National Plant Board Firewood Guidelines - Revised Jan. 2020

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National Plant Board Firewood Guidelines - Revised Jan. 2020
National Plant Board
               Firewood Guidelines

Revised Jan. 2020

       https://nationalplantboard.org/ >>> Documents and Policies >>> Firewood Guidelines
TABLE OF CONTENTS
   1. Introduction
          a. Overview                                                                             1
   2. Regulations
          a. Overview                                                                             3
          b. Quarantine Template                                                                  5
          c. Heat Treatment Standards                                                             8
          d. Compliance Agreements                                                               11
          e. Certification Programs                                                              13
          f. Defining Firewood                                                                   15
          g. Labeling                                                                            18
          h. Enforcement                                                                         21
   3. Best Management Practices
          a. Overview                                                                            23
          b. Commercial Producers                                                                25
          c. Cutting for Personal Use                                                            27
          d. Consumers                                                                           29
   4. Outreach to Outdoor Enthusiasts
          a. Overview                                                                            31
          b. Develop a Webpage                                                                   33
          c. Focus on Outcomes                                                                   35
          d. Work with Campgrounds                                                               37
          e. Create an On‐line Firewood Directory                                                39
   5. Appendices
          a. Heat Treatment                                                                      40
          b. State Regulations as of January 1, 2020                                             45
                    i. Florida                                                                   46
                    ii. Maine (Emergency Order)                                                  50
                    iii. New Hampshire                                                           52
                    iv. New York                                                                 59
                    v. Oregon                                                                    63
                    vi. Pennsylvania                                                             66
                    vii. Utah                                                                    68
                    viii. Vermont                                                                72
          c. Examples of Compliance Agreements                                                   76
                    i. Florida                                                                   76
                    ii. Illinois                                                                 76
                    iii. Indiana                                                                 76
                    iv. New Hampshire                                                            77
                    v. Vermont                                                                   77
          d. Examples of Certification Programs                                                  78
                    i. Minnesota                                                                 78
                    ii. Wisconsin                                                                78
          e. National Firewood Task Force Recommendations: Audience Outreach Chart               79
          f. Firewood Scout Membership Packet                                                    83
          g. National Plant Board Firewood Work Group Contributors                               84

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1. INTRRODUCTTION

A. OVERVIEW

Summ mary Statement: This doccument, the National
                                              N        Plantt Board Firewwood Workingg Group Guideelines, is a professional
resouurce that com
                 mpiles currentt scientific, re
                                              egulatory, outtreach, and mmanagement sstrategies on the issue of fforest pest
                  t U.S. firewood pathwayy. The primaryy audience off this documeent is the Statte Plant Regulatory
transsport within the
Officials (SPROs) for
                  f all US states and territo ories. Howeve er, all are wellcome to use this document to better inform their
knowwledge and acctions on the firewood patthway.

Each of the three major conten   nt sections off the document (Regulatio ns, Best Man   nagement Praactices, and O Outreach)
contaains an overvview of the section, followe ed by individu ual guidance documents, ssummaries, aand/or case sttudies. In the
regullatory section
                  n, these guidaance documents are design     ned to informm the processs of drafting n
                                                                                                      new or revisedd state‐based
                                                                                                                                d
regullations pertaiining to firewood. The Guidelines includ   de case‐studyy style analyses of how som me states havve already
approached firew wood quarantiines. In the BMPs and Outreach sectionns, these guid      dance documeents provide examples of
strategies beyond d regulation thhat could enh hance a state’’s overall respponse to the firewood patthway, as welll as selected
recommmendationss or exampless within these    e strategies. Each
                                                              E    section iis meant to b
                                                                                        be used as a curated resource to allow
everyy state to assess, develop, and/or make   e changes to their
                                                              t     firewoood programs. Lastly, the apppendices con ntain
suppplementary materials (scien  ntific references, full text of
                                                              o existing quuarantines, ettc.). The Natio
                                                                                                       onal Plant Board is
proviiding these Guidelines as a library of resources for voluntary
                                                             v          use.. The Nationaal Plant Board
                                                                                                      d will not, and
                                                                                                                    d cannot,
require any entityy to implemen  nt any of the recommendaations within this documen      nt.

Backkground:

The NNational Plant Board (NPBB) Firewood Working
                                           W         Group was formedd in 2018 to ccreate a reference documeent
contaaining organized and vetteed firewood resources
                                            r           to provide
                                                           p       to staates, as a resuult of converssations and co
                                                                                                                   oncerns that
emerrged during the process off the USDA AP PHIS federal proposed
                                                           p          rulee to deregulate emerald ash borer (EAB   B). A number
of SP
    PROs, and othhers, expresseed the concerrn that in the absence of feederal regulation of EAB th   here would bbe no or
limiteed mechanismms for states to continue regulating
                                            r              e movement of firewood. The National Plant Board charged the
                                                         the
NPB Firewood Wo  orking Group with develop  ping a framew  work of activitties for statess to make well informed ch hoices on
how they can bestt prevent or reduce
                               r       the movement of pests
                                                           p     and patthogens on firrewood. Inforrmation abou    ut members
of the NPB Firewoood Working Group, extern   nal reviewerss of draft guiddelines, and o other contribuutors can be ffound in
Appeendix G.

The m
    movement off firewood is a significant pathway
                                                p       for the introductiion and spreaad of invasivee forest pests and
pathoogens, and adddressing the  e issue of firew
                                                wood transpo ortation is commplex. Firewood producers range from   m large‐scale
with national distribution netw  works to local and seasonal producers sselling firewoo  od to supplem ment their inccome.
    wood is used for
Firew              f both struccture heatingg purposes an   nd recreation.. Because of tthe cross‐secttion of the geeneral public
involved in firewo
                 ood transportation, and ch    hallenges of id
                                                             dentifying inddividuals transsporting firew
                                                                                                       wood, the fireewood
pathwway is not reaalistically add
                                 dressed solelyy through regulatory approoaches.

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Section Overview: Regulations

Regulations can be used to prohibit firewood movement or restrict the distance and type of firewood that can be moved
into or within a state. Regulations are most effective when they include mechanisms for enforcement with penalties
assessed for violations. The NPB Firewood Working Group has created a firewood regulation template and supporting
materials for states to use if they are interested in pursuing a new or modified regulation. Supplemental resource
materials will assist states to determine how to define firewood, select a standard to exempt certified heat‐treated
firewood, incorporate Compliance Agreements, consider Certification Programs, require consistent firewood labeling
using plain language, and think about the challenges of enforcement.

Section Overview: Best Management Practices (BMPs)

BMPs primarily address firewood used for structure heating (such as a home or cabin). BMPs can provide tools for
industries and consumers to reduce the risk of spreading invasive species. BMPs will reduce, but not eliminate the
probability of a pest introduction in firewood. States should promote BMPs to protect within state movement of
firewood. Incorporating a focus on improving quality of firewood will help ensure broader adoption. The NPB Firewood
Working Group has curated BMPs targeted to producers and consumers of firewood.

