Liste des publications du Think Tank du PE - European Union
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Liste des publications du Think Tank du PE
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank
Critères de recherche utilisés pour générer la liste :
Tri Tri par pertinence
Type de publication "En bref" OU "Briefing" OU "Fiches thématiques sur l’UE"
OU "Analyse approfondie" OU "Étude"
Mot-clé "null"
143 Résultat(s) trouvé(s)
Date de création : 11-05-2024European health data space
Type de publication Briefing
Date 18-04-2024
Auteur EVROUX CLEMENT THIERRY
Domaine politique Environnement | Industrie | Politique de recherche | Protection des consommateurs | Santé publique
Résumé The COVID-19 pandemic shone a light on the growing importance of digital health technologies, both to enable remote
medical care and to facilitate the health response from international, national and local authorities. The European
Commission's May 2022 proposal for a regulation on a European health data space aims to improve individuals'
access to and control over their electronic personal data (primary use), while facilitating data re-use for the good of
society across the EU (secondary use). The proposal establishes a set of rules, infrastructure and governance
mechanisms to promote the primary and secondary use of electronic health data, while ensuring data protection and
strengthening cybersecurity. The Commission expects the initiative to have a broad socio-economic impact. Its
success is thought to depend not only on the capacity to implement the legal base effectively, but also on broader
conditions such as EU-wide connectivity, social trust and digital skills. The European Parliament's Committees on Civil
Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE) and on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI) adopted
their joint report on 28 November 2023. The Council adopted its general approach on 6 December 2023. Parliament
voted the report in plenary on 13 December. ENVI and LIBE endorsed the agreement resulting from interinstitutional
negotiations on 9 April 2024. It is due to be put to the vote during the April II 2024 plenary session. Third edition. The
'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.
Briefing EN
Revision of Directive 2011/93/EU on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and
child pornography
Type de publication Briefing
Date 20-02-2024
Auteur HUEMER MARIE-ASTRID
Domaine politique Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice
Résumé In September 2021, the Commission launched a REFIT initiative to assess the implementation of Directive 2011/93/EU
on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, with a view to revising it.
This appraisal takes stock of reports published by the Commission, positions adopted and analyses submitted by EU
institutions and agencies, and the relevant European Court of Human Rights case law. The directive requires the EU
Member States to criminalise a series of offences, including online child sexual abuse. Yet, it does not cover all of the
related technological issues or provide clues on how to reconcile respect for fundamental rights with the urgent need to
combat sexual abuse against children. The directive must be understood within the broader frame of applicable EU
legislation, including the proposed regulation on online child sexual abuse currently under discussion. Analysis
demonstrates a need to amend the directive, with a focus on stronger preventive measures, educational programmes
and assistance to victims, and more efficient investigation and prosecution mechanisms including through international
cooperation.
Briefing EN
Newly proposed rules to strengthen GDPR enforcement in cross-border cases
Type de publication Briefing
Date 24-01-2024
Auteur MILDEBRATH Hendrik Alexander
Résumé Ever since the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) became applicable in May 2018, the European Parliament
and civil society organisations have been flagging deficits in its enforcement and pushing for better implementation, but
little has changed. To address the situation, in July 2023 the Commission tabled a proposal aimed at improving GDPR
enforcement. The proposal seeks to support the smooth functioning and timely completion of enforcement procedures
in cases of cross-border processing. To this end, the Commission suggests harmonising parties' procedural rights,
streamlining and frontloading cooperation among supervisory authorities, and detailing the GDPR's dispute resolution
mechanism. Views on the Commission proposal diverge. Digital rights organisations advocate for enhanced
complainant rights, an equal say for the lead supervisory authority and the supervisory authorities concerned on the
substance of enforcement decisions, a stronger role for the European Data Protection Board (EDPB), new
mechanisms to facilitate cross-country enforcement, and stricter deadlines. Industry and allied organisations favour
increased transparency for the parties under investigation, a stronger role for the lead supervisory authority and lesser
roles for the supervisory authorities concerned and the EDPB. The Parliament and the Council are in the process of
assessing whether the Commission's proposal presents an adequate response and are working on their respective
positions. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages in the legislative
procedure.
Briefing EN
11-05-2024 Source : © Union européenne, 2024 - PE 1Free movement rights of rainbow families
Type de publication Briefing
Date 28-06-2023
Auteur DE GROOT DAVID ARMAND JACQUES GERA
Domaine politique Égalité entre les femmes et les hommes, égalité et diversité
Résumé 'Rainbow families' – same-sex couples with or without children – still face many obstacles while exercising their free
movement rights today. In a debate in the European Parliament in September 2010, then European Commissioner for
Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship, Viviane Reding, stated, 'Let me stress this. If you live in a legally
recognised same-sex partnership, or marriage, in country A, you have the right – and this is a fundamental right – to
take this status and that of your partner to country B. If not, it is a violation of EU law, so there is no discussion about
this. This is absolutely clear, and we do not have to hesitate on this'. Over a decade later, same-sex couples still
experience issues when relying on their free movement rights. While the European Court of Human Rights has upheld
that all member countries must provide for a registered partnership for same-sex couples if they do not provide for
same-sex marriage, it can be unclear which rights should be attached to such a status. And while the European Court
of Justice has ruled that same-sex marriages and parenthood established for same-sex couples have to be recognised
in all EU Member States for the purpose of free movement, this case law is still very unclear, due to mixed concepts,
which has led to consistent Member State violations. In her 2020 State of the Union Speech, Commission President
Ursula von der Leyen stated 'If you are [a] parent in one country, you are [a] parent in every country'. In 2021, the
European Parliament declared the EU an LGBTIQ Freedom Zone. It has expressed its deepest concern regarding the
discrimination suffered by rainbow families and their children in the EU and insists that the EU needs to take a
common approach to the recognition of same-sex marriages and partnerships. In December 2022, the Commission
proposed a regulation on the recognition of parenthood.
