Minimum body height requirements for police officers - an international comparison
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.SIAK-Journal – Journal for Police Science and
Practice
Kirchengast, Sylvia (2011):
Minimum body height
requirements for police officers
– an international comparison
SIAK-Journal − Journal for Police Science and
Practice (Vol. 1), 52-61.
doi: 10.7396/IE_2011_E
Please cite this articel as follows:
Kirchengast, Sylvia (2011). Minimum body height requirements for police officers – an
international comparison, SIAK-Journal − Journal for Police Science and Practice (Vol. 1),
52-61, Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.7396/IE_2011_E.
© Federal Ministry of the Interior – Sicherheitsakademie / NWV, 2011
Note: A hard copy of the article is available through the printed version of the SIAK-Journal
published by NWV (http://nwv.at).
published online: 3/2013.SIAK- INTERNATIONAL EDITION 2011
Minimum body height
requirements for police off icers –
an international comparison
The use of defined minimum body height standards for police officers was analyzed for
all countries of the European Union and some European non-EU countries. More than
50 % of the countries of the European Union def ined minimum height requirements for
police officers. However, the variation of such requirements within Europe is quite high.
Cut-offs range from 152 cm in Belgium to 170 cm in Greece, Malta and Romania. The
majority of countries def ined gender-specific cut-off values, few countries such as Ger
many showed no uniform practice because each federal state def ined its own height
standards. In all countries the def ined cut-off values are not the result of scientific eva
luation.
SYLVIA KIRCHENGAST,
Professor for anthropology, life
science faculty, University of Vienna.
INTRODUCTION Applicants not meeting these standards
Standards for height and sometimes for would not be considered. The history of
weight are widely used to screen or eva these minimum height requirements is
luate job applicants for various occupations quite long. At the end of the 19th century,
(Judge/Cable 2004; Case/Paxson 2008). minimum body heights for British police
Nearly everybody has already heard about men were defined (Shpayer-Makov 2004).
minimum height standards for fashion The measurement of body height was obli
models or cabin crews of many airlines, gatory for recruits and soldiers since the
but minimum height standards are also de- 18th century and many policemen served
f ined for firef ighters, members of the army in the army before changing to the police
corps and police off icers (Kuruganti/ forces (Hoffman 1918; Emsley 2000). Body
Rickards 2004). Especially the job of po height and especially tallness symbolized
licing is widely assumed to require a great strength, status and power, essential cha
deal of physical prowess. Adequate phy racteristics for a policeman who represen
sical strength was described as essential ted the State. Furthermore, at this time
for tasks such as intervening in physical (19 th centur y), stature height was also
disputes, aggressive conflicts or the simple a ver y useful instr ument to diagnose
pulling of victims from wrecked cars (Lons effectively malnutrition and some other
way 2003). Therefore tallness and physical somatic def iciencies, conditions con
strength were assumed as appropriate so sidered inappropriate for police off icers
matic characteristics of police off icers. In (Bogin 1999). During the 19th century and
many police forces around the world, stan the f irst half of the 20 th centur y, police
dards of body height were set, and minimum work was extremely demanding physi
body height requirements were def ined. cally. Policemen had to walk their beat or
522011 .SIAK- INTERNATIONAL EDITION
had to go by bicycle or on horseback in all correctness because, beside female appli
kinds of weather, up and down hills and cants, members of ethnic minority groups
less frequently in an urban environment. were discriminated by height standards
Physical confrontation happened regularly def ined for a male white population
and policemen had to be able to defend (Hoffman/Hickey 2005). The critical dis
themselves (Bonneau/Brown 1995). It was cussion of the appropriateness of def ined
supposed that large men were better able height standards for police off icers still
to do this kind of work. During the second continues. Height standards were def ined
half of the 20th century and especially in in some cases more than 50 years ago for a
the last 30 years police work has changed. homogeneous male population. The pro
According to recent research, police work cess of secular acceleration, however, has
is largely sedentary and 80 % to 90 % of resulted in a drastic increase of mean body
the job is devoted to tasks that require heights in nearly all industrialized coun
only limited physical abilities (Bonneau/ tries (Bielicki/Charzewski 1983; Bogin
Brown 1995). Another problem was 1999). Furthermore, international migration
the increasing number of female police and globalization have led to ethnic hetero
off icers (Sultan/Townsey 1981, Balkin geneous populations with different mean
1988). In many countries, not gender-spe body heights (Sälzler 1967; Huh/Bloch
cif ic height standards were def ined and 2003, Behr 2010). This is also tr ue of
therefore a disproportionate number of Austria. Minimum height standards were
female applicants were screened out from def ined in 1954, more than 50 years ago.
the selection process because they were However, Austria def ined separate height
simply too short. In the United States, the standards for male and female police of
courts rejected height standards as discri f icers, which was an exception at that time.
minatory under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Until today the minimum body height for
Rights Act. Minimum height requirements police applicants in Austria is 168 cm for
were called discriminatory and the term men and 163 cm for women. But are these
“heightism” was introduced (Rosenberg minimum height requirements up to date?