Section Overview: Outreach

The outreach recommendations target campers and users of recreational firewood. Outdoor enthusiasts moving
firewood are challenging to target with regulations and BMPs due to their variable destinations, preferred information
sources, and motivations. The NPB Firewood Working Group has created materials for states to consider including:
developing a key message, working with high‐value partners, creating a state‐managed firewood webpage, focusing on
outcomes, working with campgrounds, and creating a state specific on‐line firewood directory.

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2. REGU
      ULATIO
           ONS

A. OVERVIEW
Summ mary Stateme  ent: This docuument contain
                                             ns information n for states considering the developmentt of a new or updated
regullation for the movement off firewood. The intent of the e regulatory ttemplate, acco ompanied by supporting gu uidance
documents and ap   ppendices, is to
                                 t summarize the experiencces of other sttates that havve existing fireewood regulattions, with a
focuss on those thaat have exterio
                                 or quarantiness. States considering implem menting a fireewood quaran ntine need to identify the
inten
    nt of the regulation and the approach. Sttates considerring regulatingg firewood should get meaningful respon   nses from a
variety of stakeholders and colleeagues and co
                                             onsider the following:

    1
    1) Do stakeholders or agen     ncy staff in yo
                                                 our state thinkk/agree that thhe movementt of firewood sshould be reggulated?
    2
    2) What are your state’s primary concerrns about firewood movem            ment?
            a. In  ntra‐state movvement from source
                                                  s      to areaa‐of‐use or sale? (e.g., firew   wood cannot m move intra‐staate further
                  th
                   han 50 miles; see New Yorkk or Florida’s re   egulations in A  Appendices)
            b. In  ntra‐state movvement from knownk      infesteed areas to unninfested areaas? (i.e., firewo  ood from a qu uarantined
                  poortion of yourr state cannott be moved to a non‐quaranntined portion          n)
            c. Im  mportation of untreated fire   ewood from known
                                                                k        infesteed areas for a sspecific pest?? (i.e., firewood from states
                  with
                  w outbreakss of emerald ash    a borer, Asiaan longhornedd beetle, red imported fire ant, or other pests cannot
                  bee imported)
            d. Im  mportation of untreated fire   ewood from out‐of‐state?
                                                                o                ((i.e., out‐of‐sttate firewood is prohibited))
    3
    3) What are the most com      mmon forms of  o firewood typ  pically importted, distributeed, and/or sold  d throughout your state?
       (e.g., is it cut
                    c and split lo oose, bagged,, wrapped, bo  oxed, deliveredd in cords, as whole logs, or something eelse?)
    4
    4) Are you co   onsidering exe empting certiffied heat‐treated firewood from any quaarantine requirements that you develop?           ?
       If so, whatt is the minimum treatment level that yo      ou would deem    m acceptable??
    5
    5) Will your state
                    s      create and/or maintain a state‐base   ed certified trreatment proggram to allow for your statees’ firewood
       producerss to sell firewo  ood to other states that may be implemeenting their ow          wn regulations?
    6
    6) Are you op   pen to considering treatme   ent options otther than heatt treatment to                    wood from the regulatory
                                                                                                  o exempt firew
       requireme    ents?
    7
    7) What leve   el of firewood labeling, traceability, and reporting
                                                                r           will yyou require?

When these questtions have bee     en consideredd, the quarantine template and supportin     ng documentss can be reviewed to assist
development of a firewood quarantine. The template
                                                 t         is de
                                                               erived from exxisting exterio
                                                                                           or firewood qu uarantines. Exxamples of
curreent state regullations are inccluded in the appendices.
                                                 a             The
                                                               T template’ss purpose is to   o provide a reference firewood
quaraantine, including the aspectts common to   o most of the reviewed exteerior firewood    d quarantines. This templatte is not
mean nt to be adoptted as written n, but to maximmize the efficiiency and connsistency of thhe process and d end productts for
intereested states. It is understoood that each state
                                                s     will havee their unique regulatory lan  nguage that w
                                                                                                          will need to bee included.
This d
     document pro   ovides guidance to inform portions
                                                 p        of thee template regulation. For example, the definition of ffirewood, the
heat‐‐treatment staandard, and methods
                                  m             nforcement vary between sttates. Consisteency in labelin
                                            of en                                                          ng, in clear lan
                                                                                                                          nguage, helpss
the fiirewood indusstry be compliant while info  orming regulaators in otherss states and co onsumers that firewood haas met
requiirements. Com mpliance Agre  eements and Certification
                                                 C             Programs
                                                               P          can eenable the firrewood industtry in your staate or region
to co
    omply with new  w and existingg regulations region‐wide. TheT NPB’s Fireewood Workin      ng Group deteermined it waas important

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and helpful to provide an explanation regarding specific technical or functional decisions, and hopefully this guidance will
help states make the choices that best fit their needs.

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B. QUARANTIN
           NE TEMPLA
                   ATE

                                            State
                                                e of ________
                                                            _________________________

                                            Department of ___
                                                            _________________________

                                                     Exterior Firrewood Quarrantine

   hority and Purrpose.
Auth

    blished under authority of ___________
Estab                          _         ___________, this rule is ennacted to pro
                                                                                 otect the Statee of ____________________
                                                                                                                        _
preveenting the movement
                m        of invasive pestts transported
                                                      d by firewoood, including, but not limited to Agrilu
                                                                                                         us planipenniis
(Emeerald Ash Bore
                 er), Anoplopho
                              ora glabripen
                                          nnis (Asian Lon
                                                        nghorned Beeetle), and otheer forest pestts of concern ttransported in
                                                                                                                             n
or on
    n firewood fro
                 om outside the
                              e State of ___
                                           ____________
                                                      __________.

Defin
    nitions.