Briefing EN
L’incidence des lacunes dans les données concernant l’égalité entre les hommes et les femmes sur la
protection des consommateurs
Type de publication Étude
Date 24-04-2023
Auteur externe DAVAKI Konstantina
Domaine politique Adoption de la législation par le Parlement européen et le Conseil | Fiscalité | Protection des consommateurs | Santé
publique | Transports | Égalité entre les femmes et les hommes, égalité et diversité
Résumé Cette étude, commandée par le département thématique des droits des citoyens et des affaires constitutionnelles du
Parlement européen à la demande de la commission des droits des femmes et de l’égalité des genres (FEMM),
s’intéresse à l’incidence de l’absence de données ventilées par sexe sur les femmes et les groupes sociaux
vulnérables en tant que consommateurs de produits et de services. Elle examine les domaines des applications
d’intelligence artificielle, de la santé, des transports, de la finance et des biens de consommation, en soulignant les
risques pour la santé et la sécurité. En s’inspirant des bonnes pratiques, elle formule des recommandations en ce qui
concerne la conception des produits et des services, l’égalité entre les hommes et les femmes et l’inclusion.
Étude EN
Résumé exécutif DE, EN, ES, FR
Reconnaissance juridique transfrontière de la filiation dans l’UE
Type de publication
Étude
Date19-04-2023
Auteur externeTRYFONIDOU Alina
Domaine politiqueAdoption de la législation par le Parlement européen et le Conseil | Droit international privé et coopération judiciaire en
matière civile | Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice | Législation de l''Union: système et actes juridiques |
Pétitions au Parlement européen | Égalité entre les femmes et les hommes, égalité et diversité | Évaluation du droit et
des mesures politiques dans la pratique
Résumé Cette étude, commandée par le département thématique des droits des citoyens et des affaires constitutionnelles du
Parlement européen à la demande de la commission des pétitions, a pour objectif d’analyser la proposition de
règlement de la Commission sur la reconnaissance de la filiation dans l’Union européenne. L’étude se penche sur le
problème de la non-reconnaissance de la filiation entre les États membres et ses causes, le cadre juridique actuel et
les solutions (partielles) qu’elle propose pour remédier à ce problème, le contexte de la proposition de la Commission
et son texte. Elle propose également une évaluation critique de la proposition de règlement et formule des
recommandations stratégiques en vue de son amélioration.
Étude EN
Résumé exécutif BG, CS, DE, EL, EN, ES, FR, HU, IT, LT, LV, RO, HR, PL, SK, SL
11-05-2024 Source : © Union européenne, 2024 - PE 2Pegasus et les relations extérieures de l’UE
Type de publication
Étude
Date25-01-2023
Auteur externeSteven FELDSTEIN; Richard YOUNGS
Domaine politiqueAffaires étrangères | Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice | Législation de l''Union: système et actes juridiques |
Sécurité et défense
Résumé La présente étude, commandée par le département thématique des droits des citoyens et des affaires
constitutionnelles du Parlement européen, à la demande de la commission d’enquête chargée d’enquêter sur
l’utilisation de Pegasus et de logiciels espions de surveillance équivalents (PEGA), analyse la prolifération de
nouvelles technologies et de technologies émergentes utilisées à des fins de répression et de contrôle social. Bien que
ces technologies puissent potentiellement consolider les valeurs démocratiques et les droits de l’homme, des régimes
répressifs déploient activement ces outils pour leur propre avantage stratégique. En particulier, la prolifération de
logiciels espions commerciaux, tels que Pegasus, est très inquiétante. L’Union devrait accorder un degré de priorité
bien plus élevé à la lutte contre l’utilisation de ces outils par des pouvoirs publics.
Étude EN
Résumé exécutif DE, EN, ES, FR, HU, PL
Understanding EU data protection policy
Type de publication Briefing
Date 18-01-2023
Auteur MILDEBRATH Hendrik Alexander
Domaine politique Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice
Résumé The datafication of everyday life and data scandals have made the protection of personal information an increasingly
important social, legal and political matter for the EU. In recent years, awareness of data rights and enforcement
expectations have both grown considerably. The right to privacy and the right to protection of personal data are both
enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU and in the EU Treaties. The entry into force of the Lisbon
Treaty in 2009 gave the Charter the same legal value as the Treaties and abolished the pillar structure, providing a
stronger basis for a more effective and comprehensive EU data protection regime. In 2012, the European Commission
launched an ambitious reform to modernise the EU data protection framework. In 2016, the co-legislators adopted the
EU's most prominent data protection legislation – the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) – and the Law
Enforcement Directive. The framework overhaul also included adopting an updated Regulation on Data Protection in
the EU institutions and reforming the e-Privacy Directive – still under negotiation between the co legislators. The
European Parliament has played a key role in these reforms, both as co-legislator and author of own-initiative reports
and resolutions seeking to guarantee a high level of data protection for EU citizens. The European Court of Justice
plays a crucial role in developing the EU data protection framework through case law. In the coming years, challenges
in the area of data protection will include balancing the compliance and data needs of emerging technologies,
equipping data protection authorities with sufficient resources to fulfil their tasks, combating child sexual abuse material
online without compromising privacy, taming digital surveillance and further clarifying requirements of valid consent.
This is a further updated edition of a briefing of January 2022, which updated an earlier briefing by Sofija Voronova, of
May 2020.