2009). However, was only in 1983 that Reliable scientif ic studies concerning the
height standards for police off icers were use and sense of minimum height stan
generally abolished in the USA (Lonsway dards for policemen are extremely rare.
2003). Great Britain, Australia, New Therefore, the aim of the present study
Zealand and some European countries was to carry out an international compari
followed. Minimum body height standards son of minimum height requirements.
were replaced by various other indicators
of physical f itness, mainly the body mass STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS
index (BMI) and physiological tests
(Maher 1984; Ash et al. 1990; Avery et al. Data collection
1992; Gaines et al. 1993; Bonneau/Brown Data collection for the present study took
1995; Trottier/Browen 1995; Lonsway place between February and March 2010.
2003; Copay/Charles 1998, Sörensen As a first step, quantitative data regarding
et al. 2000; Weyand/Davis 2005). The minimum body height requirements for
rejection of minimum height standards for police off icers were collected using of a
policemen, however, was not based on short questionnaire which was specially
results of appropriate scientif ic research, developed for the present investigation.
it was mainly a decision of political This questionnaire was sent via email to
53.SIAK- INTERNATIONAL EDITION 2011
all CEPOL addresses. CEPOL email ad The Questionnaire
dresses were available for all member The short questionnaire was specif ically
states of the European Union but also for developed for the present investigation. It
the following associated countries: Nor contained eight questions concerning the
way, Iceland and Switzerland. Additional existence of minimum height requirements
ly, the questionnaire was sent to police for police off icers. Detailed information
academies and Ministries of Internal Af regarding gender- and ethnicity specif ic
faires. For all other European countries, height requirements and the reasons for the
police academies and Ministries of Internal use of minimum height requirements were
Affairs were contacted only. The return asked about. If no minimum height requi
rate was exceptionally high for the European rements were def ined, it was asked when
Union countries, Switzerland, Norway and and why former minimum height require
Iceland (100 %). All contacted CEPOL ments had been abolished and what kind of
contact persons returned the questionnaire. physical tests had replaced the old body
Unfortunately the return rate from Euro height standards. The questionnaire was
pean non EU countries was ver y low. available in German, English and French.
It was only possible to collect data from
Serbia and Turkey. From all other coun Statistical Analysis
tries of Former Yugoslavia (Croatia, The statistical analyses were carried out by
Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Monte means of SPSS program Version 16.0. Abso
negro and Kosovo), Albania, and the coun lute and relative frequencies were calculated.
tries of the former Soviet Union (Russia,
Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia), no RESULTS
data are available.
International comparison
Source: Kirchengast
The use of obligatory body height stan
dards for police off icers is extremely
heterogeneous within the European Union
countries. At the moment, more than 50 %
no of the EU countries define obligatory mini
no data mum body heights for police off icers and
job applicants. In 14 of the 27 EU countries
(51.8 %), a defined minimum body height
is required to become a police off icer. In
contrast, 48.2 % of the EU countries
recruit police officers without any defined
standards of body height. Some of these
yes countries have abolished minimum height
requirements more than 20 years ago.
As to be seen in Figure 1, minimum height
requirements were abolished mainly in
northern and some parts of western Europe
(Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Ice
land, Great Britain, Ireland, Netherlands and
Fig. 1: minimum body height requirements for police
Luxembourg) as well as in some states of
officers in Europe1 the former Eastern bloc (Estonia, Lithuania,
542011 .SIAK- INTERNATIONAL EDITION
Latvia, Slovenia, Slovakia and the Czech As to be seen in Table 1, minimum
Republic). In central Europe and the Sout height requirements differ markedly within
hern parts of Europe, minimum height stan Europe, from 152 cm in Belgium up to
dards are still in use. In Table 1, minimum 170 cm in Greece, Malta and Romania.
body heights for police officers according Applicants for the Swiss Guard of the
to gender are listed, but regional differences Vatican have to be exceptionally tall. Here,
within the individual countries in mini a minimum height of 178 cm is required.
