parameters
          Budgeting
          Forecasting
Benefits of the 1st pillar: social security pension
Pension benefits covered by this pillar:
      – old age pension benefit
      – survivors’ pension benefit
      – pension for women with 40 service years

Old age pensions
[detailed on following slides]

Survivors’ benefits
Survivors’ benefits are calculated on the basis of the pension that the deceased person was or would have
been entitled to. The two types of survivors’ benefits are widows’ pension for the spouse and orphans’ benefit
for the children of the deceased person.

Pension for women with 40 service years
This is the only early pension option, available for those women, regardless of age, who has gained at least 40
years eligibility period. Eligibility period means any period gained with gainful activity (work) or benefits
connected to child raising or nursing fee. At least 32 years of gainful activity is needed besides these periods
due to child raising; or 30 years of gainful activity in case of nursing fee. Eligibility period is decreased by 1 year
after every child raised in the household for women raising 5 or more children, altogether maximum 7 years
this case. In case of these pensions, women are entitled for full pension benefits, benefits are not reduced of
early retiring.
Other relevant benefits
Disability benefits
The insurance of people with changed working capacity (or permanent health conditions) has been categorized
as health insurance instead of pensions, but the payments are made by the pension administration.
As of 1 January 2012 benefits for persons in receipt of disability pension below retirement age are transformed
into disability or rehabilitation- benefits financed by the Health Insurance Fund; (the benefits for persons in
receipt of disability pension above retirement age are transformed into old-age pension). Disability provisions
are calculated similarly to old age benefits, but higher accrual rates are used at age groups where the length of
service cannot be long enough to ensure a decent benefit level. There exist three disability groups, according to
the level of disability. The amount of disability provisions for fully incapacitated people is higher by 5 or 10 per
cent (depending on whether the person can care for himself or not) than that for those not fully disabled.

Old-age social allowance (social net)
Those who have reached the standard retirement age but are not eligible for a minimum level of social security
pension or private pension and have no other source of sufficient income can apply for a means-tested old-age
social allowance. This allowance is financed from general budget revenues and forms part of the social
assistance system.
Benefit statistics

                                                                                                         Average
                                                           Number       Average benefit       Total                     Total
                        Benefits                                                                          benefit
                                                           (person)     (HUF/person)         (HUF)                     (EUR)
                                                                                                       (EUR/person)
 Old-age pensions                                           2 022 905          118 439 239 590 845 295          385   777 892 000
          Pension for women with 40 years of eligibility
                                                              122 253          117 926    14 416 807 278       383     46 808 000
          period
 Widow(er)s' and parental pensions                             92 035           68 740   6 326 485 900         223     20 541 000
 Orphans' allowance                                            75 166           38 223   2 873 070 018         124      9 328 000
Pensions total                                              2 190 106          113 597 248 789 471 282         369    807 758 000
 Benefits under retirement age (pre-reform)                    81 012          152 810 12 379 443 720          496     40 193 000
 Benefits for persons with changed working capacity
                                                              404 880           67 759    27 434 263 920       220     89 072 000
 (pre-reform)
 Work-accident annuity                                          8 512           26 668     226 998 016          87        737 000
 Disability annuity                                            32 528           34 034   1 107 057 952         111      3 594 000
 Spouse supplements                                             5 253           15 420      81 001 260          50        263 000
 Agricultural co-operative annuities                            2 419           82 108     198 619 252         267        645 000
 Other allowances                                               2 331           46 167     107 615 277         150        349 000
Benefits total                                              2 727 041          106 462 290 326 238 942         346    942 618 000
Demography: Ageing society

Active insured ratio and Pensioners coverage
Life expectancy increase at selected ages
000%
                 010%
                           020%
                                  030%
                                           040%
                                                      050%
                                                             060%
                                                                    070%
                                                                           080%
                                                                                  090%
                                                                                         100%
                                                                                                Active insured ratio

                                             2015
                                                    2001

                                         korév / age
                               0
                               5
                           100-X

                              10
                              15
                              20
                              25
                              30
                              35
                              40
                              45
                              50
                              55
                              60
                              65
                              70
                              75
                              80
                              85
                              90
                              95

   100000,0
       90000,0
       80000,0
       70000,0
       60000,0
       50000,0
       40000,0
       30000,0
       20000,0
       10000,0
                      ,0
       10000,0
        fő / person

       20000,0
                                                                                                Pensioners coverage

       30000,0
       40000,0
       50000,0
       60000,0
       70000,0
       80000,0
       90000,0
   100000,0
Life expectancy increase

                  20,00

                  18,00

                  16,00

                  14,00
Life expectancy

                   12,00
                   10,00
                    8,00
                                                       @60
                    6,00
                                                       @62
                     4,00
                                                       @65
                     2,00
                      ,00

                                     Calendar year
Rules and parameters
Benefit calculation model
The amount of social security pension benefits depends on:
• the total number of service years and
• the average of wages
That is traditional DB.