        (1) “Certified heat‐treaated firewood
                                            d” means {pleaase see Heat TTreatment Staandards}.
        (2) "Depaartment" meaans the Deparrtment of ____
                                                       _____________________________.
        (3) “Com
               mpliance Agree
                            ement” mean
                                      ns a written and
                                                   a signed leggal contract b
                                                                            between the sstate or federral agency and
                                                                                                                    d
               the kiiln, processor,, facility, or ve
                                                    endor confirm
                                                                ming the methhods, conditio
                                                                                          ons and proceedures that w
                                                                                                                   will be followed
                                                                                                                                  d
               to meet
                  m    firewood
                              d quarantine
                                         es, laws, and
                                                     d regulationss. A Compliaance Agreem
                                                                                        ment may co
                                                                                                  ontain genera
                                                                                                              al
               requirements for producing
                                p         and handling re
                                                        egulated matterial as well as identify sttipulations orr measures to
                                                                                                                           o
               effecttively addresss a specific qu
                                                 uarantine or other
                                                              o     specific certification standard of tthe destinatio
                                                                                                                     on. {Please see
                                                                                                                                   e
               Comp
                  pliance Agreem
                               ments.}
        (4) “Firew
                 wood” means {please see Defining
                                         D        firewo
                                                       ood}.
        (5) “Labe
                eling” means {please see Laabeling}.
        (6) “Othe
                er wood prod
                           ducts” means raw or treate
                                                    ed wood prodducts includin
                                                                             ng sawlogs, p
                                                                                         pulpwood or w
                                                                                                     wood chips to
                                                                                                                 o
               facilities for processsing into lum
                                                 mber, paper or manufacturred wood pro
                                                                                     oducts and wh
                                                                                                 hich are exclu
                                                                                                              uded from the
                                                                                                                          e
               requirements of this quarantin
                                            ne {states sho
                                                         ould add which products are excluded
                                                                                            d and pleasee see Defining
                                                                                                                     g
                    ood}.
               firewo
        (7) "Perso
                 on" means an
                            ny individual, organization,
                                           o             corporation,
                                                         c            oor partnership
                                                                                    p.
        (8) "Unccertified firewood" means any firew
                                                  wood not m eeting the d
                                                                        definition off "certified heat‐treated
                                                                                                             d
               firew
                   wood" or thatt is not certiified through
                                                          h a Complian
                                                                     nce Agreeme
                                                                               ent.

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Area Under Quarantine.

        (1) All areas outside of the jurisdictional boundaries of the State of ________________________.

Articles and Commodities Under Quarantine.

        (1) This quarantine applies to all out‐of‐state firewood offered, exposed, or held for sale in the State of
            ________________.
        (2) This quarantine excludes other wood products as defined in this quarantine.

Restrictions.

        (1) A person may not import out‐of‐state firewood unless the firewood is certified heat‐treated or the person
            producing the firewood is under a Compliance Agreement.
        (2) All certified heat‐treated out‐of‐state firewood transported, offered, exposed, or held for sale in the state shall
            be labeled in accordance with _________________ {please see Labeling}.

         (3) Any person that imports certified heat‐treated firewood in this state shall maintain records for two (2) years.

Requirements for Certified Heat Treated Firewood Labeling Requirements.

    (1) Heat‐treated firewood is heated to 60 °C (140 °F) for 60 minutes at wood core. {Refer to Heat Treatment
        Standards for advantages and disadvantages to higher and lower heat treatment standards.}
    (2) Firewood is certified by a federal, state, or 3rd party organization.
    (3) Temperatures are as measured in the core of the firewood during the heat treatment process.
    (4) Records of treatment, origin of firewood, and sales are maintained and auditable by a certifying agency.
    (5) Firewood is labeled with:
        (a) all information required by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Handbook 130;

        (b) identification of the commodity as firewood, unless the contents can be easily identified through the wrapper or
            container;

        (c) name and address of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor of the firewood, if the package or bulk shipment
                was not produced on the premises where it is offered, exposed, or held for sale;

        (d) the certifying authority and certification number; and

        (e) statement of the heat treatment standards used to certify the firewood in plain language.

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Exemptions.

        (1) Firewood harvested within the State of _______________ is exempted from the treatment requirements.

        (2) The department may issue an exemption for firewood certified under an existing program {see Certification
        Programs}.

Enforcement.

        (1) Authorized agents of the department shall refuse admittance into the State of _______________any firewood
        products that do not meet the provisions of this quarantine {please see Enforcement}.

        (2) Any shipment found within the State of _________________ in violation of this quarantine shall be treated to
        comply with this quarantine, returned to the exporter at once, or destroyed under supervision of the state. The state
        shall not be responsible for costs incurred for treatment, shipment, or destruction of any non‐compliant firewood.

Violations and Penalties.

       (1)   Any fraudulent use of incorrect information on any forms used in the enforcement of this quarantine is a
             violation of this quarantine.
       (2)   Any fraudulent representation of state or federal certifications is a violation of this quarantine.
       (3)   Any use of state or federal certifications after they have been expired or retracted is a violation of this
             quarantine.
       (4)   Any misrepresentation of untreated firewood as certified firewood is a violation of this quarantine.
       (5)   Failure to comply with any provisions of this quarantine shall be a violation of this quarantine.
       (6)   Violators of this quarantine shall be subject to penalties__________________________________.

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C. HEAT TREAATMENT STAANDARDS
 Summ mary statemeent: This guid
                               dance will desscribe the heaat‐treatment standards that may be ussed to exempt heat‐treated
                                                                                                                         d
 firew
     wood from quaarantine requiirements.

 A heaat‐treatment standard
                    s         inclu
                                  udes both the time and temmperature reqquired to disinfest firewood of insect life stages and
 viablee pathogens. Standardly referenced treaatments for firrewood are T3314‐b: 56 °C ((133˚F) for 30 0 minutes (commonly
 knowwn as the gypsy moth or ISSPM 15 standard), T314‐a: 60˚C (140 ˚F) ffor 60 minutees (commonlyy known as the EAB
 stand
     dard), or T314
                  4‐c: 71.1˚C (160 °F) for 75 minutes
                                                m      (commmonly known as the “Vario   ous Wood Pestts” standard). All three
     dards can impact survivorsh
 stand                            hip of insects and
                                                  a pathogen ns when approopriately appllied and documented, with some studiess
 demo onstrating bettter consistentt control of th                                                      higher standaards. See Heatt
                                                 hermotolerantt insects and ppathogens witth use of the h
 Treattment for morre information n.

  Tablee: Heat Treatm
                    ment Standardd Comparisonn in Existing Firewood Regu
                                                                       ulations (Jan 1, 2020)
      SSTATE              Heat Treatment Staandard Refere   enced           Requirem ments for Permits or
                                                                                       Notification
                     T314‐c: 71.1
                                1 °C for 75 min
                                              nutes (not exxplicitly
Floridaa                                                                 Certification
                                                                                     n and Master Permit
                     stated in quaarantine)
New Hampshire        T314‐a: 60 °C for 60 minu
                                             utes                        Certification
                                                                                     n
New Yo  ork          T314‐c: 71.1
                                1 °C for 75 min
                                              nutes                      Certification
                                                                                     n
Oregon n             T314‐a: 60 °C for 60 minu
                                             utes                        Not explicitlly stated
Pennsyylvania        T314 (any fe
                                ederal treatment therein)                Certification
                                                                                     n
                                                                         Certification
                                                                                     n and Advance
Utah                 T314‐c: 71.1
                                1 °C for 75 min
                                              nutes
                                                                         Notification
Vermo ont            T314‐c: 71.1
                                1 °C for 75 min
                                              nutes                      Certification
                                                                                     n

                                                                   ANALYSES

 The sscience and data
                  d     associate
                                ed with heat disinfestation
                                             d            n, heat‐treatm
                                                                       ment standard ds, and kiln ceertification is summarized
 in thee appendicess under “Heatt Treatment.”” Please review
                                                           w for additio nal background informatio on.