Briefing EN
Establishing the European health data space
Type de publication Briefing
Date 11-01-2023
Auteur VETTORAZZI STEFANO
Domaine politique Évaluation de l''impact ex ante
Résumé Overall, the IA describes the scope of the problem sufficiently well, and explains briefly, but convincingly, the need for
EU action, although proportionality does not appear to have been dealt with in any depth. The IA does not define any
operational objectives, which would illustrate what the deliverables of the specific policy actions are, although it
identifies monitoring indicators for the specific objectives. The sufficient range of retained policy options is structured
according to increasing levels of regulatory intervention, and appears to be convincing. However, the IA would have
benefited from providing a more user-friendly description of some of the envisaged measures. On the whole, the IA
appears to have analysed aspects of the economic impact satisfactorily, while the analysis regarding environmental
impacts is very limited, although this appears justified based on the problem definition and the objectives identified. As
regards social impacts, the IA quantifies the benefits, expressed in terms of savings in health expenditure, for
healthcare providers, patients, researchers and innovators. The analysis regarding the impact on SMEs is rather weak,
not least considering that 95 % of the companies operating in the medical technologies sector are SMEs. The analysis
of the impact on innovation is not dealt with comprehensively, whereas this would perhaps have been warranted
considering that increasing innovation in health products and services is part of the general and specific objectives,
while the analysis regarding competitiveness is almost non-existent. The IA appears to have addressed the RSB's
comments only partially. The proposal appears to be consistent with the analysis carried out in the IA as regards the
envisaged measures included in the preferred options.
Briefing EN
11-05-2024 Source : © Union européenne, 2024 - PE 3EncroChat's path to Europe's highest courts
Type de publication En bref
Date 16-12-2022
Auteur MILDEBRATH Hendrik Alexander
Domaine politique Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice
Résumé After infiltrating an encrypted phone network widely used by criminals (EncroChat), law enforcement authorities in
Europe made headlines with high-profile arrests and seizures. Across Europe, defendants are now challenging
evidence and convictions, claiming flawed investigations, violations of cross-border evidence-sharing rules and
insufficient disclosure of evidence. They argue that authorities violated their rights to a fair trial, effective remedy and
privacy. This paper provides background on the EncroChat operations and an overview of the trends in French,
German and UK jurisprudence, and calls attention to recent challenges before Europe's highest courts.
En bref EN
The European Health Data Space
Type de publication Étude
Date 08-12-2022
Auteur externe J. Scott MARCUS, Bertin MARTENS, Christophe CARUGATI,
Anne BUCHER, and Ilsa GODLOVITCH
Domaine politique Industrie | Politique de recherche
Résumé This research paper provides an assessment of the legislative proposal for “The European Health Data Space”,
including linkages with other EU measures and with Member State rules and laws. It also includes recommendations
on further steps needed in order to achieve, facilitate and improve health data sharing, exchange and re-use across
the EU.
Étude EN
Assessment of the implementation of the Law Enforcement Directive
Type de publication Étude
Date 07-12-2022
Auteur externe Plixavra VOGIATZOGLOU, Thomas MARQUENIE
Domaine politique Législation de l''Union: système et actes juridiques
Résumé This study analyses the main provisions of Directive (EU) 2016/680 as well as their implementation within national laws
in order to contribute to the European Parliament’s positions and findings regarding the evaluation and review of the
Directive. In that context, the study identifies shortcomings and explores potential ways forward through a concrete set
of recommendations.This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights
and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs.
Étude EN
Utilisation de Pegasus et de logiciels espions de surveillance équivalents Cadre juridique des États
membres en matière d’acquisition et d’utilisation de Pegasus et de logiciels espions de surveillance
équivalents.
Type de publicationÉtude
Date 05-12-2022
Auteur externe LIGER Quentin, GUTHEILMirja
Domaine politique Droit démocratique, institutionnel et parlementaire de l''Union | Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice | Législation
de l''Union: système et actes juridiques
Résumé La présente étude, commandée par le département thématique des droits des citoyens et des affaires
constitutionnelles du Parlement européen, à la demande de la commission d’enquête chargée d’enquêter sur
l’utilisation de Pegasus et de logiciels espions de surveillance équivalents (PEGA), décrit le cadre juridique, y compris
les mécanismes de contrôle et de recours, qui régit l’utilisation de Pegasus et de logiciels espions de surveillance
équivalents dans un échantillon d’États membres.
Étude EN
Résumé exécutif DE, EL, EN, ES, FR, HU, IT, PL
11-05-2024 Source : © Union européenne, 2024 - PE 4L’incidence de Pegasus sur les droits fondamentaux et les processus démocratiques
Type de publication Étude
Date 01-12-2022
Auteur externe Giovanni SARTOR; . Andrea LOREGGIA
Domaine politique Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice | Législation de l''Union: système et actes juridiques | Sécurité et défense
Résumé La présente étude [commandée par le département thématique des droits des citoyens et des affaires
constitutionnelles du Parlement européen, à la demande de la commission d’enquête chargée d’enquêter sur
l’utilisation de Pegasus et de logiciels espions de surveillance équivalents (PEGA)] vise à analyser l’incidence de
l’utilisation de Pegasus et de logiciels espions similaires sur les valeurs énoncées à l’article 2 du traité sur l’Union
européenne (traité UE), sur le respect de la vie privée et la protection des données, ainsi que sur les processus
démocratiques dans les États membres.
Étude DE, EL, EN, ES, FR, HU, HR, PL
Résumé exécutif DE, EL, EN, ES, FR, HU, PL
What if we sequenced all human genomes?
Type de publication En bref
Date 27-06-2022
Auteur ANTUNES LUISA
Domaine politique Politique de recherche
Résumé The rapid growth of genetic databases worldwide, coupled with fast-decreasing costs and the rapid pace of
technological change, has increased the possibility of every human genome on Earth being sequenced this century.
This raises ethical and legal questions on data privacy and ownership. While a global genetic database would
revolutionise preventive medicine and research, new forms of surveillance, discrimination and power imbalances could
emerge. The global interplay between the individual, the state and private individuals could shift, requiring modern and
flexible legislation to protect the rights of the individual.
En bref EN
Multimédia What if we sequenced all human genomes?
Regulatory divergences in the draft AI act: Differences in public and private sector obligations
Type de publication Étude
Date 31-05-2022
Auteur externe This study has been written by Ilina Georgieva, Tjerk Timan and Marissa Hoekstra of TNO at the request of the
Panel for the Future of Science and Technology (STOA) and managed by the Scientific Foresight Unit, within
the Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (EPRS) of the Secretariat of the European
Parliament.
