Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Labeo bata (Hamilton) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) found in Ranikot stream, Sindh-Pakistan
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Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 8(2) 91-102 2022
Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Labeo bata
(Hamilton) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) found in Ranikot
stream, Sindh-Pakistan
Mughul W.G.1#;Rajput S.2#; Laghari S.2; Hussain I.3; Khan P.2;
Bilal Z.2; Sheikh M.2; Gachal G.S.1; Laghari M.Y.2*
Received: May 2021 Accepted: November 2021
Abstract
In the present study the length-weight relationship and condition factor of L.bata (Labeo
bata) had been investigated and elucidated with particular reference to the growth status
and condition factor in hill stream of Ranikot at District Jamshoro Sindh-Pakistan. A total
of 291 individuals with their sixteen morphometric traits were analyzed for length-weight
relationship, correlation and condition factor. The length-weight relationship,
morphometrics and condition factor indicated positive allometric growth and high level
of interdependence (0.992-0.887) between morphometric traits. The mean total length
20.7+1.21cm and mean weight 13.85+1.42gm were observed. A strong linear
relationship (r=0.975) was observed between total length and weight variables
(a=0.3338). The value of regression coefficient (b=2.684) suggests isometric growth in
L.bata. The condition (K=0.724) and relative condition factors (kn=0.751) were observed
92 Mughul et al., Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Labeo bata (Hamilton) …
Intorduction attention of fisheries scientists in
Labeo bata (Hamilton, 1822), is an Pakistan.
important native food fish species for To identify and classify the fish, the use
community, that is found throughout the of morphometric measurements and
Indian sub-continent, including meristics traits is common practice.
Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Pakistan Morphometric measurements are
and India(Robins et al., 1991). Labeo generally presented as a proportion of
bata (L. bata)is a freshwater bentho total, standard and fork length, body
pelagic. Commonly known as ‘Bata’ in weight and condition factor (Naeem et
Bangladesh, ‘Bhagan’ in India, and al., 2010, 2011a, b). In morphometry,
‘Bata labeo’ in Nepal and Minor carp in Length-weight relationship (LWR) is a
Pakistan (Froese and Pauly, 2016). valuable and standard result of fish
Labeo bata is potamodromous cyprinid, sampling programs. These relationships
inhabiting rivers, canals, ponds and are considered necessary to estimate
ditches. In spite of some local threats various morphological and
impacting this species, there is no physiological aspects such as growth
updated information available on its rates, length and age structures, and
population status in Pakistan. It is one of other mechanisms of fish population
the richest aquatic proteins and minerals dynamics (Kolher et al., 1995). LWR are
(15.42% of protein and 3.73% of lipid) considerably important for
with high commercial value fish in the ichthyologists in many aspects such as
market (Ahmed et al., 2012). There is a renovation of growth in length equations
great demand of L. bata in the market to growth in weight (Dulčić and
because of its high nutritional value and Kraljević, 1996; Gonçalves et al., 1997;
good taste. This fish species is being Morato et al., 2001; Stergiou and
cultured at large scale based in many Moutopoulos, 2001; Özaydin et al.,
countries including Bangladesh, while it 2007), evaluation biomass by using
had been assessed as endangered earlier length frequency distributions (Petrakis
in Bangladesh (IUCN Bangladesh, and Stergiou, 1995; Dulčić and
2015). Where ever, the aquaculture is Kraljević, 1996) and calculation of fish
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developed well for conservation and condition factor (Petrakis and Stergiou,
production purposes the fishing is not 1995).
considered to be a great threat to the In general, Pakistan is rich in natural
species due to the extent of aquaculture water resources. These water resources
(Devi and Boguskaya, 2011). have great potential of fisheries. There
Unfortunately, there is no special are about193 freshwater fish species in
developed market for this delicious Pakistan (Laghari M.Y., 2018),
species in Pakistan due to unawareness inhabitant of various water bodies
and short of stock. While, the species is including, lakes, reservoir, stream water
rare and there is shortage of species in or cold water regions.