Service years and Pensionable earnings; NRA
Calculation of average salary
Pension formula
New pensions and Indexation of benefits in payment
Budget of the Social Security Pension Fund
Service years and Pensionable earnings; NRA
Service period is counted in days covered by contribution payment for all years of working
During the history of the social security there was a convergence between tax base and
contribution base (pensionable earnings)
However, there have always been certain activities approved – and nowdays paid for – by the
state to earn service period

Service period lasts until retirement. An increase of Normal Retirement Age scheduled

1950      62         2012
1951      62         2013
1952      62,5       2014. HII - 2015. HI
1953      63         2016
1954      63,5       2017. HII - 2018. HI
1955      64         2019
1956      64,5       2020. HII - 2021. HI
1957      65         2022
1958      65         2023
…         …          …
Social security pensions liability accrual data 2015
                                                                                                        Average
                                                   Total number of   Average number Average number                  Average age of the
                                                                                                      pensionable
   Type of entitlement applied to classification       insured          of insured     of service                        group
                                                                                                       earnings
                                                      (person)        (person/day)     days(day)                         (year)
                                                                                                     (HUF/month)
Persons insured according to general rules
     - employees                                      3 288 126        2 553 131            283         219 413                40
     - public service                                   679 775          653 291            351         273 187                42
     - self employed                                    220 395          203 503            337         164 171                50
     - cooperative sector                                 5 764            3 758            238         133 400                37
     - other                                            192 216          128 651            244         190 100                35
Special income insured groups
     - by-work                                           6 326             5 744            331         102 260                31
     - primary producers                                53 793            50 846            345          61 118                45
     - full-time small taxpayer                         88 087            77 028            319         109 545                41
     - rehabilitation allowance                          4 961             4 123            303          30 651                43
Entitlements based on acknowledged non-gainful
activity
     - child-care subsidy                               151 410          134 409            324          66 794                30
     - child-care allowance                              24 285           23 438            352         120 794                33
     - child-care benefit                                30 461           28 285            339          44 864                36
     - nursing allowance                                 60 912           53 102            318          46 781                46
     - other, non-gainful activities                    221 695          153 628            253         110 117                42
Total insured                                         5 028 206        4 072 938            296         207 218                40
Calculation of the average base salary
Average is calculated from annual gross salaries earned since 1988*, with cap until 2012, and covered days
during the calculation years
From gross annual net salary with tax allowances calculated according to actual rules applicable year-by-year
Valorization : increase of past earnings to PV by official rate [of wage index] up to date of retirement–2 years
                              30,00

                              25,00

                              20,00

                              15,00

                              10,00

                               5,00

                               0,00
                                   1985    1990   1995     2000      2005      2010   2015   2020

                                                         Appreciation factor

Average: calculated from valorized net annual salaries weighted by the covered days during the year
Base of pension: average salary proportionally decreased by a three-bracket degressive* scale:
resulting in redistribution and improved sustainability
                             Pensionable part                                                            Average income in the    Reduction rate of
   Average monthly income    of income in the                  Number of                Proportion (%)                            average income in
                                                                                                               interval
           (HUF)             interval (%)                                                                                         the interval (%)
                                                              average income in the interval             before         after
         0 - 372 001                      100                                                                                            0,00
      372 001 - 421 000                    90                        358                       0,57      494 636       257 121           0,52
          421 001 +                        80                        188                       0,30      494 636      1 959 570          3,96
Calculation of Pensions
Pension = (Reduced average wage) ∙ (Service table%)

                                                      Service table
                              110,0
                              100,0
                               90,0
                               80,0
                               70,0
                               60,0
                               50,0                                                Benefit %
                               40,0
                               30,0
                               20,0
                                      0   10   20        30         40   50   60
                                                    Service years