mum body height requirements are not
mentioned. In the case of countries with Gender-specific minimum height
regional differences in height standards requirements
(such as Germany or Switzerland) the mean In the majority of European countries,
values of height standards are listed. gender specif ic minimum height standards
Source: Kirchengast are def ined (Bulgaria, Germany [some fe
Country Minimum body height (in cm) deral states], Italy, Austria, Malta, Pol
male female and, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Hungary
Austria 168 163 and Cyprus, but also Serbia, Switzerland
Belgium 152 152
and Turkey). Exceptions are only Belgium,
Bulgaria 168 160
Greece and France as well as some federal
Cyprus 165 160
states of Germany. In these countries, the
Czech Republic – –
Denmark – –
same minimum height standards are def i
Germany 164 162 ned for male and female applicants. In
Estonia – – Belgium, this is not discriminatory against
Finland – – women because the minimum height re
France 160 160 quirement is 152 cm and therefore only
Greece 170 170 2 % or 5 % of the adult population of
Hungary 165 162 Belgium are too small to become a police
Iceland – –
off icer. In Greece, however, a disproportio
Ireland – –
nate number of women may be screened
Italy 165 161
Latvia – –
out from the selection process, because of
Lithuania – – a minimum height requirement of 170 cm.
Luxembourg – – The mean body height of adult Greek wo
Malta 170 165 men is 164 cm.
The Netherlands – – As to be seen in Figures 2 and 3 (see
Norway – – page 56), the body height standards vary
Poland 165 160 considerably in the different European
Portugal 165 160 countries. Especially high values are de-
Romania 170 165
f ined by Greece, Malta and Romania for
Serbia 170 163
male as well as for female applicants.
Slovakia – –
Slovenia – –
Spain 165 160 Minimum height requirements
Sweden – – according to rank and regions
Switzerland 167 157 Bulgaria, Spain and Italy def ined separate
Turkey 167 165 minimum height standards for different
United Kingdom – – ranks within the police force. Officers ha
Table 1: Minimum body height requirements within the
ve to be taller than “normal“ policemen. In
European Union France, for example, for members of the
55.SIAK- INTERNATIONAL EDITION 2011
Gendarmerie the minimum height stan rent federal states. The situation in Germany
dard is 170 cm, for normal policemen, in is especially confusing as f ive federal
contrast, the height standard is 160 cm on states (31.2 %) define no minimum height
ly. Three EU countries, Germany, Spain standards, seven federal states (43.8 %)
and Italy, but also Switzerland def ine dif def ine the same standards for men and
ferent minimum height standards for diffe- women and four federal states (25 %)
def ine gender specif ic minimum height
Source: Kirchengast
requirements.
Reasons for minimum height standards
The reasons to def ine minimum height
standards are presented in Figure 4 (see
page 57). The main reasons for minimum
height standards were esthetic ones (78.5 %).
Tallness implicates power and status and it
looks good. Another important reason for
minimum height standards is the postula
ted association between tallness and physi
cal fitness (57.1 %). Furthermore, the psy
chological importance of tallness (35.7 %)
was mentioned. More than 20 % stated
that no reasons for minimum height stan
dards are known and no minimum height
standard was based on the results of scien
tif ic studies.
Fig. 2: Minimum height requirements for male
police officers
Reasons for abolishment of minimum
Source: Kirchengast
height standards
As to be seen in Figure 5 (see page 57), the
main reasons for the abolishment of mini
mum height standards were political ones.
92.3 % mentioned the problem of dis
criminatory effects of minimum height
standards. According to 76.9 %, minimum
height standards would not improve daily
police work, and 69.2 % mentioned stature
height is not associated with physical f it
ness. The decision to abolish minimum
height standards was never based on the
results of scientific studies.
DISCUSSION
The results of the present study show that
within Europe and especially within the
European Union no uniform standards
Fig. 3: Minimum height requirements for female
police officers regarding physical requirements for police
562011 .SIAK- INTERNATIONAL EDITION
Source : Kirchengast
off icers exist. Today, minimum height re
quirements are def ined in more than 50 %
of the European Union countries. How
ever, the standards used vary considerably.
Astonishingly, none of these def ined
height standards are based on the results
of appropriate scientif ic research. This is
really a pity, and an evaluation of current
height standards and an analysis concer
ning sense and usefulness of minimum
height standards seems to be a top priority.
Here we are confronted with the question
which scientif ic disciplines should be
involved in such analyses. On the one
hand, body height is a classical anthropo Fig. 4: Reasons for defined height standards for
metric parameter and therefore bioanthro police officers
pology seems to be the correct f ield. On
the other hand, minimum height standards of 30 and the age of 60, body height decrea
are def ined because stature height is used ses by between 3 cm and 5 cm for all heal
as an indicator of physical f itness. Addi thy individuals (Sorkin et al. 1999). This is
tionally, the psychological effects of body Source : Kirchengast
height are mentioned as extremely impor
tant for police off icers. These two points
of view plead for a sports-anthropological
investigation and a psychological-etholo
gical one, too. Unfortunately, only very few
bioanthropological studies focusing on an
thropometric characteristics of police of
f icers exist (Sörensen et al. 2000; Zorec
2009). Both studies revealed that the phy
sical demands of that specif ic profession
are high, and the authors recommended
the evaluation of muscle strength, weight
status and body composition of policemen
every year. Stature height standards only
do not seem to be an appropriate inclusion Fig. 5: Reason for abolition minimum height
criterion for job applicants. Another im standards
portant bioanthropological aspect demon
strating the weakness of the def inition of mainly due to a compression of the inter
minimum height standards for policemen is vertebal discs. On the other hand, a diurnal
the fact that the individual body height is variation in stature height is described
not constant. Anatomically, body height (Siklar et al. 2005; Krishan/Vij 2007).