Domaine politique Législation de l''Union: système et actes juridiques | Planification | Politique de recherche | Protection des
consommateurs
Résumé This study identifies and examines sources of regulatory divergence within the AI act regarding the obligations and
limitations upon public and private sector actors when using certain AI systems. A reflection upon possible impacts and
consequences is provided, and a range of policy options is suggested for the European Parliament that could respond
to the identified sources of divergence. The study is specifically focused on three AI application areas: manipulative AI,
social scoring and biometric AI systems. Questions regarding how and when those systems are designated as
prohibited or high-risk and the potentially diverging obligations towards public versus private sector actors and the
rationale behind it, are described.
Étude EN
Annexe 1 EN
The future of data protection and privacy: How the European Parliament is responding to citizens'
expectations
Type de publication Briefing
Date 27-04-2022
Auteur MILDEBRATH Hendrik Alexander
Domaine politique Démocratie
Résumé This is the fifth briefing within a series benchmarking Parliament's activities against citizens' expectations submitted to
the Conference on the Future of Europe. In a number of different ways, citizens seized the opportunity to call for a high
level of data protection and privacy, as well as their rigorous implementation. They recommend measures promoting
industry compliance, increasing citizens' control over data, enhancing enforcement and limiting the monitoring, profiling
and manipulation of citizens by private and public actors. As this briefing demonstrates, Parliament has largely kept
pace with citizens' concerns by taking initiatives in areas where contributing citizens identified a need for action.
Briefing EN
11-05-2024 Source : © Union européenne, 2024 - PE 5What if machines made fairer decisions than humans?
Type de publication En bref
Date 23-03-2022
Auteur GARCIA HIGUERA ANDRES
Domaine politique Droits de l''homme | Démocratie | Industrie | Politique de recherche | Protection des consommateurs
Résumé Automated decision-making by systems that use machine learning to dynamically improve performance are still seen
as lacking the 'human perspective' and flexibility to adapt to the particular nuances of specific cases. But perhaps, as
they lack the 'cunning' to hide their biases, automated systems actually make fairer decisions than do humans, when
these decisions are based on data that have been properly curated.
En bref EN
Multimédia What if machines made fairer decisions than humans?
La technologie 5G sous l’angle du respect de la vie privée et de la sécurité
Type de publication Étude
Date 17-03-2022
Auteur externe DG, EPRS
Domaine politique Environnement | Protection des consommateurs | Santé publique
Résumé La présente étude examine deux aspects importants de la technologie 5G: le respect de la vie privée et la sécurité.
Elle se concentre sur l’analyse des risques et des menaces en matière de cybersécurité, des défis en matière de
protection de la vie privée et des opportunités offertes par la technologie 5G au niveau de l’Union européenne et dans
le monde, ainsi que sur la relation entre les risques en matière de cybersécurité et la protection de la vie privée. Le
cadre méthodologique de la présente analyse d’impact de la technologie 5G est articulé autour de trois axes: i) une
analyse de la littérature existante, ii) une analyse parallèle avec la participation des parties prenantes, et iii) une
sélection d’études de cas pertinentes. La complexité d’un écosystème où surviennent constamment de nouveaux cas
d’utilisation a également conduit les auteurs à évaluer les perspectives d’utilisation de nouvelles technologies basées
sur la 5G, telles que l’internet des objets, la robotique et l’intelligence artificielle. En outre, des options stratégiques
sont définies et soumises à l’examen des commissions du Parlement européen chargées des affaires juridiques, du
marché intérieur et de la protection des consommateurs, des libertés civiles, de la justice et des affaires intérieures, et
de la sous-commission «sécurité et défense», ainsi que d’autres institutions de l’Union européenne et des États
membres.
Étude EN, FR
Annexe 1 EN
Réglementation de la reconnaissance faciale au sein de l’Union européenne
Type de publication Analyse approfondie
Date 15-09-2021
Auteur MADIEGA Tambiama André | MILDEBRATH Hendrik Alexander
Domaine politique Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice
Résumé L’Union européenne prend en considération la réglementation de la reconnaissance faciale dans la proposition de loi
sur l’intelligence artificielle, actuellement à l’étude. Cette publication du service de recherche du Parlement européen
dresse l’état de la situation et met en exergue les préoccupations soulevées par l’utilisation des technologies de
reconnaissance faciale et leurs effets potentiels sur les droits fondamentaux des personnes. Dans ce contexte, le
document examine le cadre juridique actuel de l’Union applicable à la reconnaissance faciale et étudie de manière
approfondie les récentes propositions de réglementation des technologies de reconnaissance faciale à l’échelle de
l’Union.
Analyse approfondie DE, EN, FR
What if deepfakes made us doubt everything we see and hear?
Type de publicationEn bref
Date 07-09-2021
Auteur BOUCHER Philip Nicholas
Domaine politique Culture | Démocratie | Marché intérieur et union douanière | Politique de recherche | Protection des consommateurs |
Égalité entre les femmes et les hommes, égalité et diversité
Résumé Deepfakes are hyper-realistic media products created through artificial intelligence (AI) techniques that manipulate how
people look and the things that they appear to say or do. They hit the headlines in 2018 with a deepfake video of
Barack Obama, which was designed to raise awareness of their challenges. The accessibility and outputs of deepfake
generation tools are improving rapidly, and their use is increasing exponentially. A wide range of malicious uses have
been identified, including fraud, extortion and political disinformation. The impacts of such misuse can be financial,
psychological and reputational. However, the most widespread use so far has been the production of non-consensual
pornographic videos, with negative impacts that overwhelmingly affect women. Deepfakes may also contribute to
worrying trends in our media, as well as in our social and democratic systems. While the technology itself is legal,
some malicious uses are not, and a combination of legal and technical measures may be mobilised to limit their
production and dissemination.