Working after NRA: If someone retires after the standard retirement age and earns further service periods,
he/she will be entitled to a bonus of 0.5 per cent of the pension benefit for each additional 30 day periods, up
to 100%.
Working as pensioner: If someone retires but work, 0.5 per cent of the new income will be added to the
pension.
Minimum amount of pension: The minimum amount of pension (HUF 28 500/month,
New benefit statistics 2015

                                                                                           Average service period at Average amount of new
                                        New pensioners         Average age at retirement
            Type of benefit                                                                       retirement           benefits (HUF/month)
                                     male female       total   male female        total    male female        total    male female     total
Old-age pension                     18 876 39 840     58 716    62,8  59,9          60,8     37,2      38,2     37,9 122 209 110 111 113 962
    Old-age pensions above the
                                    18 876   11 316   30 192     62,8     62,9     62,8      37,2    31,0     34,9 122 209    85 200 108 529
    retirement age
    Womens 40 pensions                   -   28 524   28 524              58,7     58,7         -    41,0     41,0       - 119 506 119 506
Benefits under retirement age        2 393    1 147    3 540     60,9     61,8     61,2      40,0    35,7     39,3 146 230 120 436 138 211
Total of Old-age and old-age type
                                    21 269   40 987   62 256     62,6     60,0     60,9      37,4    38,2     38,0 124 983 110 387 115 342
pensions
Widow(er)s' and parental pension    11 624   36 423 48 047       70,4     67,0     67,8                              50 854   64 717   61 364
Orphans' allowance                   2 540    2 491   5 031      13,9     14,2     14,1                              29 557   29 204   29 382
Work-accident annuity                  194       85     279      50,3     50,5     50,3                              21 801   12 651   18 942
Disability annuity                     408      261     669      20,2     20,7     20,4                              33 930   33 930   33 930
Other age-related benefits             126      167     293      73,3     73,7     73,5         -        -       -   85 119   55 005   69 876
Other benefits                          21        -      21      52,9        -     52,9                                   -        -        -
Benefits total                      36 182   80 414 116 596      61,2     61,6     61,5                              92 103   86 465   88 203
        of which: Pensions total    33 040   78 754 111 794      61,7     61,7     61,7                              89 272   86 270   87 151
Indexation of pensions: price inflation since 2012

                                                                                                             Consumer and
         Percentage of the first   Percentage of further   Total of pension Effect of 13th month pension                           Changes of pensions in Changes of earnings in real Changes in relative position
Year                                                                                                     Pensioners' price index
       annual pension indexation    pension indexation       indexations             - in and out                                       real value                  value                    of pensions
                                                                                                             (2002 and on)

1992             13,0                      6,5                  20,0                      -                       23,0                      -2,4                      -1,4                        -1,1
1993             10,0                      4,9                  18,0                      -                       22,5                      -3,7                      -3,9                         0,3
1994             10,0                      8,0                  24,8                      -                       18,8                       5,1                      7,2                         -2,0
1995             11,0                      4,0                  15,4                      -                       28,2                     -10,0                     -12,2                         2,5
1996             12,0                      0,5                  12,6                      -                       23,6                      -8,9                      -5,0                        -4,1
1997             19,5                             -             19,5                      -                       18,3                       1,0                      4,9                         -3,7
1998             19,0                      2,2                  21,6                      -                       14,3                       6,4                      3,6                          2,7
1999             14,2                             -             14,2                      -                       10,0                       3,8                      2,5                          1,3
2000              8,0                      2,6                  10,8                      -                        9,8                       0,9                      1,5                         -0,5
2001             10,3                      5,1                  15,9                      -                        9,2                       6,1                      6,4                         -0,3
2002              9,7                      5,5                  15,8                      -                        5,3                      10,0                     13,6                         -3,1
2003              8,4                      2,2                  10,8                    2,1                        4,6                       8,6                      9,2                         -0,5
2004              6,3                      1,0                   7,4                    2,0                        7,3                       3,3                      -1,1                         4,4
2005              6,3                      1,0                   7,4                    2,0                        3,9                       6,3                      6,3                          0,0
2006              4,3                      1,2                   5,6                    2,0                        5,0                       3,0                      3,6                         -0,5
2007              4,0                      2,4                   6,5                      -                       10,7                      -2,2                      -4,6                         2,6
2008              5,0                      2,2                   7,3                      -                        6,9                       1,8                      0,8                          1,0
2009              3,1                             -              3,1                    -4,8                       4,9                      -6,4                      -2,3                        -4,2
2010              4,1                      0,6                   4,7                    -3,0                       4,5                      -1,9                      1,8                         -3,6
2011              3,8                      0,5                   4,3                      -                        4,4                       0,0                      2,4                         -2,4
2012              4,2                      1,6                   5,9                      -                        5,7                       0,2                      -3,4                         3,7
2013              5,2                             -              5,2                      -                        1,5                       3,7                      3,1                          0,5
2014              2,4                             -              2,4                      -                       -0,6                       3,1                      3,2                         -0,1
2015              1,8                             -              1,8                      -                        0,4                       1,4                      4,3                         -2,7
Year 2015 Budget of the Social Security Pension Fund
                                                                                    (million HUF)
                                                         Revenues
         Revenues serving as coverage of pension insurance benefits                   3 080 875,9
            Employers' Social contribution tax paid to the Pension Insurance Fund     2 087 116,5
            Pension contribution paid by the insured                                    964 747,6
            Other dues and contributions                                                 14 022,5
                Contributions paid on the basis of agreements                               895,5
                Dues of Simplified Employee Pension Plan (SEP)                           13 127,0
            Default charges, fines                                                       10 026,6
            Other revenues relating to pension insurance activities                       4 962,7
         Asset management                                                                    8,6
         Pension insurance institutions income                                           3 375,7
         TOTAL REVENUES OF THE PENSION INSURANCE FUND                                 3 084 260,2