is a composite of the linear dimensions According to these studies, stature is maxi
of the skull, the ver tebral column, the mum in the morning and less by 1.5 cm to
pelvis and the legs. However, with age, 3.0 cm in the evening. This circadian de
body height decreases. Between the age crease in stature is also caused by a reduc
57.SIAK- INTERNATIONAL EDITION 2011
tion of the intervertebral discs, a conse It is unquestionable that police work,
quence of human biped locomotion. Ac which is generally quite sedentary, inclu
cording to these observations, we have to des sometimes extreme physical stress,
be aware that body height changes which includes running, tackling, pushing,
circadian in the course of day and, as a result pulling and wrestling. Several of these
of the general ageing process, through tasks are physically very challenging
adulthood. These changes in body height (Bachman/Coker 1995, Euwema et al.
show that minimum height requirements 2004).
with strict cut-offs for policemen are not The inability to perform these duties
useful because a police off icer who met would clearly endanger police off icers
the criteria in the morning hours at the age themselves, their fellow off icers and the
of 20 will not meet them in the evening or general public (Anderson/Plecas 2001).
at the age of 50 years. A further bioanthro Stature height alone, however, is not enough
pological problem of minimum height to predict the physical ability of a person to
requirements are the use of correct anthro cope with these somatic stress phases. The
pometric measurements. It seems to be critical discussion of the usefulness of mi
ver y easy to measure body height, but nimum height standards for police officers
reliable and valid body height data are is not complete without the discussion of
only available if correct methods are applied psychological and ethological aspects.
for body height measurement (Knussmann Stature height, especially among males, is
1988). Minimum height standards make directly related to dominance and social
sense only if well trained personal takes status (Freeman 1979; Buunk et al. 2008).
the measurements otherwise technical Many studies focused on the complex in
errors may occur. One argument for the teraction between stature height and econo
usefulness of minimum height standards mic success, workplace success and social
for policemen is the assumption that stature status, but also reproductive success
height is an appropriate indicator of phy (Mueller/Mazur 2001; Judge/Cable 2004,
sical f itness. Since no reliable scientif ic Swami et al. 2008). All these studies repor
paper concerning the association between ted a positive association between tallness
stature height and physical fitness of police and a successful life. Evolutionary psy
off icers exists up to now, we have to ana chology explains this positive association
lyse the results of sports anthropology. between tallness and success with the ob
Today, a lot of papers exist which describe servation that tallness is interpreted with
the interaction between stature height and dominance and danger. Schwartz (Schwartz
running performance or stature height and et al. 1982) interpreted tallness as a non
shooting scores (Khosla 1978; Bernhard/ verbal symbol of dominance. Police work
Jung 1998; Weyand/Davis 2005, Raschka is characterized by coping with physical
2006; Mononen et al. 2007). However, it conflicts. The results of several studies
turned out that stature height alone is not plead for a positive association between
enough to predict physical f itness, much physical strength antisocial behaviour and
more important are the body mass index aggression (Ishikawa et al. 2001; Archer/
(BMI) and the amount of muscle mass. Thanzami 2007). Therefore police officers
From a sports anthropological point of are often involved in conflict situations
view, stature height alone is not an appro with tall and muscular individuals. There
priate indicator of physical f itness. fore, increased body height of police of
ficers may represent an advantage because
582011 .SIAK- INTERNATIONAL EDITION
the tallness of police officers may lead to a work. This lack of information leads to the
de-escalation of the situation. This may also great variation of handling minimum
be also due to the fact that a tall police of height requirements for police off icers in
f icer symbolizes power, dominance and European countries. From a bioanthropo
physical strength. Unfortunately, no scien logical and a sports anthropological point
tific studies concerning this interesting to of view, the strict def inition of minimum
pic are available up to now. height standards is not useful. The positive
experiences in countries where minimum
CONCLUSION height requirements are abolished pleads
What can we conclude from the results of for a critical re-evaluation of def ined mi
this study? The main problem is the lack nimum body heights as obligatory selec
of reliable research concerning the effects tion criteria for police off icers.
of body height on the duties of daily police
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