En bref EN
Multimédia Can we protect society from the deepfake menace?
The deepfake menace: a gendered issue
What if deepfakes made us doubt everything we see and hear?
11-05-2024 Source : © Union européenne, 2024 - PE 6Biometric Recognition and Behavioural Detection Assessing the ethical aspects of biometric recognition
and behavioural detection techniques with a focus on their current and future use in public spaces
Type de publication Briefing
Date 02-09-2021
Auteur externe Christiane WENDEHORST,
Yannic DULLER
Domaine politique Adoption de la législation par le Parlement européen et le Conseil | Droit des contrats, droit commercial et droit des
sociétés | Droits de l''homme | Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice | Gouvernance mondiale | Marché intérieur et
union douanière | Protection des consommateurs | Pétitions au Parlement européen | Santé publique | Sécurité et
défense
Résumé This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional
Affairs at the request of the JURI and PETI Committees, analyses the use of biometric techniques from an ethical and
legal perspective. Biometric techniques raise a number of specific ethical issues, as an individual cannot easily change
biometric features, and as these techniques tend to intrude into the human body and ultimately the human self. Further
issues are more generally associated with large-scale surveillance, algorithmic decision making, or profiling. The study
analyses different types of biometric techniques and draws conclusions for EU legislation
Briefing EN
Regulating targeted and behavioural advertising in digital services. How to ensure users’ informed
consent
Type de publication Étude
Date 30-08-2021
Auteur externe Giovanni SARTOR,
Francesca LAGIOIA, Federico GALLI
Domaine politique Adoption de la législation par le Parlement européen et le Conseil | Affaires économiques et monétaires | Commerce
international | Droit des contrats, droit commercial et droit des sociétés | Droit démocratique, institutionnel et
parlementaire de l''Union | Démocratie | Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice | Gouvernance mondiale |
Législation de l''Union: système et actes juridiques | Marché intérieur et union douanière | Planification | Protection des
consommateurs | Questions financières et bancaires | Évaluation de l''impact ex ante | Évaluation du droit et des
mesures politiques dans la pratique
Résumé The study addresses the regulation of targeted and behavioural advertising in the context of digital services. Marketing
methods and technologies deployed in behavioural and target advertising are presented. The EU law on consent to the
processing of personal data is analysed, in connection with advertising practices. Ways of improving the quality of
consent are discussed as well as ways of restricting its scope as a legal basis for the processing of personal data.
This study is commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional
Affairs at the request of the JURI Committee.
Étude EN
Online advertising: the impact of targeted advertising on advertisers, market access and consumer
choice
Type de publication En bref
Date 11-08-2021
Auteur externe Niklas FOURBERG, Serpil TAŞ, Lukas WIEWIORRA, Ilsa GODLOVITCH, Alexandre DE STREEL, Hervé
JACQUEMIN, Jordan HILL, Madalina NUNU, Camille BOURGUIGON, Florian JACQUES, Michèle LEDGER and
Michael LOGNOUL
Domaine politique Marché intérieur et union douanière | Protection des consommateurs
Résumé In this research paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of online advertising markets and we analyse the
challenges and opportunities concerning digital advertising. We review the degree to which existing and proposed
legislation at EU level addresses the identified problems, and identify potential solutions, with reference to experience
from EU Member States and third countries. We conclude with a synthesis and specific policy recommendations,
drawing on stakeholder interviews.
En bref EN
Exchanges of Personal Data After the Schrems II Judgment
Type de publication Étude
Date 08-07-2021
Auteur externe Ian BROWN, Visiting CyberBRICS professor at Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV) Law School in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Douwe KORFF, Emeritus Professor of International Law, London Metropolitan University, UK
Domaine politique Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice
Résumé This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional
Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, examines reforms to the legal framework for the exchange of personal
and other data between the EU and the USA that would be necessary to ascertain that the requirements of EU law are
satisfied and that the rights of EU citizens are respected, following the Schrems II judgment of the EU Court of Justice.
Étude EN
11-05-2024 Source : © Union européenne, 2024 - PE 7Online advertising: the impact of targeted advertising on advertisers, market access and consumer
choice
Type de publication Étude
Date 21-06-2021
Auteur externe Niklas FOURBERG, Serpil TAŞ, Lukas WIEWIORRA, Ilsa GODLOVITCH, Alexandre DE STREEL, Hervé
JACQUEMIN, Jordan HILL, Madalina NUNU, Camille BOURGUIGON, Florian JACQUES, Michèle LEDGER and
Michael LOGNOUL.
Domaine politique Marché intérieur et union douanière | Protection des consommateurs
Résumé In this research paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of online advertising markets and we analyse the
challenges and opportunities concerning digital advertising. We review the degree to which existing and proposed
legislation at EU level addresses the identified problems, and identify potential solutions, with reference to experience
from EU Member States and third countries. We conclude with a synthesis and specific policy recommendations,
drawing on stakeholder interviews.
This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies for the
committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Étude EN
Data Governance Act
Type de publication Briefing
Date 17-06-2021
Auteur MILDEBRATH Hendrik Alexander
Domaine politique Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice | Législation de l''Union: système et actes juridiques
Résumé Data is a key pillar of the European digital economy. To unlock its potential, the European Commission aims to build a
market for personal and non-personal data that fully respects European rules and values. While the volume of data is
expected to increase dramatically in the coming years, data re-use is hampered by low trust in data-sharing, conflicting
economic incentives and technological obstacles. As the first of a set of measures announced in the European strategy
for data, the Commission put forward its proposed data governance act on 25 November 2020. It aims at facilitating
(largely) voluntary data sharing across the EU and between sectors by strengthening mechanisms that increase data
availability and foster trust in intermediaries. It establishes three principle re-use mechanisms and a horizontal
coordination and steering board. While there seems to be considerable support for data governance rules, the
appropriate approach remains fundamentally disputed. Issues have been raised concerning, for instance, the
ineffectiveness of labelling and registration regimes to foster trust and data re-use, the uncertain interplay with other
legislative acts, the onerous rules on international data transfers and the vulnerability of certain mechanisms to
commercial exploitation. The co-legislators, the European Parliament and Council, are in the process of assessing
whether the Commission's proposal presents an adequate response to the challenges identified and are working
towards defining their respective positions.