                                                      Expenditures
         Pension insurance benefit expenditures                                      2 992 973,9
            Pensions                                                                 2 987 724,3
                Old-age pension                                                      2 431 296,7
                Survivors' pension                                                     373 163,8
                    Orphans' allowances                                                 34 517,4
                    Widow(er)s' benefits                                               338 646,4
                Lump-sum equity payments                                                   521,5
                Old-age pension for women with 40 years of eligibility period          182 742,3
            Expenditures of pension insurance                                            5 249,6
                    Postal charges                                                       4 157,8
                    Other expenditures                                                   1 091,8
         Other payments                                                                 74 848,0
            State budget revenues                                                       74 848,0
         Budgetary institutions of Pension Insurance                                    11 878,2
         TOTAL EXPENDITURES OF THE PENSION INSURANCE FUND                            3 079 700,1
         BALANCE                                                                         4 560,1
Forecasting pensions
Budget estimates forecasting
EU requirements
CANPI Microsimulation model
Forecasting social security pensions
Budget estimates
    – Budget prepared by the ministry responsible for the budget in agreement with the
        CANPI
    – Short term forecasting: until end of year (monitoring)
    – Medium and long term: required by the Law on Public Finances.
        There has been times when an automatic balancing mechanism – a trigger on deficit –
        was built in to maintain long term balance.
        Now: only illustration of the effect of demographic changes is required by law.

Fulfilling EU reporting requirements
       – Ageing Report - Economic and budgetary projections for the 28 EU Member States
           Public finances effect of ageing:
           Pensions, Health care, Long term care, Education, and Unemployment
       – ESAC 2010 National Accounts supplementary tables – prepared by the Central Bank,
           using the Freiburg model
CANPI Microsimulation model
The MIDAS_HU microsimulation model was developed in collaboration with the Belgian Federal Planning Bureau. These models
use sample databases of hundreds of thousands of individual socio-economic arranged as household data to simulate impacts of
future changes.
MIDAS_HU is a dynamic microsimulation model:
        – dynamic ageing
        – cross-sectional in terms of the sequence of modelling individuals and periods
        – uses discrete time (in a breakdown by years)
        – modelling the entire population
        – closed model in terms of changes in the population

                                                                                          https://mikroszimulacio.onyf.hu/en/
Central Administration of
                                               National Pension Insurance

Introduction to the Hungarian pension system

DATA SOURCES
Data Sources

CANPI Statistical Yearbook 2015 and electronic annex
  https://www.onyf.hu/m/pdf/Statisztika/ONYF_Statisztikai_Eevkoenyv_201
  5_nyomdai.pdf
  https://www.onyf.hu/m/pdf/Statisztika/ONYF_Statisztikai_Eevkoenyv_201
  5_Elektronikus_melleeklet.pdf

CSO Statistical Database
   http://www.ksh.hu/stadat

Hungarian National Bank
   http://www.mnb.hu/en/supervision/time-series
Central Administration of
                              National Pension Insurance

Thank you for your attention!

         Tibor Párniczky
      parniczky.tibor@gmail.com
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