 Geneeral Benefit: Heat‐treatme
                   H           ents kill insectts and pathoggens found inn or on firewo
                                                                                      ood. Industry creates a mo  ore
 phyto
     osanitary prooduct. Regional and nation nal consistenccy in heat‐treaatment standdards benefitss states’ abilitties to
 main
    ntain forest prroducts markkets and support appropriaate regional ddistribution annd sales of firrewood.

 T314
    4‐ b: 56 °C forr 30 minutes
 Advaantages:
      Lowest standard and aligned
                                a        with USDA
                                              U      gypsy moth
                                                             m     and ISPMM 15 standardds.
      If applied correctly is adequate
                                a          for control
                                               c       of life
                                                             e stages of maany insects an
                                                                                        nd pathogenss.
      A study fo  ound it is adequate for conntrol of life stages of Asiann longhorned beetle1.
      Encourage    es broad partticipation by the
                                               t industry.
 Disad
     dvantages:
      Inadequatte for controll of pests such  h as emerald ash borer as well as somee thermophilic pathogens.

  1
   Myyers, S.W. and
                  d S.M. Bailey. 2011. Evaluation of the ISPM‐15 Heatt Treatment SSchedule for A
                                                                                               Asian Longho
                                                                                                          orned
  Beettle, Anoploph
                  hora glabripennis (Coleopttera: Cerambyycidae) For. PProd. J. 61: 466‐49.

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T314‐a: 60 °C for 60 minutes
Advantages:
     T314‐a is the current USDA emerald ash borer firewood standard, and is therefore used as a de‐facto standard
        by many states. Emerald ash borer larvae are highly tolerant of elevated temperatures, potentially surviving the
        levels required by T314‐b. T314‐a’s higher temperature and duration is required to provide adequate heat
        disinfestation of emerald ash borer2.
     Provides security that life stages of more insects and pathogens are controlled when compared to T314‐b.
     Standard is achievable by a broad range of firewood kilns, even when seasonal conditions impact heat‐
        treatment of firewood.
Disadvantages:
     May provide incomplete control of some thermophilic pathogens, particularly those infecting the sapwood.
        Please see Heat Treatment for more information about firewood heat treatment and thermophilic pathogens.
     International firewood or firewood originating in a gypsy moth quarantine area is certified to T314‐b, which is
        lower, and therefore states requiring T314‐a for entry would need firewood to carry additional certification to
        comply with this standard.

T314‐c: 71.1 °C for 75 minutes
Advantages:
     Highest treatment standard in the USDA’s Logs and Firewood T314 series. This is the standard referenced by
        many of the states that were early adopters of exterior firewood quarantines.
     Greater confidence about control of thermophilic pathogens and insects as well as those pests with
        undetermined thermotolerance.
     Greater confidence of adequate treatment when wood core temperatures are not measured or recorded.
Disadvantages:
     Inability to certify firewood kilns unable or unwilling to run at these higher temperatures, particularly where
        seasonality impacts heat‐treatment of firewood.
     Regulating the industry to higher standards than necessary for many insects, nematodes, and pathogens –
        including some that are adapted to survive periodic high heat. Please see Heat Treatment for more information.
     Requires increased communication to producers and certifying agencies about higher treatment standards.
     Firewood from sources with lower treatment requirements (international firewood, firewood originating in a
        gypsy moth or emerald ash borer quarantine area, firewood certified under a T314‐a aligned state‐based
        program) would need additional certification to comply with this standard.

                                             HEAT TREATMENT STANDARD RECOMMENDATIONS

    1.   Explicitly state heat treatment standards by temperature and duration.
    2.   Explicitly state standards are as measured in the core of the firewood.
    3.   Require that heat‐treated firewood is certified by a federal, state, or 3rd party organization.
    4.   Require that treatment, supply, and sales records are maintained and auditable by a certifying agency.
    5.   Consider use of the T314‐a: 60 °C for 60 minutes standard as the required standard.
    6.   Consult with stakeholders if considering the higher T314‐c: 71.1 °C for 75 minutes standard.
2
 Sobek, S., Rajamohan, A., Dillon, D., Cumming, R.C., & Sinclair, B.J. (2011) High temperature tolerance and thermal
plasticity in emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 13(3): 333‐340.

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Sample Definitions

(a) "Treated firewood" means any firewood certified as heated to 60 °C (140 °F) for 60 minutes at wood
core, OR
(b) "Treated firewood" means any firewood certified as heated to 71.1 °C (160 °F) for 75 minutes at wood
    core, OR
(c) "Treated firewood" means any firewood certified as heated to 56 °C (133 °F) for 30 minutes at wood
    core.

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D. COMPLIANCE AGREEM
                   MENTS

Summ mary Statement: A Compliance Agreem       ment is issued d by a state tto provide oveersight of fireewood in trad
                                                                                                                     de in their
statee. Compliancee Agreementss may be issue   ed to processsors or transpporters of fireewood and prrovide opporttunities for
indusstry to contin
                  nue legal trade in firewood d. Compliance  e Agreementss can supportt a state’s regulatory progrrams and/or
best managementt practices recommendatio       ons. But, theyy may not enttirely eliminaate risk. A Com  mpliance Agreeement may
not bbe recognizedd by other states. This is paarticularly tru
                                                             ue for Compliaance Agreements that aree based on do    ocumenting
moveement of firewood rather than addresssing risk mitiggation. Complliance Agreem       ments may bee part of a staate’s firewood
                                                                                                                                 d
Certification Program.

The tterms of the Compliance
                  C            Agreement
                               A            may allow exclusions based on type of firewood, origin of firewood,
timin
    ng of delivery, or additionaal processing of uncertified
                                                           d wood, such as heat‐treattment, seasoning, or de‐barking.
The CCompliance Agreement
                 A            may include use of labels, foorms, or otheer documentaation, as well as requiremeents for
treattment recordss.

                                                                  ANALYSES

Variaability in the use
                    u of Compliiance Agreem   ments exists between statees depending on the pests and pathogeens of
concern as well ass the firewood economy in    n the area. In most cases, tthe Complian nce Agreemen  nt defines wh
                                                                                                                  hat articles
are regulated, the  e state or fede
                                  eral regulatio
                                               ons applicablee to the quaraantine, and th
                                                                                        he specific conditions undeer which the
mateerials may be moved. Many states are familiar
                                               f       with Compliance
                                                             C            Agreements through their use as part o
                                                                          A                                       of the emeraldd
ash bborer program  m. States withh internal emerald ash borrer quarantinees have based their Comp   pliance Agreemments either
looseely or directlyy upon the USSDA APHIS PPQ Emerald Assh Borer Com    mpliance Agreeement. This iis advantageo ous when a
pest or pathogen is relatively widespread,
                                  w            as
                                               a the Compliance Agreem   ment is easily understood ffrom state to state. A few
statees have incorp porated the use
                                 u of Compliaance Agreem   ments as part oof an exteriorr firewood quuarantine. Thhere are
exammples of state Compliance Agreements in the append       dices.