the market. Therefore, it needs utmostJournal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 8(2) 2022 93
The mountain stream of Ranikot is morphometric traits(Fig. 2)were studied
situated at 25˚45'N - 26˚00'N, long using the standard procedures described
67˚45'E - 68˚00'E around 30km south by (Appa Rao,1966; Dwivedi and
west of Sann Railway Station, 124km Menezes,1974). For each specimen,
from Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan. The length and weight were measured to the
site territory goes under Khirther Range nearest 0.1 cm, 0.1 g accuracy. Total
which falls under the Sahara-Sindhian length (TL) and standard length (SL)
area; (Ali and Qaiser, 1986).The small were measured from the tip of snout to
stream goes through the focal point of the tip of tail and the length from
the post from the west toward the east of terminal mouth to the hidden base of the
Ranikot fort. It flows throughout the caudal fin length, respectively.
median region of the fort. The local Similarly, head length (HL) was
community is fully dependant on this measured as a distance from the most
water of source for both drinking and anterior part of snout to the posterior
agriculture purpose. The water flow and edge of operculum bones. The fin length
size of stream vary in this valley depend values were measured as dorsal fin
upon the season. This site is ideal for length (DFL), pectoral fin length(PFL),
sport fishing as well as for aquaculture anal fin length(AFL) and caudal fin
purpose. If some positive efforts would length (CFL); and these were measured
be taken in interest then government and as distance from anterior point of
local community might earn much more. junction with body to the most anterior
In the present study, an attempt has been tip of the fin. In further, the down caudal
made to investigate the health condition fin length (DCFL);it begins starting the
and population status of L.bata, my base of caudal fin along with of down
measuring LWR condition factor. caudal fin, central caudal fin
length(CCFL);distance starting the
Materials and methods present up of the anal fin the base of the
At total of 291 samples of L. bata of median caudal rays, caudal peduncle
different body sizes were collected from length(CPL); distance starting the stop of
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small hill stream of Rani Kot at district the anal fin the bottom of the medium anal
Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan(Fig. 1). The rays, snout length(SNL); the distance
samples were collected by using hand between the top jaw and the anterior
and drag net for this study. The fish were margin of the orbit. Girth (GR),a circle
transported to the laboratory in plastic dimension for girth turned into taken from
containers. Weight of fish was weighing the foundation of dorsal fin rays. Upper
by using digital electronic balance. caudal fin length(UCFL),it begins from
Fresh specimens were used for the study the start and until end of caudal balance.
of morphometric and LWR. Fish were Ventral fin length(VFL), length of
properly wiped with blotting paper to longest ray from the anterior insertion of
ensure removal of moisture. Sixteen the ventral fin and Eye diameter (ED)94 Mughul et al., Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Labeo bata (Hamilton) …
was measured as space linking the front
and later rims of eye in the longitudinal
alignment were measured in the same
way systematically.
Figure 1: Map showing collection site area Ranikot Stream, Sindh-Pakistan.
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Figure 2: Shows measurement of seventeen morphomteric traits of L. bata found in Ranikoat stream
water, Sindh-Pakistan. TL (Total Length), FL (Fork Length), SL (Standard Length), HL
(Head Length); SNL (Snout Length), ED (Eye diameter), CPL (Caudal Peduncle Length),
DFL (Dorsal Fin Length), PFL (Pectoral Fin Length), VFL (Ventral Fin Length), AFL
(Anal Fin Length), CFL (Caudal fin length),UCFL (Upper part of Caudal Fin Length),
DCFL (Down part of Caudal Peduncle Length), CCFL (Mid part of Caudal Fin Length)
and ED (Eye diameter).Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 8(2) 2022 95
LWR was calculated using the formula The relationship between the various
given by Le Cren (1951) as: morphometric measurements was
W=a Lb(W=weight of fish in grams, L= determined by linear regression formula:
length of fish in millimeters. ‘a’and ‘b’ Y=a+b X
are constants). The data on total length
and weight were statistically treated by Results and discussion
the method of least squares using the During the present investigation on the
equation of Le Cren (1951) given as: morphometric of L.bata, the co-efficient
Log W = log a + b log L of correlation (r) for various
The relationship between length and morphometric characters compared
weight for individual trout were used to against total length ranged from 0.992-
calculate Fulton’s Condition Factor 0.887indicating very high degree of
Index (Ricker, 1958), which is estimated relationship among the characters
using the following equation: compared, with the lowest value of
K= {w/l3} x 100, where, L is the length 0.754 between total length and head
in centimeters (cm) and W is the weight length and the highest value of 0.992
in grams (g). between total length and standard
Relationships between the various body length. The LWR of L.bata shows round
measurements to the total length and about isometric growth (b=2.684) and
head length were calculated. Range, showed strong correlation (r=0.975) as
mean, median, standard deviations and shown in Figure 3 and Table 1.
correlation of coefficient (r) were
estimated for the characters under study.