Briefing EN
What if objects around us flocked together and became intelligent?
Type de publication En bref
Date 01-06-2021
Auteur GARCIA HIGUERA ANDRES
Domaine politique Droits de l''homme | Démocratie | Industrie | Politique de recherche | Protection des consommateurs
Résumé - Artificial Intelligence: the real driving force of IoT. - Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) incorporates all the
possibilities of AI and IoT, but also all ethical and legal concerns. - Potential advantages and possibilities for EU of
Artificial Intelligence of Things.
En bref EN
Multimédia What if objects around us flocked together to become intelligent?
What if objects around us flocked together to become intelligent?
Artificial Inteligence market and capital flows - AI and the financial sector at crossroads
Type de publicationÉtude
Date 28-05-2021
Auteur externe Giacomo CALZOLARI
Domaine politique Affaires économiques et monétaires | Marché intérieur et union douanière | Planification | Politique de recherche |
Questions financières et bancaires
Résumé This paper studies the transformation that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is bringing to the financial sector and how this
sector can contribute to developments of AI applications. The study addresses the contribution of AI to a more efficient,
open, and inclusive financial sector and the challenges of the AI transformation, and it provides recommendations for
policies and regulations of AI and financial services.
Étude EN
11-05-2024 Source : © Union européenne, 2024 - PE 8Improving working conditions using Artificial Intelligence
Type de publication Étude
Date 25-05-2021
Auteur externe Advait DESHPANDE, Natalie PICKEN, Linda KUNERTOVA, Annemari DE SILVA, Giulia LANFREDI and Joanna
HOFMAN
Domaine politique Adoption de la législation par le Parlement européen et le Conseil | Emploi | Politique de recherche | Politique sociale
Résumé The analysis considers evidence on the expected impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on jobs, discusses the potential of
AI to create decent jobs and explores the extent to which AI offers opportunities and poses risks to working conditions.
The analysis examines current policies at the European Union (EU) and Member State level and recommends some
areas for action at the EU level.
Étude EN
International transfers of personal data
Type de publication En bref
Date 12-05-2021
Auteur MILDEBRATH Hendrik Alexander
Domaine politique Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice
Résumé In its July 2020 Schrems II ruling, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) invalidated the European
Commission's US adequacy decision on account of insufficient US data protection standards. Drawing from the
judgment, personal data may – in principle – only be transferred to a third country outside the EU/European Economic
Area if the third country ensures an 'essentially equivalent' level of data protection to that of the EU, or if
supplementary measures are deployed to compensate for the lacunae in protection. With the United Kingdom (UK)
becoming a third country within the meaning of EU data protection law, the convenient and cost-effective continuation
of EU–UK data flows will depend on the adoption of the (already controversial) draft adequacy decisions concerning
the UK. During its May plenary session, Parliament is due to debate resolutions on, respectively, the Schrems II ruling,
and on UK data adequacy, i.e. the country's level of data protection.
En bref EN
What if consumers could use devices to sequence DNA?
Type de publication En bref
Date 11-05-2021
Auteur VAN WOENSEL Lieve
Domaine politique Protection des consommateurs
Résumé Sequencing and analysis of the human genome – all the genetic information stored in our DNA – provide us with
understanding about a person's ancestry, health and other traits. Thanks to DNA sequencing, medicine and the life
sciences are able to predict and cure diseases. As DNA sequencing technologies continuously improve and become
less costly, what if we all soon possessed our personal, smart DNA sequencers and apps to analyse our DNA?
En bref EN
Multimédia What if consumers could use devices to sequence DNA?
The impact of disinformation on democratic processes and human rights in the world
Type de publication Étude
Date 22-04-2021
Auteur externe Carme COLOMINA, Héctor SÁNCHEZ MARGALEF, Richard YOUNGS
Domaine politique Droits de l''homme | Démocratie
Résumé Around the world, disinformation is spreading and becoming a more complex phenomenon based on emerging
techniques of deception. Disinformation undermines human rights and many elements of good quality democracy; but
counter-disinformation measures can also have a prejudicial impact on human rights and democracy. COVID-19
compounds both these dynamics and has unleashed more intense waves of disinformation, allied to human rights and
democracy setbacks. Effective responses to disinformation are needed at multiple levels, including formal laws and
regulations, corporate measures and civil society action. While the EU has begun to tackle disinformation in its external
actions, it has scope to place greater stress on the human rights dimension of this challenge. In doing so, the EU can
draw upon best practice examples from around the world that tackle disinformation through a human rights lens. This
study proposes steps the EU can take to build counter-disinformation more seamlessly into its global human rights and
democracy policies.
Étude EN
11-05-2024 Source : © Union européenne, 2024 - PE 9A European strategy for data
Type de publication En bref
Date 24-03-2021
Auteur MILDEBRATH Hendrik Alexander | RAGONNAUD Guillaume
Domaine politique Marché intérieur et union douanière
Résumé Data represents the driving force of the European digital transformation. In order to harness the potential of the data
economy, the European Commission aims to build a market for personal and non-personal data that fully respects
European rules and values. During its March II plenary session, Parliament is due to debate data issues, before voting
on an own-initiative report concerning a European strategy for data and a resolution on the European Commission’s
evaluation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
En bref EN
Mise à jour de la directive concernant les clauses abusives dans les contrats conclus avec les
consommateurs pour les services numériques
Type de publicationÉtude
Date 09-02-2021
Auteur externe Marco LOOS, Joasia LUZAK
Domaine politique Droit des contrats, droit commercial et droit des sociétés | Législation de l''Union: système et actes juridiques |
Évaluation du droit et des mesures politiques dans la pratique
Résumé La présente étude analyse les clauses communes dans les contrats des fournisseurs de services numériques, en
indiquant quand elles pourraient fausser sensiblement l’équilibre entre les droits et les obligations des parties au
détriment des consommateurs et devraient donc relever du champ d’application de la directive concernant les clauses
abusives dans les contrats conclus avec les consommateurs. En outre, l’étude examine les particularités de
l’évaluation de la transparence en ligne des clauses des fournisseurs de services numériques ainsi que les sanctions
auxquelles ils pourraient s’exposer s’ils enfreignaient le cadre actuel de protection des consommateurs. Des
recommandations sont faites pour améliorer l’efficacité de ce cadre en introduisant une liste noire et une liste grise des
clauses abusives, en renforçant les sanctions actuelles et en mettant en place de nouvelles obligations pour les
fournisseurs de services numériques.