Beneefit:

Compliance Agree  ements and associated training/advisorry materials aare valuable ttools to ensurre and demon  nstrate that
    ntity understaands the regu
an en                          ulations and the
                                            t steps requ uired to legal ly move regu
                                                                                   ulated articless. They clearlyy describe
which articles are regulated, th                         a the treattment or mitiggation requirred to move the articles.
                               he applicable codes/regs, and

Advaantages:

       States cann require trainning and veriffy that entitie
                                                             es are able too comply with
                                                                                       h the regulatioons prior to m
                                                                                                                   movement.
       States maay require nottification and additional do  ocumentationn of movemeent in the form  m of permits.
       Records in n the form off permits or chain‐of‐custo ody documentts allow tracee backs in thee case of an inntroduction of
        a pest or pathogen.
       Producerss of firewood have a produ   uct that has been
                                                            b     treated or mitigated so risk of intrroduction or sspread is
        decreased d.
       Risk mitiggation may result in a valuee‐added prod  duct.

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Disadvantages:

      States must communicate the need for a Compliance Agreement, so investment in outreach is necessary for
       success.
      State resources are needed to provide training and permitting. This demand may result in fees for cost
       recovery.
      Costs may result in small producers avoiding Compliance Agreements and attempting to operate outside of the
       regulations.

                                               COMPLIANCE AGREEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Consider your answers to the questions in the Regulatory Overview document. Base Compliance Agreements on
   risks to trees in your state and whether oversight of origin of firewood, type of firewood, timing of delivery, and
   additional processing will help to alleviate those risks.
2. Determine the terms and oversight of the Compliance Agreement within the quarantine or departmental policy.
3. Publicize the availability of Compliance Agreements to producers, trade groups, green industry and suppliers of
   related equipment such as saws, wood splitters and trailers. Focus on the positives – Compliance Agreements allow
   them to continue to work with regulated articles while mitigating the risk of spreading a pest or pathogen and
   protecting their industry.
4. Incorporate training when signing an entity up for a Compliance Agreement. During that training, ask questions that
   demonstrate how the entity can meet the Compliance Agreement requirements.
5. Develop and foster relationships with industry to improve communication and increase the likelihood of reporting
   suspected outbreaks.

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E. CERTIFICATION PROGRRAMS
Summ mary Statement: A Certifiication Prograam is adminisstered by a sttate (where fiirewood is haarvested and//or
proceessed) to proovide oversigh  ht of firewoood entering trrade in anothher state (wheere this produ  uct is sold and d/or
distriibuted). Certiification Programs are how w states help their own prooducers meett the regulato    ory requiremeents imposed   d
by otther states. Sttates consideering a Certificcation Prograam should connsider the levvel of risk thatt their state ttakes on with
the p
    program, as well
                  w as if it pro ovides sufficie              t their statess’ firewood veendors to enccourage participation.
                                                ent benefits to

                                                                  ANALYSES

Certification Programs are currrently most appropriate fo                 wood produceers with kilns that are interrested in
                                                             or those firew
firew
    wood heat‐tre  eatment certiffication. Exemmption of certtified heat‐treeated firewood is relatively consistent among
existing external state
                    s    firewood quarantines, as well as forf movemennt of firewood     d across international bord  ders.
Certification of firrewood kilns has
                                 h been a ro   ole that USDA A APHIS PPQ hhas performeed in many staates, and producers in
thosee states rely on
                    o the availab
                                bility of certiffication to me
                                                             eet the requirrements of otther states an   nd purchasingg agents.
Channging federal regulations could impact the  t continued  d federal suppport of kiln ceertification, aand states sho
                                                                                                                      ould consider
whetther or not a Certification Program could be part of the  t state servvices provided to firewood     d vendors. Staates with
existing heat‐treatment kilns will
                                w likely face greater pressure to impleement a statee‐based Certiffication Progrram.

Certification Programs can be implemented
                                 i             d for certificattion other thaan heat‐treattment. These programs maay not deliverr
as much impact because the ce    ertification off the product may not be aas widely reco   ognized by otther states orr commercial
distriibutors. Certification Programs involve regulatory ovversight of treeatment cond     ditions, review of documeentation, and
                  onitoring equipment. A Com
verifiication of mo                             mpliance Agreement can bbe used withiin a Certificattion Program to provide
enforcement of non‐compliancce. States req     quiring certificcation of firew
                                                                             wood for entry or sale willl have improvved
comp pliance if requ
                   uirements and standards are a provided in clear languuage within th     heir quarantine.

Beneefit:

Certification Programs and associated training/advisory materials aree valuable too  ols to ensure and demonsttrate that an
entity understand ds the regulattions and the steps require             move regulateed articles to another state. They
                                                          ed to legally m
clearrly describe which
                  w     articles are regulated
                                             d, the applicable codes/reggs, and the trreatment or m
                                                                                                  mitigation req
                                                                                                               quired to
movee the articles..

Advaantages:

       States cann require trainning and veriffy that entitie
                                                             es are able too comply withh the regulatio
                                                                                                      ons prior to m
                                                                                                                   movement.
       States maay require nottification and additional do   ocumentationn of movemeent in the form  m of permits.
       Records inn the form off permits or chain‐of‐custo   ody documentts allow tracee backs in thee case of an in
                                                                                                                   ntroduction of
        a pest or pathogen.
       The Comp pliance Agree ement in the Certification
                                                C            Program
                                                             P         is thhe enforcemeent documentt that assuress a receiving
        state thatt, in the eventt of a violation, the state of
                                                             o origin will ffollow up with
                                                                                         h regulatory aaction.
       Producerss of firewood have a produ     uct that has been
                                                             b    treated or mitigated so risk of intrroduction or sspread is
        decreased d.
       Completio on of the treaatment processes within th   he certificatioon program mmay result in a value‐added d product.

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Disadvantages:

       States vary in certification requirements. States with higher standards for certified firewood, such as using
        71.1°C (160 °F) for 75 minutes as a heat‐treatment standard, requiring pre‐notification, or additional reporting
        requirements may limit participation.
       States vary in their ability to oversee Certification Programs, including limitations on personnel, training,
        calibration equipment, cost‐recovery for the program, etc.
       Costs may result in small producers avoiding a Certification Program and attempting to operate outside of the
        regulations.

                                              CERTIFICATION PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Determine if there is an industry that would benefit from implementation of a Certification Program, and how the
   state could implement a Certification Program.
2. Determine the terms and oversight of the Certification Program within the quarantine or departmental policy.
3. Publicize the availability of a Certification Program to producers, trade groups, green industry and suppliers of
   related equipment such as saws, wood splitters and trailers. Focus on the positives – certification will allow them to
   continue to legally export their product to another state, or sell to regional wholesalers and distributors.
4. Incorporate training with certification. During that training, ask questions that demonstrate how the entity can meet
   the certification requirements.
5. Develop and foster relationships with industry to improve communication and increase the likelihood of reporting
   suspected outbreaks.