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Figure 3: Graph shows the regression of Length weight relationship of L. bata found in Ranikoat
stream water, Sindh-Pakistan.
The comparison of morphometric to be significantly linear in all cases. In
characters against head length showed further, to analyze the correlation of all
high degree of correlation that ranged other traits with TL was analyzed. All of
between 0.998-0.897 (Table 1). The traits show strong correlation with the
length-length relationships were found TL except HL, PFL, CCFL,UCFL and96 Mughul et al., Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Labeo bata (Hamilton) …
ED; those show median correlation with (b=1.874) and SL (b=0.743) indicating
TL. Furthermore, when we calculated good growth. While for HL(b=0.243),
slope value ‘b” of the morphometric DFL (b=0.487),PFL (b=0.345) and SL
characters compared with TL, the FL (b=0.387)shows weak growth (Table 1).
Table 1: Morphometry, Length weight relationship, Condition factors and Regression values for
various morphometric as function of Total length and Head length of hill stream L.bata from
Ranikot at district Jamshoro Sindh.
Morphomatery Intercept (a) Slope (b) Correlation(r)
TL & WT 0.3338 2.684 0.975
TL & FL 0.3467 1.874 0.887
TL & SL 0.3976 0.743 0.992
TL & HL 0.4867 0.243 0.754
TL & DFL 0.3963 0.487 0.876
TL & PFL 0.4763 0.345 0.783
TL & CPL 0.6745 0.506 0.984
TL & GIR 0.4754 0.724 0.994
TL & SNL 0.3963 0.387 0.854
HL & AFL 0.6321 0.892 0.998
HL &CCFL 0.6432 0.763 0.695
HL & DCFL 0.6543 0.412 0.868
HL & UCFL 0.8435 0.323 0.732
HL & VFL 0.7643 0.755 0.879
HL & ED 0.642 0.637 0.754
Total length (TL); weight (W) Fork length (FL); Standard length (SL); Head length (HL); dorsal fin length
(DFL); pectoral fin length (PFL); caudal peduncle length (CPL); girth (GIR); snout length (SNL); Anal fin
length (AFL); central caudal fin length (CCFL); down caudal fin length (DCFL); up caudal fin length
(UCFL) ventral fin length (VFL) eye diameter (ED).
Among the five traits compared with that certain fish species exhibit
AFL, CCFL, VFL and ED (b=0.892) characteristic morphological features.
show satisfactory growth condition as The statistical analysis of various
compared to DCFL (b=0. 412) and morphometric characters are presented
UCFL (b=0. 323). Similar report, in Table 2.
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growth effect of traits, has been reported The equation obtained for the LWR in
in various species as Yassar Saker et the present study was LogW=-
al.(2004) stated that high growth rate of 1.44355+2.683412 Log L.
FL (b=0.879) and SL (b=0.862) was The above equation can be represented
observed with TL in Megalaspis cordyla linearly as:
from Mumbai coast. Moutopoulos and W = 0.036013887 and L=2.683412
Stergiou (2002) reported significantly The co-efficient of correlation (r) for the
linear relationships among TL, FL and LWR was estimated at 0.975, indicating
SL in some fish species in Aegean Sea. a high degree of positive correlation
The significant linear relationships between the two parameters. The value
among the length parameters showed of exponent ‘b’ was calculated as 2.684Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 8(2) 2022 97
which do not differ significantly from the ‘b’ value in LWR may vary due to
3.0. Length-weight exponent (b) value combination of one or more factors such
for most animals fall roughly around 3.0 as area / season effect, habitat, age,
(Siegfried, 1980; Hopcroft et al., 1998). gonadal maturity, fish condition and fish
The variation in ‘b’ value from 3 is not health.
statistically significant and indicates an
isometric growth for the fish. Generally,
Table 2: Statistical estimates of various morphometric characteristics.