Étude EN
Résumé exécutif DE, EN, ES, FR, IT
Data subjects, digital surveillance, AI and the future of work
Type de publication Étude
Date 23-12-2020
Auteur externe This study has been written by Associate Professor Dr Phoebe V. Moore, University of Leicester School of Business,
United Kingdom, and Guest Research Fellow, Weizenbaum Institute, Wissenschaftszentrum für Sozialforschung,
Berlin. The study was prepared at the request of the Panel for the Future of Science and Technology (STOA) and
managed by the Scientific Foresight Unit, within the Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (EPRS)
of the Secretariat of the European Parliament.
Domaine politique Droit des contrats, droit commercial et droit des sociétés | Droit démocratique, institutionnel et parlementaire de
l''Union | Droit international public | Droits de l''homme | Emploi
Résumé The report provides an in-depth overview of the social, political and economic urgencies in identifying what we call the
‘new surveillance workplace’. The report assesses the range of technologies that are being introduced to monitor, track
and, ultimately, watch workers, and looks at the immense changes they imbue in several arenas.
How are institutions responding to the widespread uptake of new tracking technologies in workplaces, from the office,
to the contact centre, to the factory? What are the parameters to protect the privacy and other rights of workers, given
the unprecedented and ever-pervasive functions of monitoring technologies?
The report evidences how and where new technologies are being implemented; looks at the impact that surveillance
workspaces are having on the employment relationship and on workers themselves at the psychosocial level; and
outlines the social, legal and institutional frameworks within which this is occurring, across the EU and beyond,
ultimately arguing that more worker representation is necessary to protect the data rights of workers.
Étude EN
Annexe EN
Multimédia Workplace Monitoring In The Era Of Artificial Intelligence
La poursuite de la mise en place de l’union des marchés des capitaux
Type de publication En bref
Date 30-09-2020
Auteur DELIVORIAS Angelos
Domaine politique Affaires économiques et monétaires | Coronavirus
Résumé Les mesures prises pour créer une union des marchés des capitaux (UMC) devraient avoir pour objectif d’améliorer
l’éventail des possibilités de financement offertes aux entreprises et aux citoyens. La commission des affaires
économiques et monétaires du Parlement européen a adopté un rapport d’initiative sur la poursuite de la mise en
place de l’UMC, qui devrait être mis aux voix lors de la session plénière d’octobre I. Ce rapport préconise des mesures
spécifiques pour aider au financement des entreprises, favoriser les investissements transfrontières et à long terme,
renforcer l’architecture du marché et soutenir les investisseurs de détail, ainsi que l’adoption d’un cadre pour la finance
numérique.
En bref DE, EN, ES, FR, IT, PL
11-05-2024 Source : © Union européenne, 2024 - PE 10The CJEU judgment in the Schrems II case
Type de publication En bref
Date 15-09-2020
Auteur MILDEBRATH Hendrik Alexander
Domaine politique Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice
Résumé In its July 2020 Schrems II judgment, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) declared the European
Commission’s Privacy Shield Decision invalid on account of invasive US surveillance programmes, thereby making
transfers of personal data on the basis of the Privacy Shield Decision illegal. Furthermore, the Court stipulated stricter
requirements for the transfer of personal data based on standard contract clauses (SCCs). Data controllers or
processors that intend to transfer data based on SCCs must ensure that the data subject is granted a level of
protection essentially equivalent to that guaranteed by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the EU
Charter of Fundamental Rights (CFR) – if necessary with additional measures to compensate for lacunae in protection
of third-country legal systems. Failing that, operators must suspend the transfer of personal data outside the EU.
En bref EN
Understanding EU data protection policy
Type de publication Briefing
Date 20-05-2020
Auteur VORONOVA Sofija
Domaine politique Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice
Résumé The near-ubiquity of data in the lives of ordinary people, along with its exponential growth in generation rate and
potential misuse, has made the protection of personal information an increasingly important social, legal and political
matter for the EU. In recent years, both awareness of data rights and expectations for EU action in this area have
grown considerably. The right to privacy and the right to protection of personal data are both enshrined in the Charter
of Fundamental Rights of the EU and the EU Treaties. The entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty in 2009 gave the
Charter the same legal value as the Treaties and abolished the pillar structure, providing a stronger basis for a more
effective and comprehensive data protection regime in the EU. In 2012, the European Commission launched an
ambitious reform to modernise the EU data protection framework. It resulted in the adoption in 2016 of the main EU
data protection legislative instrument – the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) – and the Law Enforcement
Directive. The framework overhaul also included adopting an updated Regulation on Data Processing in the EU
Institutions and reforming the ePrivacy Directive, pending in the Council since September 2017. The European
Parliament has played a major role in passing these reforms, both as co-legislator and author of own-initiative reports
and resolutions seeking to guarantee a high level of data protection to EU citizens. Last but not least, the European
Court of Justice has also played an important part in building the EU data protection framework, with several landmark
judgments delivered in recent years. In the coming years, potential challenges to the data protection framework include
the question of how to adapt the GDPR to emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, facial recognition
technology and the Internet of Things. Potential fragmentation issues include differing Member State interpretations of
consent for data processing, while compliance burdens for SMEs and insufficient resources for data protection
authorities may present challenges for enforcement. The European Commission is expected to address these issues in
its upcoming evaluation of the GDPR.