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F. DEFINING FIREWOOD
                     D

  Summ mary Stateme   ent: States shoould considerr how firewood is defined. TThe definition n of firewood ccan include in
                                                                                                                         nformation
  abouut intended usse, size, and exxclusions of otther raw wood products. Broad definitio   ons of firewoo
                                                                                                          od provide add ditional
  proteections from pests
                     p      moved in n other raw wood
                                                 w       productss, but can incrrease oversigh
                                                                                             ht by regulatory agencies. TThe public hass
  a cleaar idea of how
                     w to define and recognize firewood – it iss burned in their fireplaces,, wood stoves, and fire pits.. Broad
  defin
      nitions that incclude other raaw wood prod ducts may confuse wood prroducts industtries and conssumers.

  Tablee: Elements In             ewood Definitions
                    ncluded in Fire
                                                                                                       SPEECIFICALLY EX
                                                                                                                      XCLUDES
                                                                                TYPPE OF FIREWO
                                                                                              OOD
   STA
     ATE                INTENTION
                                N/USE                        SIZE                                        O
                                                                                                         OTHER RAW W  WOOD
                                                                                      COVERED
                                                                                                              PRODUCTTS
              Cut wood produccts
Floridaa                                              Any length             Wood of any speciees      Yes
              intended for burn   ning
New           Thatt which is desstined for
                                                      Any length             Wood of any speciees      Yes
Hampsshire    use as fuel
              Thatt which is desstined for
New Yoork                                             Any length             Wood of any speciees      Yes
              use as fuel
              In a form and size  e
              appropriate for useu for fuel           Less than 48
Oregonn                                                                      Wood of any speciees      Yes
              woo od uses such as a home              inches
              heatting or campffires
              Meaant for use in a
Pennsyylvania cammpfire or other outdoor              Any length             Wood of any speciees      Yes
              or in
                  ndoor fire
              For use as fuel fo or fires in
              open pit, grill, fireplace,
              stovve, or other wood
                                w
              burnning furnacess or                   Less than 48
Utah                                                                         Wood of any speciees      No
              deviices in any form                    inches
              commmonly used for  f
              burnning in campffires,
              stovves, or fireplaces
              Used in residential,
              recrreational, or
                                                      Less than 48
Vermoont      commmercial wood burning                                       Wood of any speciees      Yes
                                                      inches
              appliance or firep  place
              indooor or outdoo  or

                                                                     ANALYSES

  Nearrly all states define
                     d      firewoood by intent or
                                                o use (e.g., fiirewood is woood that is inttended to be used as a fueel). This alignss
  the regulatory deffinition of fire
                                   ewood with the commonlyy understoodd definition off firewood. In   ncluding inten  nt in the
  firew
      wood definitio on helps to se
                                  eparate the reegulated articcles from otheer raw wood products. Ho  owever, a defiinition
  incorrporating inteent can resultt in enforcement challenge es. Intent can be difficult to prove unlesss the article already exists
  as cu
      ut and split firrewood. Likewwise, intent may
                                                m change ass the productt is moved alo    ong the supplly chain.

  Manyy states include length resstrictions whe
                                              en defining firrewood (e.g., firewood is less than 48 inches in lenggth). Including
                                                                                                                                g
  lengtth of firewood
                    d in a definition may focuss the regulatio
                                                             on primarily oon consumerrs of recreatio
                                                                                                    onal or ambiaance

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firewood, which is typically moved in stove lengths. Firewood purchased by processors or used for structure heating can
also be delivered in longer lengths. States where firewood is regularly imported as tree‐length may want to consider
opening the firewood definition to include any length of wood.

Some definitions of firewood include language based on processing by cutting (e.g., firewood is cut and/or split into
pieces/chunks). States should consider other types of wood which are also cut and split, intended to be used as fuel, and
less than 48 inches in length, such as smoker chips or wood chips. States should determine if they want to regulate these
products as firewood.

Some definitions of firewood exclude species or types of firewood. For instance, firewood under the federal emerald ash
borer regulation includes all hardwood firewood as a regulated article. This definition excludes softwood firewood from
the regulation. This differentiation can help a state focus on the forest resources currently at risk, but it also presents
challenges when considering the long term potential for new threats‐ which may or may not include the excluded
classes of wood. States with diverse urban and/or natural landscape forests, should consider regulating all types of
wood. Further, regulating only a species or type can create difficulties and confusion when encountering mixed species
loads or debarked products.

Some states also specifically exclude certain other wood products from the firewood definition. For instance, the
definition may exclude wood or logs used for dimensional lumber, pulp or paper mills, manufacture of wood pellets or
plywood, or wood biomass‐using refineries or power plants. Excluding other wood products can help provide a focus on
firewood by clearly stating what is not considered firewood.

Benefit:

Defining firewood exclusive of other wood products helps ensure that states are clearly communicating what wood
products are regulated by a firewood quarantine. Consideration of how firewood is transported into a state should help
a state determine how to maintain the focus on firewood.

Advantages:

       Maintains focus on firewood. Firewood is a high risk pathway compared to other wood products because:
            o It is moved both commercially and recreationally; it is a broad pathway that can be challenging to target.
            o Firewood increases in value if it has been seasoned (aged) for over a year, creating an incentive for
                storing firewood over a long period of time over which pests may emerge.
            o Firewood is used incrementally, increasing the time over which pests may emerge.
            o Firewood generally undergoes very limited processing, resulting in fewer opportunities to kill or destroy
                all life stages of pests.
            o Firewood is frequently subdivided and spread to additional destinations, increasing the area over which
                pests may emerge.
            o Firewood may be abandoned and not used, allowing slow emerging pests to reach maturity.
       The public understands what firewood is – they burn it in their woodstoves and fire rings. Communication about
        the goal and purpose of the quarantine is facilitated by clearly defining firewood.

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Disadvantages:

        Other types of unprocessed wood products may pose a risk, but may be excluded from the firewood definition.
         For instance, bark‐on, log cross‐sections sold on craft vendor websites like Etsy are transported around the
         country for decorations. Some nurseries use unprocessed wood to support balled and burlapped nursery stock.
         This may be transported between states without consideration of the risk that it may pose. Excluding these
         types of products from a firewood regulation does not address these risks.

                                                 FIREWOOD DEFINITION RECOMMENDATIONS

Defining firewood can help states clearly communicate the goal and purpose of the regulation.