Statically estimation MAX (CM) MIN (CM) MEAN (CM) STD DEV
TL & WT 29.8 26.7 20.7 1.21
TL & FL 28.7 27.9 20.9 1.23
TL & SL 29.7 22.9 20.7 1.28
TL & HL 25.6 23.7 20.5 1.29
TL & DFL 22.0 22.8 20.7 1.25
TL & PFL 22.9 22.7 21.9 1.20
TL & CPL 27.9 23.8 20.1 1.27
TL & GIR 28.6 26.92 21.5 1.22
TL & SNL 22.1 28.0 20.4 1.24
TL & AFL 23.5 27.6 20.3 1.26
TL & CCFL 21.6 21.8 18.6 1.22
HL & DCFL 24.8 26.3 20.5 1.25
HL & UCFL 29.5 28.4 20.8 1.20
HL & VFL 28.7 27.5 20.4 1.13
HL & ED 24.8 26.5 20.1 1.12
STD. Standard deviation; Min. = Minimum; Max: Maximum
Khan et al.(2012)reported isometric length-weight relationship around the
growth pattern of Labeo bata from river world (Siglar, 1953; Van Woert, 1957;
Ganga (b=3.02) and highly significant McAfee, 1966; Kwain, 1981; Pidgeon,
LWR (r=0.99). Naeem et al.(2012)also 1981; Campos et al., 1997; Zimmerman,
observed similar isometric growth of 1999; Esmaeli and Ebrahimi, 2006). The
Labeo bata (b= 2.92) from Head ‘b’ value in the LWR of fish can be used
Panjnad, Pakistan.Similar results is also as an indicator of food intake and growth
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published by Dars et al. (2010) from pattern, and may differ according to
Keenjhar Lake, District Thatta, Sindh, biotic and abiotic factors such as water
Pakistan. While, Das et al. (2015)found temperature, food availability and
b=3.06 and b=2.89 of Labeo bata for habitat type, feeding, state of maturity
male and female respectively. In similar and sex(Hile and Jobs, 1940; Frost,
ecosystem when different growth 1945; LeCren, 1951;Wootton, 1990).
condition is observed for male and The condition factor (K) may possibly
female that might be due to feeding vary with length especially in cases
proficiency and loss of energy due to when the average weight of the fish does
gonad development (Chatterji et al., not increase proportionally to the length
1977).There are several reports on the of cube (Carlander et al., 1952). The98 Mughul et al., Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Labeo bata (Hamilton) …
condition factor has least significant Labeo bata is assessed as least concern
relationship with TL, and highly owing to its extensive distribution and
significant with BW (Naeem et al., lack of major widespread threats. It has
2011a, b). There are many other factors, low pliability to fishing pressures
such as age, sex, maturity, food (Froese et al., 2011), but since it is an
availability, parasitism and fluctuating important species in Asian aquaculture,
periods of growth in the summer and harvesting may not be a defined threat to
winter which can also bring about wild populations. Present findings are
variations in the value of condition enough supported for culture of Labeo
factor (Javaid and Akram, 1972; Salam bata in such stream water ecosystem. In
and Janjua, 1991). further, the growth condition and health
The value of Fulton’s condition factor in status of this region fish will be baseline
the present study ranged from 0.92 to for the future researcher. It is might me
1.34 (average K=1.14±0.111), which concluded from the results that this
being very close to unity. That indicates region is rich and has great potential for
the excellent condition of fish health. aquaculture especially for culture of
‘K’ value in condition factor is Labeo bata. Further, aquaculture
depending on habitat, food source researchers and fisheries scientists and
availability. Condition factor ‘K’ of fish government departments might pay
above 1.0 indicating robustness or well- attention on such huge resource to utilize
being, while lowest then 1 indicates poor for national purpose. International
condition of fish. Similar values of community might also cooperate and has
condition factor for rainbow trout have research cooperation on such high value
been reported by various authors. Rabe able fish for its culture and onward
(1967) reported the value of condition research.
factor to be between 0.859 and 1.104 for
rainbow trout in Alpine lakes. Cada et Acknowledgments
al.(1987) reported condition factors for Authors are highly thankful to
rainbow trout collected from southern Department of Freshwater Biology and
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Appalachian streams that ranged from Fisheries as well as Department of
0.82 to 1.17. Murphy (1988) obtained an Zoology for supporting the research
average condition factor value of 1.13 in work with the collaboration. First author
rainbow trout from Kings River. Ensign is Ph.D scholar of Department of
et al.(1990) reported condition factor for Zoology, University of Sindh..
Rainbow trout from a southern
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