Briefing EN
Multimédia Understanding EU data protection policy
National COVID-19 contact tracing apps
Type de publicationBriefing
Date 15-05-2020
Auteur CIUCCI MATTEO | GOUARDERES Frederic
Domaine politique Adoption de la législation par le Parlement européen et le Conseil | Coronavirus | Industrie | Politique de recherche |
Santé publique
Résumé While the coordination of cross-border interoperable COVID-19 contact tracing apps is a competence of the European
Commission, their development is a national competence. This short briefing summarises the current efforts towards,
functionalities of and technical decisions on the development of national COVID-19 apps, with a focus on the ongoing
centralised vs. decentralised approach and the interoperability of different apps across Europe. All Member States and
the Commission consider the interoperability of the apps and backend servers to be essential for the effective tracing
of cross-border infection chains, especially for cross-border workers and neighbouring countries. Ultimately, this effort
will support the gradual lifting of border controls within the EU and the restoration of the single market’s integrity.
Briefing EN
11-05-2024 Source : © Union européenne, 2024 - PE 11Tracking mobile devices to fight coronavirus
Type de publication Briefing
Date 20-04-2020
Auteur DUMBRAVA Costica
Domaine politique Coronavirus | Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice | Santé publique
Résumé Governments around the world have turned to digital technologies to tackle the coronavirus crisis. One of the key
measures has been to use mobile devices to monitor populations and track individuals who are infected or at risk.
About half of the EU’s Member States have taken location-tracking measures in response to the spread of the
coronavirus disease, mainly by working with telecommunications companies to map population movements using
anonymised and aggregate location data and by developing applications (apps) for tracking people who are at risk.
The European Commission has called for a common EU approach to the use of mobile apps and mobile data to
assess social distancing measures, support contact-tracing efforts, and contribute to limiting the spread of the virus.
While governments may be justified in limiting certain fundamental rights and freedoms in order to take effective steps
to fight the epidemic, such exceptional and temporary measures need to comply with applicable fundamental rights
standards and EU rules on data protection and privacy. This briefing discusses location-tracking measures using
mobile devices in the context of the Covid 19 crisis. It describes initiatives in EU Member States and provides a brief
analysis of fundamental rights standards and the EU policy framework, including applicable EU rules on data
protection and privacy.
Briefing EN
Artificial Intelligence (AI): new developments and innovations applied to e-commerce
Type de publication Analyse approfondie
Date 15-04-2020
Auteur externe Prof. Dr Dino PEDRESCHI
Domaine politique Adoption de la législation par le Parlement européen et le Conseil | Coronavirus | Droit démocratique, institutionnel et
parlementaire de l''Union | Gouvernance mondiale | Marché intérieur et union douanière | Planification | Protection des
consommateurs
Résumé This in-depth analysis discusses the opportunities and challenges brought by the recent and the foreseeable
developments of Artificial Intelligence into online platforms and marketplaces. The paper advocates the importance to
support trustworthy, explainable AI (in order to fight discrimination and manipulation, and empower citizens), and
societal-aware AI (in order to fight polarization, monopolistic concentration and excessive inequality, and pursue
diversity and openness).
This document was prepared by the Policy Department A at the request of the Committee on the Internal Market and
Consumer Protection.
Analyse approfondie EN
The European Commission package of ETIAS consequential amendments: Substitute impact assessment
Type de publication Étude
Date 20-12-2019
Auteur externe This study has been written by Dr Niovi Vavoula from Queen Mary University of London at the request of the Ex-ante
Impact Assessment Unit of the Directorate for Impact Assessment and European Added Value, within the Directorate-
General for Parliamentary Research Services (EPRS) of the Secretariat of the European Parliament.
Domaine politique Droits de l''homme | Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice | Évaluation de l''impact ex ante
Résumé On 7 January 2019, the European Commission presented two proposals for amendments to the legal instruments of
the EU information systems following the adoption of Regulation 2018/1240 on the establishment of a European Travel
Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS). The ETIAS Regulation requires all visa-exempt non-EU nationals to
apply online for travel authorisation prior to the date of their departure. Neither the original Commission proposal for
ETIAS, nor the two subsequent proposals (‘the Commission package’) were accompanied by Commission impact
assessments. The European Parliament’s Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE) therefore
requested a targeted substitute impact assessment of the expected fundamental rights impacts of specific elements of
the Commission package. In particular, this study assesses: 1) whether the amendments to the ECRIS-TCN
Regulation provided for in the Commission package extend the scope of that information system and, if so, whether
such an extension is necessary and proportionate in accordance with Article 52(1) of the EU Charter; and 2) whether
the amendments regarding the automated processing of ETIAS application files through comparisons against data
present in EU information systems raise concerns in relation to the rights to respect for private life and protection of
personal data.
Étude EN
Digital challenges for Europe [What Think Tanks are thinking]
Type de publication Briefing
Date 18-10-2019
Auteur CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin
Domaine politique Affaires économiques et monétaires | Marché intérieur et union douanière
Résumé The rapid development of digital technologies is posing a challenge to the European Union, spurring initiatives to catch
up with the US and China in the area, notably in the context of the digital single market. Among the dilemmas are how
to reconcile Europe’s sensitivity towards protecting private data with the need to use them in many algorithms, and
ensure that automation and artificial intelligence strengthen rather than weaken labour market participation. This note
offers links to a series of some recent commentaries and reports from major international think tanks and research
institutes on digital challenges. Many earlier papers on the issue can be found in a previous item in the series,
published in July 2018. Many reports on cybersecurity are available in a publication from October 2018.
Briefing EN
11-05-2024 Source : © Union européenne, 2024 - PE 12You can also read