    1. Firewood definitions should include a statement of intent, e.g. to be used as a fuel.
    2. There should be further detail on how firewood is defined:
            a. Determine how firewood is transported into the state. If longer length firewood is not generally moved
               into the state, then a length restriction to 48 inches or less makes sense.
            b. States should put some consideration into whether or not they specifically want to exclude some types
               of firewood from the regulation. If so, that should be stated through listing species or types of firewood
               regulated, and whether or not treated firewood is excluded, including the type of treatment.
    3. States should consider clarifying the firewood definition by specifically listing types of products not considered
       as firewood, but rather as “other wood products”.

Sample Definitions

Firewood

(a) "Firewood" means any kindling, logs, timber, or other portions of a tree of any species four (4) feet or less in length, cut or
split, or intended to be cut or split, into a form and size appropriate for use as fuel for fires in open pit, grill, fireplace, stove or
other wood burning furnaces or devices. OR
(b) "Firewood" means all wood of any species, cut or not cut, split or not split, regardless of length which is destined
for use as a fuel.

Not Firewood

Firewood shall not include kiln‐dried dimensional lumber, nor wood that has been chipped to smaller than 2 cm
diameter. In addition, firewood shall not include logs or wood being commercially transported to, or possessed by,
the following operations and facilities for use in their primary manufacturing process:
         i. sawmill for dimensional lumber;
         ii. pulp and/or paper mill s;
         iii. wood pellet manufacturing facilities;
         iv. plywood manufacturing facilities;
         v. wood biomass‐using refineries or power plants;
         vi. re‐constituted wood or wood composite product manufacturing plants;
         vii. wood transported to be chipped for either mulch or compost;
        viii. facilities treating firewood in accordance with heat‐treatment standards;

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G. LABELING
  Summ  mary Stateme  ent: States sho
                                    ould considerr requirements for labeling firewood thatt are consisten   nt, clear, and iin plain
  langu
      uage. Labelingg can identify heat treatmen   nt standards to
                                                                 t regulators aand the publicc. Labels also assist in identtifying
  certiffying authorities. Firewood distribution companies
                                                  c           strruggle with meeting varied labeling requ  uirements from m multiple
  states. Where posssible, there sh hould be a foccus on using plain language in labeling reequirements raather than staate‐specific
  langu
      uage.

  Tablee: Labeling Re
                    equirements
                      Label Language Explicit within
                                              w
      SSTATE                                                                                Label R
                                                                                                  Requirementts
                               Qu
                                uarantine
                                                               Certiificate indicatting compliannce with Florida’s Firewood and
                                                               Unprrocessed Woood Products rrules, Chapteer 5B‐65, F.A.C   C. This shall
                                                               inclu
                                                                   ude:
                       Allowable firrewood in Maaster
                                                                 Name
                                                                   N       of the pproducer/shipper under compliance
Floridaa               Permit Systeem requires a
                                                                 Compliance
                                                                   C              A
                                                                                  Agreement nu  umber issued to them by tthe state of
                       certificate
                                                                   origin
                                                                   o
                                                                 Statement
                                                                   S            inddicating that tthe product mmeets the req
                                                                                                                           quirements
                                                                   of
                                                                   o 5B‐65 Flori da Administrrative Code
                                                                 Firewood
                                                                   F           labeeled as treateed to standards of 60 °C (1
                                                                                                                           140 °F) for
                                                                   60
                                                                   6 minutes
                       Exempted heat treated                     Display
                                                                   D         APHISS or State Dep partment of AAgriculture au
                                                                                                                           uthorization
New Hampshire
                       firewood req
                                  quires labelin
                                               ng                  and
                                                                   a Compliannce Agreemen        nt number
                                                                 Company
                                                                   C           namme
                                                                 Bulk
                                                                   B firewoodd shipments aalso have labeeling requirem     ments
                       Exempted heat treated                   “Neww York‐approoved treated ffirewood/pesst‐free”, or
New Yo
     ork
                       firewood req quires labelin
                                                 ng            phyttosanitary cerrtificate, or pllant health ceertificate
                         Firewood harvested and  a
                           sold in th
                                    he Pacific                   “Approved
                                                                  “          Paacific Northweest Firewood” is sourced w wholly
                           Northwe  est does not need
                                                  n               within
                                                                  w      the Paccific Northweest and outsidde of declared
                                                                                                                        d
                           to be lab
                                   beled.                         quarantine
                                                                  q           arreas for invasive species. In
                                                                                                            ncludes recorrd keeping
Oregon
     n                   There is optional labe eling            requirements
                                                                  r            s.
                           for untreeated Pacific                “Approved
                                                                  “          Peest Free” firewwood is heat treated to 600 °C (140 °F)
                           Northwe  est firewood.                 for
                                                                  f 60 minutees or equivaleent treatmentt approved byy Oregon
                         Treated firewood may be                 Department
                                                                  D            oof Agriculturee.
                           labeled.
                       Exempted trreated firewo  ood             Kiln
                                                                  K Dried andd/or USDA Ceertified
Pennsyylvania
                       requires labeeling                        Producers
                                                                  P           namme and addreess
                       Labeling for all firewood, and            Based
                                                                  B      on weigght and meassure of firewo  ood
                       advance nottification of                  Origin
                                                                  O      of firew
                                                                                wood
Utah
                       firewood shipments into the               Treatment
                                                                  T            of firewood
                       state                                     Exporter
                                                                  E         and importer info  ormation
                                                                 Firewood
                                                                  F          labeeled as treateed to standards of 71.1 °C (165 °F) for
                       Label is one option for                    75
                                                                  7 minutes
Vermo
    ont
                       certification of treatmentt               Name
                                                                  N      and ph ysical addresss of heat treaatment facility
                                                                 Name
                                                                  N      of certiifying agency

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ANALYSES

Label requirements by states are mostly associated with information about meeting a heat‐treatment certification
process, or in some cases, about origin of firewood. Labels can be used by regulators, law enforcement, and the general
public to identify firewood that is deemed to be compliant by a certifying authority. Labels should be as easy to read as
possible, and consistency in label requirements makes compliance easier.

Labels, certificates, and other documents may be subject to fraudulent use. Labels that require company information,
the certifying authority, and certification number make it easier to identify and confirm firewood as legitimately treated
and labeled.

Requiring use of the USDA shield on heat‐treated firewood can be problematic. Kilns located in areas that are not
regulated for a federal pest may not qualify for federal certification and heat‐treatment monitoring. Requiring use of a
federal shield on labels can have the unintended consequence of favoring firewood originating in known quarantine
areas. Although state regulatory agencies may understand the nuances associated with use of the federal shield,
purchasing agents and the general public do not. Clear labels with identifying information should be preferred rather
than emphases on shields and other graphics.

Benefit: Ready identification of compliant firewood.

Advantages:

        Makes it easy for enforcement officers to identify compliant firewood.
        Makes it easy to perform trace backs.
        Makes it clear that the producer is aware of standards and requirements.
        Consistent information on labels increases adoption by industry.
        Communicates standards to the public.

Disadvantages:

        Inconsistency in labeling requirements, such as state‐specific language, makes it challenging for the industry to
         comply.
        Labels are dual purpose and are used by industry for marketing. Required regulatory information must be
         legible.
        Claims such as “Bug Free”, “Free of all pests”, or “Seasoned Wood” are not verifiable and don’t reflect the
         treatment process.

                                                        LABELING RECOMMENDATIONS

    1.   Explicitly state treatment requirements in plain language.
    2.   Consistency across states will make it easier for the industry to comply.
    3.   Regulatory language should be of a size to be legible on the label.
    4.   Plain language indicating the requirements for the applicable Compliance Agreement should be favored over use
         of shields or graphics.

Clear Sample Language:

This firewood has been certified heat‐treated to a core temperature of 60 ˚C (140 ˚F) for 60 min [or other preferred
standard]. Certifying agency: State or Federal Department of__________________. Certification number_____________.

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Unclear Sample Language:

      “[State]‐approved treated firewood/pest‐free”
      “Product meets the requirements of [regulation #] [State] Administrative Code”
      “Meets State of [State] standards”

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H. ENFORCEM
          MENT
Summ  mary Stateme ent: States sho
                                 ould considerr their potential enforcemennt approaches. Enforcing a firewood quaarantine can
be chhallenging andd enforcement capacities caan vary widelyy between staates. Some of the regulatoryy and enforceement
strateegies common nly used by states may be effective
                                               e         with commercial transporters o  of firewood, bu ut may be chaallenging
when n addressing the
                   t movement of recreation     nal firewood. The approachh to recreation nal firewood ttransportation n may require
                                                                                                                                   e
particcipation from other agenciees within your state. Howevver challenginng, the efficaccy of the quaraantine will be enhanced
throuugh transparency about pen  nalties and ennforcement. Sttates with Plaant Inspectionn Stations and established in nspection
progrrams could readily integratee external fire
                                               ewood quaran  ntines into exissting enforcem
                                                                                          ment activitiees. Other statees may need
to pu
    ut some consid deration into their
                                 t     approacch to enforcemment of an extternal quaranttine. Appendix B includes sseveral state
exterrior firewood quarantines.
                    q            These
                                 T      example quarantiness contain penaalty and enforrcement langu     uage, and thoose states’
SPROOs could servee as referencess for questions about their enforcement strategies.

Case Study: Maine
                e

Mainne has an eme  ergency order that is admiinistered by the Maine Forrest Service (MFS) within tthe Departmeent of
Agricculture, Conseervation and Forestry. The
                                            e Maine Forest Service proovides forest rangers who enforce statee forestry
laws,, including the
                   e firewood emmergency ordder. Most enforcement occcurs during eevents scheduled by the M     MFS, Division
of Fo
    orest Health, visits
                   v     to camp
                               pgrounds, andd inquiries fro
                                                          om the publicc. Events usuually occur at public rest arreas on the
New Hampshire‐ Maine border and are scheduled to coincide with naational holidaays including Memorial Daay, July 4th and      d
Labor Day. These  e are the time
                               es when people are comingg to Maine too open or closse summer co    ottages, or to visit
camp pgrounds thro oughout the state
                                s    from eaarly summer through
                                                          t       the faall. Rangers aalso spend thee summer seaason
randomly visiting campgrounds, focusing on  n campers with out‐of‐statte plates. The MFS also haas a link and a phone
numb  ber allowing the
                   t forest ranngers to respoond to reportted concerns about out off state firewoo  od.

Case Study: New Hampshire
                H

New Hampshire’s quarantine is shared betwe    een the Department of Agrriculture, Marrkets & Food aand the Deparrtment of
Natural and Culturral Resources.. The Departmment of Naturaal and Culturaal Resources’ fforestry laws provide autho  orities for any
                                                                                                                                   y
law eenforcement agency
                  a       in the state to enforrce forestry laaws, includingg the firewood
                                                                                         d quarantine. W
                                                                                                       While other laaw
enforrcement agenncies are involved in enforce ement of the firewood quaarantine, the p  primary entityy involved in p
                                                                                                                     planning
enforrcement evennts and issuingg warnings and summonsess is the NH Divvision of Foressts and Landss, Forest Rangers.

The N NH Forest Ran ngers have enforced the staate’s firewoodd quarantine oon both comm  mercial transp porters of firew
                                                                                                                       wood and
thosee moving firew wood recreationally. While individual Rangers may stoop vehicles wiith out‐of‐statte plates movving firewood,
and cconduct camp  pground inspe ections, the bigggest impactss have been w
                                                                          with scheduled  d firewood checkpoints. These have
includded checkpoints during higgh traffic weekkends (like Me emorial Day oor Labor Day), as well as during the NASC   CAR races at
the NNew Hampshirre Motor Spee    edway (NHMSS), which are thet largest camping eventss in the state. The NHMS haas been a
critical partner in these
                    t     events. These events have required substantial planning to ensure enforceement of indivvidual
violattions while minimizing the impacts to traaffic flow. Multiple agency partners, both state and feederal, have p   participated in
this eeffort. Firewoo
                    od has been inntercepted froom as far awaay as Florida aand the Pacificc Northwest. TThere have beeen several
intercceptions fromm EAB quaranttine areas, butt none from ALB
                                                             A quarantine areas. The eenforcement events, as req       quired by
statee statute, are publicized
                    p          ahe
                                 ead of time. The NHMS hass placed inform   mation about firewood ontto their website and in their
mailings. Year afteer year of conttinued enforceement has seen a reduction in the numb    ber of individu
                                                                                                        uals bringing ffirewood into
the state. Firewoo od collected du
                                 uring the checckpoint is burnned on‐site att a monitoredd location.

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Considerations for planning a firewood checkpoint include:

       Is a court petition required for the checkpoint? (For checkpoints along public roads, the New Hampshire Attorney
        General’s Office requires a petition be brought before the Superior Court for approval.)
       How much staff will be needed and is there authorization for their time and potential overtime for the event?
       Will other agencies be involved, like DOT, local police departments, and property jurisdiction and access like the
        NHMS or the USFS for events that occur in the White Mountain National Forest?
       What can partners contribute? Will there be subject matter experts that can provide identification of insects or
        insect damage?
       Will there be a facility for staff to process violations and take breaks throughout the event (i.e. a command trailer)?
       What safety equipment will be necessary for those staffing the events?
       What are the confiscation documentation requirements for the violation to have legal standing (i.e. paperwork,
        photography, etc.)?
       What signage will be required?
       How will the public be notified?
       What permissions are necessary to conduct the event?
       Will there be an outreach component (e.g. brochure) for occupants of all stopped vehicles, regardless of firewood
        found?
       Will the firewood be confiscated as part of the event?
       If confiscated, how will it be transported and destroyed?
       Are permits needed for destruction of confiscated firewood?
       Will firewood vouchers for replacement firewood be provided, and if so what is the available budget?

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